C 138-92 - Unit Weight,Yield, and Air Content of Concrete

土木工程专业英语Ch 1Ch 2Ch 3Ch 4Ch 5 Ch 6Ch 7Ch 8Ch 9Ch 10 Ch 13Ch 17Ch 33Ch 39Ch 47Ch 1 Introduction to Mechanics of MaterialsWords and Expressionstorque扭矩, 转矩；扭转impose将……强加于，施加，强使composite合成的，复合的；复合材料，合成物sag下垂，凹陷deflect偏转，弯曲，下垂，倾斜excessively过多地，极度地misalignment不重合，安装误差，调整不当plaster灰泥，灰浆，涂层stiffness刚度，刚性，坚硬性constructor设计者，建造者，施工人员precedent先例，惯例；在先的，领先的contradistinction对比，截然相反，区别in contradistinction to M与M截然不同，不同于Mrational合理的，理性的，理论的，有理解能力的tension张力，拉力，拉伸；拉紧compression压缩，压力，凝缩indelible不能消除的，不可磨灭的，难忘的blended混合的，混杂的postulate假定，设定，先决条件，基本原理presume假定，推测，以为visualize观察，检验，（使）具体[形象，直观]化，设想，想象diagrammatic图解的，图表的，概略的，轮廓的diagrammatic sketch示意图dividend股息，利息，收获aerodynamic空气动力的，气动的Ch 2 Overview of Engineering MechanicsWords and Expressionsceramics陶瓷，陶瓷材料perceive感觉，觉察，发觉，领会，理解，看出inertia惯性，惯量，惰性lifetime使用寿命，使用期限，持续时间，生存期interactive相互作用的，相互影响的，交互的iterative反复的，迭代的，重复的durability耐久性，持久性，耐用期限pinpoint针尖；极精确的，细致的；准确定位，正确指出，确认，强调evolve开展，发展，研究出，（结果试验研究等）得出substance物质，材料，内容，要点，梗概lucrative可获得的，赚钱的，有利的statics静力学strength of materials材料力学deformation变形，形变，畸变dynamic动力的，动力学的，冲击的appreciate正确评价，理解，体会到，懂得(be) inherent in 为……所固有，是……的固有性质false假的，不真实的，似是而非的render提出，给予，描绘，表现tractable易处理的，易加工的prohibitive禁止的，抑制的，起阻止作用的meld融合，汇合、组合，合并，归并order of magnitude数量级influx流入，涌进，汇集，灌注Ch 3 Stress-Strain Relationship of MaterialsWords and Expressions distortion变形，挠曲，扭曲，歪曲thousandth第一千的，千分之一的boring machine镗床boom吊杆，起重杆，悬臂；繁荣，兴旺dragline拉铲挖土机，挖掘斗gray cast iron灰铸铁concrete具体的，坚实的，混凝土的；混凝土modulus of elasticity弹性模量rigidity刚性，刚度，稳定性slip滑动，滑移，打滑creep爬行，蠕变，徐变yield产生，屈服于；屈服，弯曲rupture破裂，断裂，破坏Ch 4 Stress Limits in DesignWords and Expressions withstand抵抗，经受，耐得住，顶得住springy有弹性的，似弹簧的diving跳水的，潜水，潜水的subjective主观的；主观事物turbulent骚动的，湍流的，汹涌的decimal小数的，以十为基础的；小数slip滑动，疏忽，遗漏tolerance公差，容许极限，容许间隙coffee break休息，喝咖啡的时间（通常为十五分钟）crash崩溃，毁损lubricate润滑，起润滑作用safety factor安全系数diligence勤奋，勤劳，努力，注意enviable可羡慕的instill浸染，逐渐灌输humility谦卑ethical伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的legal法律的，合法的，法定的Ch 5 Load ClassificationWords and Expressions load carry capacity承载能力unprecedented无先例的，史无前例的，崭新的terminology专用名词，术语，词汇sustain支撑，支持，持续，保持helical螺旋面，螺线，螺旋状的helical spring螺旋形弹簧concentrated集中的，浓缩的distribute分布，分发，散布resultant合成的，综合的，总的；合力centroid矩心，质心，重心，行心torsional扭的，转的bending挠曲，弯曲，扭弯flexural弯曲的，挠性的couple对，爽，力偶，力矩Ch 6 Testing of MaterialsWords and Expressions destruction破坏，破裂，毁坏non-load-bearing非承重，不承重durability耐久性，持久性，使用年限brittle脆的，脆性的ASTM美国材料试验学会BSI英国标准学会SAA澳大利亚标准学会passage通过，行程，一段，一节plastic deformation塑性变形minute微小的，细微的，精密的，细致的moisture content含水量timber木材，木料；用木材建造veracity诚实，真实性，准确性，精确性ready-mixed concrete预拌混凝土building contractor建筑承包商hydraulic press水压机grading分等，分级，分类，级配fatigue疲劳ductility可延展性，延度，韧性toughness韧性，韧度stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线deduce推断，推定，导出，演绎Ch 7 Durability of ConcreteWords and Expressions durable耐久的，经久的，永久性的；耐用的物品durability耐久性，经久性，耐用年限chloride氯化物，漂白粉sulphate硫酸盐alkali碱，碱性，强碱absorption吸收，吸取，吸水性permeability渗透性，透气性，渗透deterioration变坏，变质，损坏，损伤weathering风化（作用，层），自然老化，大气侵蚀disruptive分裂的，摧毁的，破坏的thaw使融化，解冻，熔化entrain携带，传输，使（空气）以气泡状存于混凝土中，产生leaching浸出，浸析作用，浸滤，溶析carbonation碳化作用，碳酸盐化blasting破裂，吹风，气流加速运动，喷砂attrition磨损，磨耗，损耗hydraulic水力的，水压的；水力cavity空腔，空穴，孔穴，洞穴cavitation气蚀，空蚀，空化作用impermeability不渗透性，防水性，气密性hydraulic structure水工建筑物pervious透水的，透光的，有孔的，能通过的aggregate集料，骨料，总计，合计homogeneous均质的，均匀的，单相的compact紧密的，密实的；压实，捣实kerb路缘，道牙，建筑物上的边饰air-entrained concrete加气混凝土Ch 8 Durability of Building MaterialsWords and Expressionsglaze釉面，珐琅质，上釉，半透明薄涂层stainless steel不锈钢galvanize电镀，镀锌于gutter排水沟，水槽，漏斗plaster灰泥，灰浆humidity湿度，湿气，水分含量thaw融化，解冻，使缓和；温暖气候porous多孔的，疏松的，有孔的，可透水的spectrum谱，频谱，领域，范围，各种各样infrared红外的，产生红外辐射的；红外线ultraviolet紫外的，紫外线的；紫外线辐射radiation发射，辐射，照射，放射线gravel砾石，沙砾，石子，卵石fade衰减，（使）褪色，逐渐消失anodized受过阳极化处理的（金属表面）hydrate水合物；（使）成水合物reinforcement加强，加固，钢筋，构架spall剥落，散裂，裂开；裂片，碎片carpet地毯，磨耗层；铺毡，铺毯，铺层erosion侵蚀，腐蚀，冲刷，冲蚀abrasion磨损，磨耗，磨蚀quarry方形砖，方形瓦domestic家庭的，民用的，地方的，局部的passive被动的，消极的，无源的eddy（水，风，尘等的）涡流，漩涡运动Ch 9 Reinforcing Steels for ConcreteWords and Expressions reinforcing steel钢筋reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforcing bar钢筋longitudinal长度的，纵向的，轴向的dispose处置，安排，配置，布置incline倾斜，弄斜，有……倾向moment力矩，弯矩，转矩，动量bond结合，结合力，粘合力，握裹；结合，粘结interlock连动，连结，结合，相互关系forestall阻止，预防，占先，先下手corrosion腐蚀，侵蚀，锈impair削弱，损害，减少embed放入，埋入，埋置，嵌入prestressing steel预应力钢筋rebar = reinforcing bar 钢筋splice拼接，联接，连接，接合；拼接，接头congestion充满，拥挤，密集form模板ACI美国混凝土学会(American Concrete Institute)Code法规，规程，规范Galvanize电镀，镀锌于Ch 10 ReinforcementWords and Expressions undue过度的，过分的，不相称的，不适当的BS英国标准(British Standard)bending machine弯筋机mandrel芯棒，心轴，紧轴jig夹具，夹紧装置，模具dowel榫钉，夹缝钉，暗销，传力杆，合缝钢条，外伸的短钢筋wire clip钢丝剪interweave使交织，交叉，织进，使混杂prefix词头，字首，前缀；加在……前头reference number参考号数formwork样板，模板，模壳，支模mill scale热轧钢表面的氧化皮spacer隔离物，垫片，隔板，定位架，横柱clip夹子，支架，夹板，剪刀；夹住，钳劳，固定slab板，块，楼板cradle吊架，托架，支架chair椅子，托架，座板，垫板spall剥落，散裂，裂开，分裂；裂片；碎片mild steel低碳钢comply同意，遵守，履行，根据tack图钉，平头钉，点焊焊缝；定位焊，绑住Ch 13 Design of Simple StructuresWords and Expressions code法典，法规，规程，规范，代码ordinance规格，条例，法令，布告shell壳，壳体，外壳skeleton骨架，框架（的）suspended structure悬吊结构arena圆剧场，表演场，活动舞台feasibility可行性，可能性，现实性joist梁，搁栅，桁条diaphragm膜，隔膜，隔板，遮光板，遮水板pedestrian行人，步行者；行人的，步行的deck bridge上承桥，跨线桥through bridge下承桥chord弦，弦杆，弦长bracing拉条，撑条，支撑，支柱pony小型的，矮的web-girder腹板大梁box-girder箱梁geological地质的，地质学的geographical地理学的，地理上的，地区的aesthetic美术的，美学的Ch 17 Loading ConditionsWords and Expressions concentrated集中的，浓缩的impose将……强加于，强使，施加，产生影响acceleration加速度，加速度值stochastic随机的，不确定的，偶然的provision预备，措施，规定，条款erection安装，装配，建设prestress预加应力于，预应力，预拉伸plaster灰泥，墁灰，墙粉，灰浆merchandise商品，货物seismic地震的，与地震有关的collision碰撞，冲突single load集中荷载Ch 33 Tall Building StructureWords and Expressions civilization文明，开化，文化ecclesiastical基督教会的，教士的landmark路标，界标，界桩，里程碑prestige威信，声誉mobility可动性，机动性，流动性，迁移topographical地形的，地形测量的，地志的subservient辅助性的，只作为一种手段的tax税，负担，压力；使负重担，使受压力ingenuity巧妙，机敏，创造性，才干shear wall core剪力墙筒体parasitic派生的，附加的radical根本的，基本的，主要的erection树立，建立，安装，建设prefabrication预制，预制品slip-formwork滑膜crane起重机；用起重机起吊sprawl蔓生，展开，散开，扩展，（无计划）延伸codify编成法典，编纂，整理Ch 39 FoundationsWords and Expressions superstructure上层结构，上部结构earth fill土堤substructure下部结构，下层建筑，基础工事demarcation分界线，标界，划界，区分demarcation line界线，边界线interfacing交界的，相邻的，相互联系的；接口技术dilemma困境，进退两难statute法令，法规，规定，条例conservative保守的，有裕量的；谨慎的sanitary环境卫生的，清洁的sanitary fill垃圾堆积场reclamation废料回收，改造，垦殖，填筑disposal处理，整理，清理，处置client委托人，当事人，买方，买主boring钻探，打眼，地质钻孔试验mat席，垫，垫块，钢筋网，垫层caisson沉箱soil profile土壤剖面，土层剖面Ch 47 BridgesWords and Expressions esthetically美学地，审美地cable-stayed斜拉的，张拉的girder梁，桁，梁杆cast-in-place现场浇注的，就地浇注的AASHTO美国洲际公路及运输工作者协会AREA美国铁路工程师协会crossing交叉，十字路口，交叉建筑物asphalt沥青，柏油，铺路用沥青混合料pier桥墩elevated高架的，高的；高架铁路viaduct高架桥，跨线桥clearance间隙，净空，间距，距离segment部分，段。

Concrete, Reinforced Concrete, andPrestressedConcreteConcrete is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. The bulk of the material consists of fine and coarse aggregate.Cement and water interact chemically to bind the aggregate particles into a solid mass. Additional water, over and above that needed for this chemical reaction, is necessary to give the mixture workability that enables it to fill the forms and surround the embedded reinforcing steel prior to hardening. Concretes with a wide range of properties can be obtained by appropriates adjustment of the proportions of the constituent materials.Special cements,special aggregates, and special curing methods permit an even wider variety of properties to be obtained.These properties depend to a very substantial degree on the proportions of the mix, on the thoroughness with which the various constituents are intermixed, and on the conditions of humidity and temperature in which the mix is maintained from the moment it is placed in the forms of humidity and hardened. The process of controlling conditions after placement is known as curing.To protect against the unintentional production of substandard concrete, a high degree of skillful control and supervision is necessary throughout the process,from the proportioning by weight of the individual components, trough mixing and placing, until the completion of curing.The factors that make concrete a universal building material are so pronounced that it has been used, in more primitive kinds and ways than at present, for thousands of years, starting with lime mortars from 12,000 to 600 B.C. in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and the Middle East. The facility with which , while plastic, it can be deposited and made to fill forms or molds of almost any practical shape is one of these factors. Its high fire and weather resistance are evident advantages.Most of the constituent materials,with the exception of cement and additives,are usually available at low cost locally or at small distances from the construction site. Its compressive strength, like that of natural stones,is high,which makes it suitable for members primarily subject to compression, such as columns and arches. On the other hand, again as in natural stones,it is a relatively brittle material whose tensile strength is small compared with its compressive strength. This prevents its economical use in structural members that ate subject to tension either entirely or over part of their cross sections.To offset this limitation,it was found possible,in the second half of thenineteenth century,to use steel with its high tensile strength to reinforce concrete, chiefly in those places where its low tensile strength would limit the carrying capacity of the member. The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with appropriate surface deformations to provide interlocking, is places in the forms in advance of the concrete. When completely surrounded by the hardened concrete mass, it forms an integral part of the member.The resulting combination of two materials,known as reinforced concrete,combines many of the advantages of each:the relatively low cost,good weather and fire resistance, good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and the high tensile strength and much greater ductility and toughness of steel.It is this combination that allows the almost unlimited range of uses and possibilities of reinforced concrete in the construction of buildings,bridges,dams, tanks, reservoirs, and a host of other structures.In more recent times, it has been found possible to produce steels, at relatively low cost, whose yield strength is 3 to 4 times and more that of ordinary reinforcing steels.Likewise,it is possible to produce concrete4to5times as strong in compression as the more ordinary concrete. These high-strength materials offer many advantages, including smaller member cross sections, reduced dead load, and longer spans. However, there are limits to the strengths of the constituent materials beyond which certain problems arise.To be sure,the strength of such a member would increase roughly in proportion to those of the materials. However, the high strains that result from the high stresses that would otherwise be permissible would lead to large deformations and consequently large deflections of such member under ordinary loading conditions.Equally important,the large strains in such high-strength reinforcing steel would induce large cracks in the surrounding low tensile strength concrete, cracks that would not only be unsightly but that could significantly reduce the durability of the structure.This limits the useful yield strength of high-strength reinforcing steel to 80 ksi according to many codes and specifications; 60 ksi steel is most commonly used.A special way has been found, however, to use steels and concrete of very high strength in combination. This type of construction is known as prestressed concrete. The steel,in the form of wires,strands,or bars, is embedded in the concrete under high tension that is held in equilibrium by compressive stresses in the concrete after hardening,Because of this precompression,the concrete in a flexural member will crack on the tension side at a much larger load than when not so precompressed. Prestressing greatly reduces both the deflections and the tensile cracks at ordinaryloads in such structures, and thereby enables these high-strength materials to be used effectively. Prestressed concrete has extended, to a very significant extent, the range of spans of structural concrete and the types of structures for which it is suited.混凝土，钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土混凝土是一种经过水泥，沙子和砂砾或其他材料聚合得到经过细致配比的混合物，在液体变硬使材料石化后可以得到理想的形状和结构尺寸。

c30混凝土检测标准C30混凝土是指混凝土的设计强度等级，通常用于一些中等强度要求的工程。

检测C30混凝土通常会涉及其抗压强度、抗折强度、密实性、耐久性等方面。

以下是一些与C30混凝土检测相关的可能的标准和测试方法：1. 抗压强度测试：* ISO 1920-10:2015: Testing of concrete -Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression：此标准规定了在压缩状态下测定混凝土静态弹性模量的方法。

2. 抗折强度测试：* ASTM C78/C78M-18: Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)：该标准描述了使用简支梁和三点加载法测定混凝土抗折强度的方法。

3. 密实性测试：* ASTM C29/C29M-17a: Standard Test Method for Bulk Density ("Unit Weight") and Voids in Aggregate：该标准描述了测定混凝土中粗集料的体积和重量，从而计算混凝土的密实性。

4. 耐久性测试：* EN 12390-8: Testing hardened concrete -Part 8: Depth of penetration of water under pressure：该标准规定了通过在一定压力下测定混凝土中水的渗透深度，以评估混凝土的耐水性。

请注意，这些只是可能用于C30混凝土的一些通用测试标准，具体的测试方法和标准可能因地区而异。

在具体的工程项目中，应根据当地法规和工程规范来确定适用的标准。

最好的做法是咨询当地的建筑材料测试实验室或相关的建筑标准机构以获取最准确的信息。

建筑给水排水外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Supplying and draining waterin hospital constructionWith the fact that modern medicine science promptness develops,new technique , the new armamentarium are continuing without end , modernized medical treatment thereby consonant with that is building a hospital , are also are confronted with new design idea and new technology applying. Disregarding secondary hospital building function , what whose gets along environment, still , finclause the hospital builds equipment and is equipped with system, the request is without exception higher and higher. Because of it is to ensure daily work living not only need the rapid and intense life relevance recovering from the illness , avoiding crippling , rescuing, and promote with giving treatment to a patient. Not only the design accomplishing to the special field draining away water need to satisfy the request being unlike a function in hospital building on equipment , but also safety is be obliged to reliable. Following is built according to the hospital.一HOSPITAL GIVES A SEWERAGE1) Modernized hospital equipment and equipment system content is numerous , the function is peculiar , the request is very high. Except demanding to swear to continue supplying with the use water according with quality level sufficiently, need more according to demand of different medical treatment instrument and different administrative or tehcnical office to water quality , water pressure , the water temperature, classify setting up water treatment system and be in progress to system to increase pressure reduction.2) The hospital operating rooms , the delivery room operation the water hygiene, saliva washing hands by shower bath water , the dentistry dentistry chair ought to adopt the water purifying degassing. In the homeland few are large-scale , the high rank hospital centre supplies a room, the centre disinfecting has also adopted to purify the water disinfecting, now that swear to there be no dust , the sterility , to remove the pathopoiesia source , to avoid the blockage infecting , cutting down equipment microtubule.3) Hospital preparation rooms preparation uses water to adopt distilled water, and sets up in making distilled water system to have part pressure boost facilities. The handicraft responds to according to different hospital preparation handicraft but fixes concrete system distilled water, should satisfy demand of whose handicraft to water quality , water yield , water pressure act in close coordination that the preparation handicraft reserves corresponding to drain-pipe and allocation chilled water circulatory system by the special field draining away water.4) Hospital operating rooms , delivery rooms , baby rooms , supply rooms , medical treatment of the dermatological department wards, door emergency call, cures skill every administrative or tehcnical office and the request difference that the staff and worker logistics branch supplies to hot water need to set up hot water respectively supplying system more. Ordinary circumstances door emergency call, cures skill administrative or tehcnical office , centre supply a room , the staff and worker logistics branch supplies hot water to water supply the regular time, the comparison supplying time is consistent. The hospital is based on major part at present financial resources, ward building hot water supplies basic to the regular time , ought to be that 24 hs supply hot water judging from long-term angle but. Operating room , the delivery room operation wash hands, the hygiene h by the fact that the shower bath ought to be 24 supplies hot water, moreover the block of wood5) Considers beautification to the environment , is inadvisable to adopt the steam boiled waterstove , completely eradicates occurrence aroused the ward building pantry inner floor moistness , avoided interior wall mustiness phenomenon by leak or sparse steam water implement aerofluxus thereby. The hospital disregards size , boiled water supplies to should adopt automation volume or the electricity boiled water stove, a general disease area considers one , volume ascertains that according to using condition. The first easy to protect labor is managed, two is supplying ensuring that to the patient , improves the internal environment of ward at the same time.6)Especially infecting the section ward every door emergency call administrative or tehcnical office, every consulting room , the hand movement water curing a room , washing a basin should set up mistake chew , may adopt elbow style , knee style or dyadic switch of pedal. If using the dyadic switch of pedal to must use the product guarding against leakage, the floor is to avoid using a place often damp , makes the patient , the medical personnel slip down , an accident happened. Operation waits for the operating room , the delivery room to wash hands should adopt the constant temperature muddy water valve , the constant temperature to produce water, taking as an example infrared ray induced electromagnetic valve control mode for fine. Cure skill part control laboratory , laboratory of administrative or tehcnical office have the peculiar request , water chews the form should ascertain whose water according to every administrative or tehcnical office coming functional request chewing.7)Many administrative or tehcnical office, especially downstream pipelines such as pickling bath , the pool disinfecting , develop pool in administrative or tehcnical office such as checking the room , the control laboratory , emitting section responds to of hospitals are adopt to be able to bear the rotten PVC2U draining off silent stock tube.8) Pair of filth , waste water of all kinds must classify strictly according to the country in connection with the effluent standard , the field carrying out a pertinency with different treatment handicraft deals with and handles.9) Uses a function to need since the modern hospital needs to be satisfied with not only , wants to think that the interior outside environment is beautiful too at the same time. The building needs especially door emergency call, cures skill sometimes because of medical treatment function , give the horizontal stroke draining away water , erect a tube arrange to lie scattered comparatively, more bright dew is in interior, warm the pipeline exchanging special field up in addition sometimes , make the pipeline that the room inner clearly shows more than the correct or required number , both inelegant, and affect hygiene. This demands right away in the process ofengineering design , the rational arrangement the structure form should fully utilize not being the same as is carried out, needs to make the various pipeline conceal arrangement to the full according to the function , pays attention to beautiful befitting one's position or suited to the occasion under not affecting the premise being put into use. Certainly, these require that building structure special field is dense. Tier of furred ceilings and the basement top sometimes are every special field pipeline aggregation field , every special field norm and request having every special field , each sometimes arranges if the building designs middle in the ward,whose result either increase building storey height, or cannot attend to one thing without neglecting another. For overcoming this one abuse, should think in general that bigger flue pipe arrangement be in the most superjacent, it's on the down part is that several special field arrangement props up the public space being in charge of , down part is to arrange to give draining off , driving force , strong , weak electricity every system to do a tube again. Such is arranged than form arrangement is other comparatively economical , pragmatic.10) Exchangers forms choice. In the system the tradition hospital hot water is supplied, people adopt volume mainly dyadic exchanger. Have been to think that what be provided steam amounts and hot water supplies the adjustment amounts dispatching value between maximum value mainly , have diminished a steam boiler designing amounts , have decreased by boiler room Zhan field area , have saved one time investment. People demands but more highly, and more highly, especially the example discovering army group bacterium pathopoiesia in life hot water to water quality now , the altitude arousing people takes seriously. Be a bacterium mainly because of in the water 55 ~C is the easiest to breed an army group in 30 ~C ~, WHO (WHO) is recommended by for this purpose: "Hot water responds to in 60 ~C use And cycle at least above 50 ~C. Come if some users, need to fall to 40 ~C or 50 ~C or so with the faucet water temperature, to come true being able to use a thermoregulation to blend a valve at this time. The growth being a temperature Bu Li Yu pneumonia diplococcus swear to store water, is a regulating valve's turn to should set up the place closing down and suspending operation of point in drawing near". This be especially important to the hospital. Because of being in hospital the weak having disease,if bacterium of army group happened within the hospital is to be harmful for patient to treat and recover from the illness,the hospital has a grave responsibility. At present small hospital within the hospital especially a little condition is relatively poor , include the part area level hospital, 24 unable hs supply hot water, and volume the dyadic converter inner water temperature is to useechelon in inside of exchanger, the water temperature very difficult to make keeps in 60 ~C or so. Thereby, lead to volume produce the bacterium of army group in the pipeline supplying hot water system within dyadic exchanger , change a hospital using the exchanger form to respond to be a task of top priority. Adopt half to be to heat up style or be a dyadic hot exchanger , make whose hot water supply the system water temperature keeping the water supply being in progress in all above 60 ~C area all the time, occurrence propagating , completely eradicating the bacterium of army group in order to avoiding the bacterium of army group.二MULTILAYER WATER SUPPL Y SYSTEMAt present, great majority cities municipal administration pipe network pressure can maintain above 2 kilograms in the homeland , take place individual small town water pressure can reach 4 kilograms even. The pressure therefore, building the municipal administration pipe network's to the same multilayer has been already sufficient , has been in a small town especially since but municipal administration pipe network water yield supplying water , water pressure fluctuation are bigger. Have several kinds the following types mainly for overcome these shortcomings , multilayer water supply system design.1) Direct water supply type is that pressure , direct water supply , sort making use of municipal administration pipe network directly apply to slightly high area of municipal administration pipe network pressure or higher range of water works vicinity pressure inner. The shortcoming it is water yield , water pressure to be able to not ensure that. This water supply scheme economy function is very good but, to less pipe network of scale , does not need any other equipment or measure.2) Water box water supply types have led municipal administration pipe network water to roof water box , discrepancy in elevation , gravity depending on a water box and using the water appliance have supplied water , have overcome water pressure water yield block of wood stability and then. Since but, secondary pollution, moreover, water box volume that the water box there exists in possibility is bigger,this way does not encourage therefore.3) Water boxes , pipe networks ally self with a type when the ordinary time water yield water pressure is sufficient , unnecessary water enters the roof water box when covering water supply , overpressure as with a net directly from municipal administration, think that the water box supplies water to the consumer by gravity automation when pressure or the water yield is insufficient. The main force who is that regular directness supplies water on physics structurestretches the top cut-over water box , sets up and one exhalent siphon from the water box. Owe a scheme the volume having diminished a water box, and make water not need to enter a water box staying this one step , hygiene reliability increase by. The problem is (that the municipal administration now pipe network can accomplish) but if longtime stabilivolt supplies water , the water sojourn time in water box is on the contrary greatly increase by , easier to be contaminated. And, the water box all must readjust oneself to a certain extent in the building in all usage water boxes system most higher place, attractive looks being able to affect a building in some occasion , the physical design building even.4) Pressure jars supply water since insecure water box factor , reason why use the jar sealing off reliable pressure to replace, and the pressure jar does not need, high position lay down, attractive looks and structure not affecting a building bearing , go down well very much over the past few years. Pressure jar system requires that the water pump and autocontrol system have to fit but , feasible cost increases by to some extent. However, in the late years whose market price already lets many consumers be able to choose.Systematic pressure jar principle is to make use of a water pump water compression to be sent to receive the pipe network building the inside , thinks that water enters the pressure jar , reaches certain pressure time , water pump motor stoppage or reduces the speed when pressure is too big,While pressure is smaller than regulation value, the pressure jar conveys water to the outside and starts the water pump or acceleration at the same time (frequency conversion water pump).5) Two time of compression types can make do for to small-scale consumer ,if the building , the pressure jar are only systematic. The direction that the dwelling house spends at present to housing estate develops but, shows for the cluster arrangement that multilayer builds , concentrates stabilivolt mainly. The ability can not satisfy a request with pressure jar volume , the water pump concentrates compression therefore having appeared give first place to, pressure jar stabilivolt (remove the system water hammer) is subsidiary way. Economy cost rises only , also needs the specially-assigned person upkeep. Besides, pipe network system belongs to low pressure since tier of numbers are not many, pipeline, the direct cut-over without exception with layers consumer is be OK , comparatively simple. The steel tube prepares pipeline material with low pressure low pressure PPR silent stock tube give first place to.译文：医院建筑给水排水随着现代医学科学的迅速发展,新技术、新医疗设备层出不穷,从而与之相符的现代化医疗建筑———医院,也面临着新的设计理念和新技术的运用。

【分享】结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation剪力：shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载：loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield 屈服点：yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力：bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement 预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in-place reinforced concrete双向配筋：two-way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件：member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁：crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression 偏心距：eccentric distance 疲劳强度：fatigue strength 偏心荷载：eccentric load 跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio 跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load 分布荷载：distribution load 分布钢筋：distribution steel 挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength 构造：construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section 浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting 钢筋搭接：bar splicing 刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation剪力：shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire 箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载：loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点：yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力：bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement 预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in-place reinforced concrete双向配筋：two-way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件：member in bending 受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region 塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure 轴向拉力：axial tension 吊车梁：crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete 无梁楼盖：flat slab 配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression 偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load 跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio 跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load 分布荷载：distribution load 分布钢筋：distribution steel 挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength 构造：construction简支梁：simple beam 截面面积：area of section 浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting 钢筋搭接：bar splicing 刚架：rigid frame 脆性：brittleness20.2。