动词的语气用法讲解
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动词的语⽓⽤法讲解
动词的语⽓⽤法讲解
⼀、概述
语⽓是⼀种动词形式,是讲话⼈对说话内容的看法的语法范畴,英语中有三种语⽓,即陈述语⽓、祈使语⽓和虚拟语⽓。
⼆、语⽓的种类1、陈述语⽓(indicative mood)
表⽰谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观事实的,也就是说把动作或状态当作事实表达出来。There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个⽅⾯。
She is a very good student. 她是⼀个很好的学⽣。
2、祈使语⽓(imperative mood)
表⽰讲话⼈对对⽅的请求、命令号召、劝告、警告、禁⽌。Don’t be late for class. 上课不要迟到。
Take a seat, please.请坐。
3、虚拟语⽓(subjunctive mood)
是⼀种特殊的谓语动词形式,⽤来表⽰⼀种假设、愿望、建议、请求、命令、猜测、可能、空想等⾮真实情况。How I wish I were a bird!我多么希望我是⼀只⼩鸟!
I suggest you should go to have a walk.我建议你去散步。
三、虚拟语⽓在⾮真实条件从句中的⽤法
⾮真实条件句所假设的是不可能有的条件,或者是与事实相反的条件,这⼜可以分为三种情况。1、表⽰与现在事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
If there were no subjunctive mood, English would be easier.如果没有虚拟语⽓,英语会容易学。
I'd come too if I had time to spare.我如果抽得出时间的话,我也愿意来。(与现在事实相反)
If everyone in the country knew first aid,many lives would be saved.如果每个国民都懂得怎样急救,那么就可以挽救许多⼈的⽣命了。(与现在事实相反)If I were you, I should do it.如果我是你的话,我就要做这件事。(与现在事实相反)
2、表⽰与过去事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
-If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food.如果不是告诫他,他会把那些⾷物都吃了。(与过去事实相反)-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. 幸运的是,他被及时送往了医院。
I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she had come, she would have met my brother.我在会上没见到你姐姐。如果她来了的话,她就见到我哥哥了。(与过去事实相反)You didn't let me drive. If we had driven in turn. You wouldn't have got so tired.你不让我开车,如果我们轮流开车的话,你不会这么累。(与过去事实相反)3、表⽰与将来事实相反
谓语动词的形式如下:
If the peasants could far m the land themselves, food production would be much higher. 如果农民能为⾃⼰种地,粮⾷产量还会更⾼。If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should go to see a film. 明天要是星期天,我会去看场电影的。
If you were to come tomorrow, I should ask you to help me with my work.如果你明天来,我就请你帮助我做这件⼯作。(与将来事实相反)If it had been raining yesterday, I would not have come here.如果昨天还在下⾬的话,我就不会到这⾥来。
⼆、错综时间条件句
有时主句和从句的谓语动词并不是相互呼应,这种条件句叫做混合条件句,⼜称为错综时间条件句。If the doctor hadn't come, the patient would be dead by now.要是⼤夫不来的话,病⼈现在就会死去了。(条件句过去-主句将来)If China had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.如果中国没被解放,劳动⼈民现在仍会过着悲惨的⽣活。(条件句过去-主句现在)If Mary should arrive today, she must have started in future.如果玛丽今天到的话,那她⼀定在三天前就动⾝了。(条件句现在-主句过去)
三、含蓄条件句
所谓含蓄条件句,是指if条件从句没有被明确表达出来的条件,具体分为下列⼏种情况:1、通过不定式短语表⽰条件
You would be a fool to refuse his offer. (=If you should refuse his offer, you would be a fool.) 要是你拒绝他的建议,就太傻了。It would be a mistake not to help him. (=It would be a mistake if we did not help him.)如果不帮助他那就会是⼀个错误。Itwould hurt us to act hastily. (=…if we were to act hastily.)仓促⾏事会对我们不利的。
2、通过介词短语表达条件
⽤介词without(或with no), but for 等表⽰“如果没有”。Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.要是没有点,⼈类今天⽣活将会⼤相径庭。
Without stee l(=If there were no steel),there would be no industry.没有钢铁,就不可能有⼯业。
Della couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving Jim a present. (=…if she hadn't given Jim a present.德拉不送给吉姆⼀件礼物,他简直过不了圣诞节。But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier. (=If it had not been for the storm…)要不是那场暴⾬,我早就到达了。
3、通过连词otherwise, or, but, but that, though, once等表达条件
Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she might have said something she would regret later.昨天,詹离开了讨论会。否则,她会说些⾃⼰后悔的事。She came to town yesterday, otherwise/or I would not have met he r. (otherwise/or =if she hadn't come…)昨天她到城⾥来了,不然我就不会遇见她了。I would have attended the meeting, but I have been too busy. (=…if I had not been too busy)我本来要参加会议的,只是太忙了。Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.(though=if he had cared for money…)爱因斯坦对钱不感兴趣,尽管他本来可以成为⾮常富有的⼈。Once lost(=If it were once lost),it would be hard to find.⼀旦失去,便不容易找到了。
We should have come, but that we had an accident. (=…if we hadn't had an accident)要不是出了事故,我们早就来了。
4、通过分词短语表达条件
G iven more attention, the trees could have grown better. (=if they had been given more attention…)倘若给予更多的关⼼,这些树本来可以⽣长得更好的。Supposing it should rain, we would still go. (=If it were to/should rain…)假如下⾬的话,我们还是要去。
5、⽆词句暗⽰条件
Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误本来可以避免的。(暗⽰条件从句if we had been more careful)
It was so quiet, you could have heard a pin drop.是那样的安静,掉根针你都能听得见。(暗⽰条件从句if it had dropped tothe ground)
四、if的省略
如果条件从句的谓语动词中含有were,had,should,可省略连词if,把were,had,should放在主语前构成倒装。如果条件从句是否定式,倒装时只能把not放在主语之后,不能⽤缩写式把not放在主语之前。Were I you (=If I were you), I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你,我会在课下多做练习。
Had you arrived (= f you had arrived) at the station ten minutes earlier, you could have caught the train. 如果你早到车站10分钟,你就赶上⽕车了。Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。