英语发音规则

英语发音规则

English Phoneme Pronunciation Rules

1. Consonants

1.1 Plosives

The English language has seven plosive consonants. They are:

/p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/ and /ɡ/. These are the sounds

produced by blocking the air with the tongue and then releasing

it abruptly.

a. /p/ is a voiceless bilabial plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing both lips together and then releasing the air through

the lips with force.

b. /t/ is a voiceless alveolar plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge behind

the upper teeth and then releasing the air through the tongue

with force.

c. /k/ is a voiceless velar plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing the back of the tongue against the soft palate and then

releasing the air through the tongue with force.

d. /b/ is a voiced bilabial plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing both lips together and then releasing the air through

the lips with force. e. /d/ is a voiced alveolar plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge behind

the upper teeth and then releasing the air through the tongue

with force.

f. /g/ is a voiced velar plosive. It is pronounced by

pressing the back of the tongue against the soft palate and then

releasing the air through the tongue with force.

g. /ɡ/ is a voiceless velar plosive which is equivalent to

/k/. It is pronounced by pressing the back of the tongue against

the soft palate and then releasing the air through the tongue

with force.

1.2 Fricatives

English has six fricative consonants, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/,

/s/, and /z/. These are the sounds produced by partly blocking

the air and letting it escape through a narrow space.

a. /f/ is a voiceless labiodental fricative. It is

pronounced by pressing the bottom lip against the top front

teeth and then releasing the air through the lips with force.

b. /v/ is a voiced labiodental fricative. It is pronounced

by pressing the bottom lip against the top front teeth and then

releasing the air through the lips with force. c. /θ/ is a voiceless interdental fricative. It is

pronounced by pressing the tongue against the upper front teeth

and then releasing the air with force.

d. /ð/ is a voiced interdental fricative. It is pronounced

by pressing the tongue against the upper front teeth and then

releasing the air with force.

e. /s/ is a voiceless alveolar fricative. It is pronounced

by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge

behind the upper teeth and then releasing the air through the

tongue with force.

f. /z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative. It is pronounced by

pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge behind

the upper teeth and then releasing the air through the tongue

with force.

1.3 Affricates

English has two affricates, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. These are the

sounds produced by pressing two articulators together, blocking

the air and releasing it abruptly.

a. /tʃ/ is a voiceless palatal affricate. It is pronounced

by pressing the tip of the tongue against the hard palate and

then releasing the air through the tongue with force. b. /dʒ/ is a voiced palatal affricate. It is pronounced by

pressing the tip of the tongue against the hard palate and then

releasing the air through the tongue with force.

1.4 Nasals

a. /m/ is a bilabial nasal. It is pronounced by pressing

both lips together and then releasing the air through the nose

with force.

b. /n/ is an alveolar nasal. It is pronounced by pressing

the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge behind the

upper teeth and then releasing the air through the nose with

force.

c. /ŋ/ is a velar nasal. It is pronounced by pressing the

back of the tongue against the soft palate and then releasing

the air through the nose with force.