(完整版)英文文献及翻译_基于互联网_可靠性信息系统毕业论文

1.1. History1.1.1. UNIXIn order to understand the popularity of Linux, we need to travel back in time, about 30 years ago... Imagine computers as big as houses, even stadiums. While the sizes of those computers posed substantial problems, there was one thing that made this even worse: every computer had a different operating system. Software was always customized to serve a specific purpose, and software for one given system didn't run on another system. Being able to work with one system didn't automatically mean that you could work with another. It was difficult, both for the users and the system administrators.Computers were extremely expensive then, and sacrifices had to be made even after the original purchase just to get the users to understand how they worked. The total cost of IT was enormous. Technologically the world was not quite that advanced, so they had to live with the size for another decade. In 1969, a team of developers in the Bell Labs laboratories started working on a solution for the software problem, to address these compatibility issues. They developed a new operating system, which wassimple and elegantwritten in the C programming language instead of in assembly codeable to recycle code.The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX."The code recycling features were very important. Until then, all commercially available computer systems were written in a code specifically developed for one system. UNIX on the other hand needed only a small piece of that special code, which is now commonly named the kernel. This kernel is the only piece of code that needs to be adapted for every specific system and forms the base of the UNIX system. The operating system and all other functions were built around this kernel and written in a higher programming language, C. This language was especially developed for creating the UNIX system. Using this new technique, it was much easier to develop an operating system that could run on many different types of hardware.The software vendors were quick to adapt, since they could sell ten times more software almost effortlessly. Weird new situations came in existence: imagine for instance computers from different vendors communicating in the same network, or users working on different systems without the need for extra education to use another computer. UNIX did a great deal to help users become compatible with different systems.Throughout the next couple of decades the development of UNIX continued. More things became possible to do and more hardware and software vendors added support for UNIX to their products. UNIX was initially found only in very large environments with mainframes and minicomputers <note that a PC is a "micro" computer>. You had to work at a university, for the government or for large financial corporations in order to get your hands on a UNIX system.But smaller computers were being developed, and by the end of the 80's, many people had home computers. By that time, there were several versions of UNIX available for the PC architecture, but none of them were truly free.1.1.3. Current application of Linux systemsToday Linux has joined the desktop market. Linux developers concentrated on networking and services in the beginning, and office applications have been the last barrier to be taken down. We don't like to admit that Microsoft is ruling this market, so plenty of alternatives have been started over the last couple of years to make Linux an acceptable choice as a workstation, providing an easy user interface and MS compatible office applications like word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and the like.On the server side, Linux is well-known as a stable and reliable platform, providing database and trading services for companies like Amazon, the well-known online bookshop, US Post Office, the German army and such. Especially Internet providers and Internet service providers have grown fond of Linux as firewall, proxy- and web server, and you will find a Linux box within reach of every UNIX system administrator who appreciates a comfortable management station. Clusters of Linux machines are used in the creation of movies such as "Titanic" , "Shrek" and others. In post offices,they are the nerve centers that route mail and in large search engine, clusters are used to perform internet searches.These are only a few of the thousands of heavy-duty jobs that Linux is performing day-to-day across the world.It is also worth to note that modern Linux not only runs on workstations, mid- and high-end servers, but also on "gadgets" like PDA's, mobiles, a shipload of embedded applications and even on experimental wristwatches. This makes Linux the only operating system in the world covering such a wide range of hardware.1.2. The user interface1.2.1. Is Linux difficult?Whether Linux is difficult to learn depends on the person you're asking. Experienced UNIX users will say no, because Linux is an ideal operating system for power-users and programmers, because it has been and is being developed by such people.Everything a good programmer can wish for is available: compilers, libraries, development and debugging tools. These packages come with every standard Linux distribution. The C-compiler is included for free, all the documentation and manuals are there, and examples are often included to help you get started in no time. It feels like UNIX and switching between UNIX and Linux is a natural thing.In the early days of Linux, being an expert was kind of required to start using the system. . It was common practice to tell a beginning user to "RTFM" <read the manuals>. While the manuals were on every system, it was difficult to find the documentation, and even if someone did, explanations were in such technical terms that the new user became easily discouraged from learning the system.The Linux-using community started to realize that if Linux was ever to be an important player on the operating system market, there had to be some serious changes in the accessibility of the system.1.2.2. Linux for non-experienced usersCompanies such as RedHat, SuSE and Mandrake have sprung up, providing packaged Linux distributions suitable for mass consumption. They integrated a great deal of graphical user interfaces <GUIs>, developed by the community, in order to ease management of programs and services. As a Linux user today you have all the means of getting to know your system inside out, but it is no longer necessary to have that knowledge in order to make the system comply to your requests.Nowadays you can log in graphically and start all required applications without even having to type a single character, while you still have the ability to access the core of the system if needed. Because of its structure, Linux allows a user to grow into the system: it equally fits new and experienced users. New users are not forced to do difficult things, while experienced users are not forced to work in the same way they did when they first started learning Linux.While development in the service area continues, great things are being done for desktop users, generally considered as the group least likely to know how a system works. Developers of desktop applications are making incredible efforts to make the most beautiful desktops you've ever seen, or to make your Linux machine look just like your former MS Windows or MacIntosh workstation. The latest developments also include 3D acceleration support and support for USB devices, single-click updates of system and packages, and so on. Linux has these, and tries to present all available services in a logical form that ordinary people can understand.1.3. Does Linux have a future?1.3.1. Open SourceThe idea behind Open Source software is rather simple: when programmers can read, distribute and change code, the code will mature. People can adapt it, fix it, debug it, and they can do it at a speed that dwarfs the performance of software developers at conventional companies. This software will be more flexible and of a better quality than software that has been developed using the conventional channels, because more people have tested it in more different conditions than the closed software developer ever can.The Open Source initiative started to make this clear to the commercial world, and very slowly, commercial vendors are starting to see the point. While lots of academics and technical people have already been convinced for 20 years now that this is the way to go, commercial vendors needed applications like the Internet to make them realize they can profit from Open Source. Now Linux hasgrown past the stage where it was almost exclusively an academic system, useful only to a handful of people with a technical background. Now Linux provides more than the operating system: there is an entire infrastructure supporting the chain of effort of creating an operating system, of making and testing programs for it, of bringing everything to the users, of supplying maintenance, updates and support and customizations, etcetera. Today, Linux is ready to accept the challenge of a fast-changing world.1.3.2. Ten years of experience at your serviceWhile Linux is probably the most well-known Open Source initiative, there is another project that contributed enormously to the popularity of the Linux operating system. This project is called SAMBA, and its achievement is the reverse engineering of the Server Message Block <SMB>/Common Internet File System <CIFS> protocol used for file- and print-serving on PC-related machines, natively supported by MS Windows NT and OS/2, and Linux. Packages are now available for almost every system and provide interconnection solutions in mixed environments using MS Windows protocols: Windows-compatible <up to and including Win2K> file- and print-servers. Maybe even more successful than the SAMBA project is the Apache HTTP server project. The server runs on UNIX, Windows NT and many other operating systems. Originally known as "A PAtCHy server" , based on existing code and a series of "patch files" , the name for the matured code deserves to be connoted with the native American tribe of the Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and inexhaustible endurance. Apache has been shown to be substantially faster, more stable and more feature-full than many other web servers. Apache is run on sites that get millions of visitors per day, and while no official support is provided by the developers, the Apache user community provides answers to all your questions. Commercial support is now being provided by a number of third parties.In the category of office applications, a choice of MS Office suite clones is available, ranging from partial to full implementations of the applications available on MS Windows workstations. These initiatives helped a great deal to make Linux acceptable for the desktop market, because the users don't need extra training to learn how to work with new systems. With the desktop comes the praise of the common users, and not only their praise, but also their specific requirements, which are growing more intricate and demanding by the day.The Open Source community, consisting largely of people who have been contributing for over half a decade, assures Linux' position as an important player on the desktop market as well as in general IT application. Paid employees and volunteers alike are working diligently so that Linux can maintain a position in the market. The more users, the more questions. The Open Source community makes sure answers keep coming, and watches the quality of the answers with a suspicious eye, resulting in ever more stability and accessibility.1.4. Properties of Linux1.4.1. Linux ProsA lot of the advantages of Linux are a consequence of Linux' origins, deeply rooted in UNIX, except for the first advantage, of course:Linux is free:As in free beer, they say. If you want to spend absolutely nothing, you don't even have to pay the price of a CD. Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely for free. No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available source code in case you want to change the behavior of your system.Most of all, Linux is free as in free speech:The license commonly used is the GNU Public License <GPL>. The license says that anybody who may want to do so, has the right to change Linux and eventually to redistribute a changed version, on the one condition that the code is still available after redistribution. In practice, you are free to grab a kernel image, for instance to add support for teletransportation machines or time travel and sell your new code, as long as your customers can still have a copy of that code.Linux is portable to any hardware platform:A vendor who wants to sell a new type of computer and who doesn't know what kind of OS his new machine will run <say the CPU in your car or washing machine>, can take a Linux kernel and make it work on his hardware, because documentation related to this activity is freely available.Linux was made to keep on running:As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for other calm moments, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux to be applicable also in environments where people don't have the time or the possibility to control their systems night and day.Linux is secure and versatile:The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only fit for use as a fort against enemy attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations, utilizing the same high standards for security. Your development machine or control station will be as secure as your firewall.Linux is scalable:From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. You don't need a supercomputer anymore, because you can use Linux to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. If you want to do little things, such as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your old 486, Linux will do that as well.The Linux OS and Linux applications have very short debug-times:Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors and people to fix them are found very quickly. It often happens that there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug.1.4.2. Linux ConsThere are far too many different distributions:"Quot capites, tot rationes", as the Romans already said: the more people, the more opinions. At first glance, the amount of Linux distributions can be frightening, or ridiculous, depending on your point of view. But it also means that everyone will find what he or she needs. You don't need to be an expert to find a suitable release.When asked, generally every Linux user will say that the best distribution is the specific version he is using. So which one should you choose? Don't worry too much about that: all releases contain more or less the same set of basic packages. On top of the basics, special third party software is added making, for example, TurboLinux more suitable for the small and medium enterprise, RedHat for servers and SuSE for workstations. However, the differences are likely to be very superficial. The best strategy is to test a couple of distributions; unfortunately not everybody has the time for this. Luckily, there is plenty of advice on the subject of choosing your Linux. One place is LinuxJournal , which discusses hardware and support, among many other subjects. The Installation HOWTO also discusses choosing your distribution.Linux is not very user friendly and confusing for beginners:In light of its popularity, considerable effort has been made to make Linux even easier to use, especially for new users. More information is being released daily, such as this guide, to help fill the gap for documentation available to users at all levels.Is an Open Source product trustworthy?How can something that is free also be reliable? Linux users have the choice whether to use Linux or not, which gives them an enormous advantage compared to users of proprietary software, who don't have that kind of freedom. After long periods of testing, most Linux users come to the conclusion that Linux is not only as good, but in many cases better and faster that the traditional solutions. If Linux were not trustworthy, it would have been long gone, never knowing the popularity it has now, with millions of users. Now users can influence their systems and share their remarks with the community, so the system gets better and better every day. It is a project that is never finished, that is true, but in an ever changing environment, Linux is also a project that continues to strive for perfection.1.1。

北京联合大学毕业论文外文原文及译文题目：网络口碑营销策略研究专业：工商管理指导教师：吴印玲学院：管理学院学号： 2010110404332 班级： 20101104043 姓名：杨倩一、外文原文Traditional media and word of mouth is always intertwined——Sanofi Wizz, (U.S.) The past, often produced media advertising professionals, these elements arewritten by the reporter, edited revision last beautifully packaged and then. Now, wehave moved away from the presentation of this refined and processed. Now, we havelost the patience to watch the beautiful advertising audience, after all, the advertisingsales media, exhibition, broadcast, very difficult to have as in the past, forcing theaudience had watched.Now, people can search engines and blog, like la carte as on-demand news. Peopledo not always read the story of the original, on the contrary, people can go deep intothe intermediate links, links, reading these stories. You are free to enter into a certainperson's blog, the three of you search the contents of the things this person involved inthe blog, but for such content, you know nothing about this person's blog, you canalso link more blog to other content. Now posted on the website's content is often raw,authentic things, the search engine provided by the consumer to capture thisinformation, these unrestrained, not veiled, to the point of thinking they unfoldedbefore our front. Bloggers have become a thinking experts, they are full-text excerpts,after re-arrangement and combination, and then offer to the general audience,dedicated to those willing to receive such information.Even the norms of the kind of news articles, can not get rid of the threat of thevoice of the customer. Now, many traditional media have chosen a new way, theirstories and popular blog title link to completely break the news editor of the shacklesof the wall and the ring caught. Although the official news story is statically publishedon a web page, however, the side of the page link will automatically displayinformation from the blog - the content is no editorial filter. Soon, we will be from thehand of the newspaper to see the contents of this form.Let us look at the work in public relations representative. The public relations onbehalf of young, hard-working, newspapers high in a gesture to see a fictional story,the story with his client. So he give colleagues sent an e-mail related things to tellthem, and then turned around and walked into the boss's office, told the boss the news. However, when he reach the boss's office, when his boss to remove the page, the story has long been endemic - the next in the story, already appeared threatening the blog title.Therefore, you have to do is: to ensure a true, reliable reputation. We can not control the customer comments, so be sure to keep in mind, the finished article, does not mean the end of the public relations. Our goal is to continue to win the good reputation on the basis for sustainable development.For those who do not keep their promise to businesses, the search engines so that they feel especially frightened. Let us take a look, if you spend a lot of money, engine marketing activities, there will be what kind of situation. Designed some very fine small ads on the bottom of the page that says: "click here, great." Of course, web pages, more links are from real consumers, you'd better is to make consumers happy, satisfied, otherwise, they released post will overwhelm any other paid advertising posts.We take a look at the practice and suffered a large cable company, not to mention its name, the companies often do not fulfill their service contract, the customer service very poor quality, often offensive to customers, so repeatedly, so that customersvery angry. If you have online access to this company, you will see what kind of information? We see expensive advertising, news stories from the official reports - as well as messages posted by thousands of angry customers. We are pleased to see that this company do a little hands and feet, and consumer reviews changes to their advertising and they put together, they are never likely to again spend money on online advertising.Why is there such a result? Blog written by those who complain, blame or words of praise, how will have a big impact, far more than the influence of the "Times" or "Newsweek"? The reason is that the blogger is a member of our team - and the team search for the information, the team members concerned about them through word of mouth to share these views and opinions. If certain members of the team rant, saying that a piece of software suddenly, inexplicably, on the hard drive removed, his criticism and scolding will be hundreds of other sites excerpt, and every one website has its own followers. In this way, everyone, whenever you see one such comments will immediately Click to view details - so they can know in the end destroy that personal computer which software company.Each of a traditional newspaper or magazine, has 1 000 sites corresponding to In today's media than traditional media have more freedom and an independent voice. Moreover, it can be more convenient, fast and cheap to see some new comments, so these remarks spread more widely.Must learn to adapt to such a complex, chaotic world. Must know, people have been talking about you, their words positive and profound content of the speech, and everywhere.Marketing staff ignored these remarks will be seen as cold and incompetent, and will not be able to attract attention and attention. Marketers learned how to interact with clients, learn how to participate in customer reviews, learn how to make people's comments play an active role in the learning will flourish.二、译文传统媒体和口碑永远交织在一起——(美)塞诺威兹过去，往往是专业人员为我们制作媒体广告，这些内容都是由记者撰写、经过编辑校订，最后经过精美包装而后提供的。

Information Systems Strategy1What is a Business Strategy?During the last two decades the information industry has a more important position in the national economy.Every business should have a business strategy - this is a long-term plan which shows the direction the business is taking. The business strategy provides an agreed set of objectives for the business.To formulate a business strategy, a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) may be carried out to identify internal and external factors that have an impact on the business.Threats might include competitors who can come up with better products or over-reliance on a particular supplier. IT can be used to improve security and this can prevent competitors stealing product ideas.A business strategy might, for example, include plans for new products and new markets, it might involve selling the business or buying other businesses.A business strategy is important because it allows resources to be targeted and also because it allows the shareholders, customers, banks and employees (the “stakeholders” of the business) to see that the business is taking account of their interests. repository to lead the way in the implementation of ISS4PS. In view of the Force‟s position it seems that adopting NSPIS systems will be a retrograde step unless the force does not already have a system with the capabilities offered by the NSPIS product.2 Information SystemIn a general sense, the term information system (IS) refers to a system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated processes. In a narrow sense, the term information system (or computer-based information system) refers to the specific application software that is used to store data records in a computer system and automates some of the information-processing activities of the organization. Computer-based information systems are in the field ofinformation technology. The discipline of Business process modelling describes the business processes supported by information systems.The Information Management Strategy‟s purpose of this document is to define the technical and information architecture needed to ensure the Information Management Strategy can be implemented. These documents are split as information management principles are long-term objectives and unlikely to change in the medium term. However computing and ommunications is advancing at a rapid rate, therefore the technology employed to meet the I. M. objectives is likely to change in the short to medium term. Hence, the Information Systems Strategy can be reviewed the regular intervals to take advantage of advances in technology of the overall goals of information management stay constant.3 Types of Information systemsFrom prior studies and experiences with information systems there are at least four classes of information systems:Transaction processing systemsManagement information systemsDecision support systemsExpert systemsBusiness intelligence4 Information System developmentThe IT Department partly governs the information technology development, use, application and influence on a business or corporation. A computer based information system, following a definition of Langefors[4], is a technologically implemented medium for recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions, as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions. which can be formulated as a generalized information systems design mathematical program.5 Formulating an Information System StrategyThe Information Systems Strategy is one part of the business strategy. It will inevitably require resources and it may require a change in working practices within the organisation.The I.T. strategy is concerned with the planning, introduction and use of IT resources for the benefit of the whole organisation.In formulating this strategy, it is important to identify the information needs of the organisation. It must be led by the needs of the organisation and not by the availability of the technology.The main factors that contribute to the success of an IT strategy are commitmentfrom senior management, adequate resources and sufficient training.6 End-User ComputingEnd-users are the people who extract information from the management information system. Traditionally, the computer professionals within the organisation developed the computer systems and controlled the output. Nowadays end-users have got much more involved. They can have access to productivity applications, which they can use to develop their own systems e.g. a business manager may create a spreadsheet to work out forecasts.The “monopolist”approach is to strictly control end-user development. The “laissez-faire”approach is to encourage end-user systems development to expand.Advantages of the Monopolist Approach:(1) It can ensure that the whole organisation is using a common system - noincompatibility issues.(2) Data files and staff can transfer between departments.(3) It ensures that systems are developed by experts who will produce efficient systems with proper documentation.(4) It allows the control of data and reduces the threat to data security.Advantages of the Laissez-Faire Approach:(1) Needs of end-users can be met without waiting for time or funds to become available.(2) The organisation can unleash the creativity/talent of its workforce.(3) End-users will get the system they want if they develop it themselves.5Areas of workInformation Systems has a number of different areas of work:Information Systems StrategyInformation Systems ManagementInformation Systems DevelopmentThere are a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects.People with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."7 Using ICT to Gain a Competitive AdvantageAn important part of the information systems strategy is to show how ICT can be used to gain a competitive advantage. This can be achieved by:(1) ICT can be used to keep costs low - How?(2) ICT can be used to produce better products - How?(3) ICT can be used to develop new products - How?(4) ICT can be used to keep customers, thereby gaining repeat business - How?8 Facilities ManagementIT costs can be unpredictable, so instead of investing in their own IT system, a business could decide to lease the system. They would pay a fixed monthly fee and all repairs and maintenance would be the responsibility of the facilities management company. This is an ideal solution for smaller businesses.The force will employ a number of different communication infrastructures so that officers and support staff may communicate via voice, clients may communicate with the Data Hub and the force may communicate with external organisations. All data communications over the infrastructures described here will use the TCP/IP protocol. During the period covered by this strategy voice communications will move towards using Voice over IP (VIOIP) protocols, especially over the Wide Area Network.(1) Local Area Network (LAN).Every station which has more than one workstation has a LAN. In themajority of locations of the LAN has a 10 Mbits-1 backbone while more and more workstations are provided with a switched 100 Mbits-1 connection. Over the coming years asfunds and time allows all LANs will be upgraded to provide 100 Mbits-1 connections to every workstation.(2) Wide Area Network (WAN).A Wide Area Network connects all Dyfed-Powys premises. This has been designed to be flexible allowing bandwidth and services to be enhanced as and when required. In order to comply with the ACPO Community Security policy our network has been accredited to carry …Restricted‟ traffic. The information carried by HOLMES II and VISOR have been classified as …Confidential‟, therefore, encryption technology has been used to allow our network to carry the …Confidential‟ traffic.Airwave.Airwave is now operational in the force and has provided greatly improved coverage when compared with the old VHF Network. This will now enable us to move into mobile data as the Force area was previously not well covered by the commercial providers of mobile data networks.GPRS, PSTN etc.The ACPO Mobile Data Strategy advocates a mobile data infrastructure which is independent of the bearer. In keeping with the strategy the force will use a variety of methods to connect a mobile data terminal to the Data Hub. These will include, but will not be confined to Airwave, GPRS, GSM and PSTN.12 Technical EnvironmentThis section describes the technical environment in which information systems will be implemented in the force. The following diagram,although much simplified, illustrates the technical architecture adopted. The descriptions below of the main elements of the technical architecture and not meant to be detailed technical and configuration specifications as these will change quite often as technology advances. A separate document detailing the configuration of each of the technicalarchitecture components will be available.Clients.The force will adopt three standard clients through which officers and support staff may access information services 2.1.1 Client 1 This will be a standard workstation attached to a Local Area Network (LAN) which will communicate with the Data Hub via the LAN, if located at headquarters, or the Wide Area Network (WAN) if located elsewhere in the force.Specification. As technology advances the specification of thestandard workstation changes frequently. The current specification can be found on the I. S. and T. web site.Operating System.Workstations will use either Windows 2000 or Windows XP. This will be reviewed at regular intervals during the life of this strategy.Software. All workstations will be loaded with Microsoft Office 2003,Internet Explorer and the following force software; STORM, LCS,Case Preparation and Custody. Other software will be loaded dependent on the role of the computer user. A Citrix or Terminal Server client will also be loaded.This type of client will be used for mobile users. It may be the laptop or aspecialist mobile data terminal fitted to police vehicles, or in some cases(not shown on the diagram) PDA devices. In line with the ACPO Mobile Data Strategy these clients will communicate with the Data Hub using the most appropriate mobile data infrastructure which could be Airwave,GPRS, PSTN, etc. Specification. Because of the variety of situations in which mobile data terminals can be used there can be no standard specification for this type of client.Operating System. Workstations will use either Windows 2000,Windows CE or Windows XP. This will be reviewed at regular intervals during the life of this strategy.Software. All workstations will be loaded with Microsoft Office 2003,Internet Explorer and a Citrix or Terminal Server client will allow busers to access all for systems via the limited bandwidth available to mobile communications.At present mobile data is little used within the force due to the poor mobile infrastructure in the area. However, this has now changed with the introduction of Airwave and a Mobile Data project has been initiated.This will be a standard Airwave radio. It will be able to communicate with force systems by SDS messages, WAP and status messaging. It will connect to the Data Hub only via the Airwaves infrastructure. Currently it is too early in the Airwave implementation project to provide detailed specification of this type of client.Client Replacement.After a period of time clients need to be replaced not only because they wear out but that the technology becomes obsolete and it becomes difficult for older computers to run new software. The I. S. and T. Budget contains an element for the replacement of workstations on a threeyearly cycle.Any replacement computers will be to the standard force specification,upgrades or additional software will have to be funded from local or specific project budget.9 UpgradesUpgrades can irritate and confuse. They can also be costly, especially when it turns out that existing files, software or hardware might be incompatible with the new version of an application. Upgrades may result in a need for extra training and extra support.10 Archiving of InformationInformation may need to be kept. An information management policy might dictate what information should be kept and for how long.The enterprise informationization standard is the enterprise informationization construction strong powerful intelligence support and the technical support,is the enterprise informationization construction important content.11 Information EnvironmentThe aim is to use a completely integrated information environment inwhich common entities, such as nominals and locations, are only heldonce and shared by all applications within the force. This has been thegoal for some time and the development team has gone some way to achieving the integrated environment. All in-house applications now use the same data structures and database. ACPO have also recognised the need for integration by adopting ISS4PS which advocates a corporate database structure for the whole of thePolice Service. PITO has been asked to develop such a corporate database and when complete the force will use it to move to a fully integrated information environment. The CRISP project provides a migration path for the force to adopt the corporate database while improving the information integration. The following diagram shows the various stages of this migration.(1) Current Environment.In the current environment CRISP is being used to improve the information integration. Using adapters information from third party systems and inhouse applications is transferred to the CRISP data repository. During the data transfer efforts are made to clean and improve the quality of the information by using the NSPIS Gazetteer to verify locations and trying to match the main entities. The system will provide officers and support staff with a view of all the information we hold although because this information comes from a variety of sources its quality will be degraded by the existence of duplicate entities.The first phase of the migration to a truly integrated data environment can occur when PITOhave completed the Corporate Database Model which defines the ISS4PS Corporate Data Repository. When this has been done the CRISP Data Repository can be changed to conform to this model. In-house applications can also be modified to use this data repository instead of the Dyfed-Powys Corporate Database. At this stage third party applications still have to provide information to the data repository via an adapter.Eventually PITO, on behalf of the Police Service, will be commissioning new applications based on ISS4PS. These will be based on the ISS4PS Data Repository and built using components. It is at this stage when the force replaces its third party applications with these new generation solutions that the information environment will be truly integrated.No timescales can be placed on the migration at this time since it is dependent on work undertaken by PITO and its acceptance by ACPO. It is highly unlikely that the force will be able to move very far along the migration route during the timescales this strategy.(2) Development Environment.Since the introduction of computers into Dyfed-Powys Police in the 1980s the force has had the tradition of in-house development. The development team has produced a number of major applications which are very highly regarded and have been sold to other forces. Dyfed-Powys will continue to develop applications and this section of the strategy sets out general principles and guidelines for the production of inhouse solutions.Development Guidelines.All new applications being developed will be delivered to the user via an Internet Browser using web services wherever possible. Solutions will be developed using the Microsoft .NET framework.Reusable components will be used wherever possible. Microsoft SQL server will be used as a Relational Database Management System. All “on the wire” communication between software components, web services and systems will use XML.All developments will use the Dyfed-Powys Corporate Database which will migrate to match the ISS4PS Corporate Database as it is developed.Relationship to ISS4PS.The broad guidelines set out above are derived from ISS4PS which was developed by the Valiant Programme. They embody the general principles that were agreed by ACPO. However, although ISS4PS advocated reusable components and web services delivered through a browser did not specify the technology that would be used. It suggested that Microsoft .NET and J2EE with Java. The force has chosen to use .NET as it has had many yearsexperience working in a Microsoft environment and adopting this technology will drastically reduce the training needs and integration problems with existing systems.(3) Support Environment. User Support.Good the user support is vital if the force is to gain the maximum benefit from the information management systems. For some years I S. and T. have operated a Service Desk which has proved fairly successful. Since it was established the number of terminals, applications and the complexity of the infrastructure has increased which means that the existing procedures used to provide support are not as good as they could be. The force is now introducing ITIL and have developed a People and Service Strategy to(4) Business Support.The business of Dyfed-Powys Police has become more reliant on the support provided by information and communications systems. The force would find it very difficult to operate if systems failed for any length of time. Therefore, there is a need to consider “Business Continuity Management”to ensure the force has the procedures and equipment in place to continue functioning in the event of failure. This should cover all aspects of the force‟s operations not just information and communications systems, for example, how would the force deal with a fire in the Scientific Support Unit which destroyed fingerprint records and other important equipment? Business Continuity is now being considered by the Risk Manager while I. S. & T. are putting in place IT Service Continuity measures which may well have to be reviewed in the light of the developing Business Continuity requirements. I. S. & T. are implementing an automated backup system to manage backing up to disk and a tape library. Major systems have been moved to a SAN environment to allow the switching of servers in the event of hardware failure. The live environment is being duplicated to use as a testing platform and disaster recovery site in the event of major failures. It was originally intended to locate the disaster/test environment on a different campus but this has been put on hold pending the outcome of regionalisation and investigation of the possibility of collaboration with neighbouring forces.12 OverviewRepositories which hold data permanently or temporarily, such as buffers, RAM, hard disks, cache, etc. Usually, a database management system Interfaces, which exchange information with the non-digital world, such as keyboards, speakers, scanners, printers, etc. Channels, which connect repositories, such as buses, cables, wireless links, etc. A Network is a set of logical orphysical.an introduction to informatics in Organisations. The common view of an information system is that of an Information processor, that involves Input-Process-Output. Information technology is a very important malleable resource available to executives. The Information Management Strategy sets out how information should be handled to bring the greatest benefit to the force. It lays down general principles but says nothing about the technical infrastructure needed to put these principles into practice. The purpose of this document is to define the technical and information architectureneeded to ensure the Information Management Strategy can be implemented.战略信息系统1什么是企业战略近20年来,我国信息产业在国民经济中的比重不断提高,同时,也促进了我国其他企业信息化进程的发展。

Internet of Things1 .the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass，radio frequency identification technology，global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light，heat, electricity，mechanics, chemistry, biology， the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes，identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application，known as the third wave of the world’s information industry development following the computer，the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications，Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore，the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things，and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of ’’material”Where the ’’objects” to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1.Receiver have the appropriate information;2.Have a data transmission path;3.Have a certain storage capabilities;4.To have the CPU;5.To have the operating system;6.Have specialized applications;7.Have a data transmitter;8.Follow the communication protocol of Things;9.World Network，a unique number that can be identified.3."Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors，mobile terminals, industrial systems，floor control system，the family of Intelligentfacilities，video surveillance systems，and external can "(Enabled)，such as RFID，a variety of assets (the Assets)，personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal” intelligent objects or animals n or” smart dust ’’(the Mote)，through a variety of wireless and/or cable over long distances and/or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M)，application integration (the Grand Integration)，and based on cloud computing，SaaS operation mode，in internal network (intranet)，private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe，controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring，retrospective positioning，alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control，security，remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades，statistical reporting， decision support，the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions，’’Everything，” ’’efficient，energy saving, security environmental protection/"’ possession，control，Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009，the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing，China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix，given the EU’s definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects” of identity, physical attributes，virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media，the Internet and business Internet one，constitute the future of the Internet.5.changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of thesame name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China” Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries，to write the •’Government Work Report’1 Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States，European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China' his coverage of the times，has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6.BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards，on the basis of the computer Internet，the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet ’’Internet of things” (referred to as the Internet of Things)，which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research，the establishment of applicable sensor network. 1999, held in the United States，mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States，"Technology Review” propo sed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people’s lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS)，the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ”，citing the concept of the” Int ernet of things "• The report pointed out that the ubiquitous ’’Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)，sensortechnology, nanotechnology，intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things，a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities，human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise，largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However，the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence，the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications，so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology，involving almost all aspects of IT，innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features，that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features，the network system should have automated，self-feedback and intelligent control featuresJanuary 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States，held with U.S. business leaders a "round table’’，as one of the only two representatives，IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that H the wisdom of the Earth” this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24，2009 news，IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet” strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life，and even analysts believe that IBM’s vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy，and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically，is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid，railways，bridges，tunnels, highways, buildings， water supply systems dams，oil and gas pipelines and other objects，and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of ’’wisdom” in the implementation of the infrastructure，strong，not only in the short term to stimulate the economy，promote employment，and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM n Smarter Planet” strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years，a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore’s Law accurately call it a n15-year cycle Law' Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol，1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers，1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the ”information superhighway” strategy. 1990s，the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion，construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure，to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the H Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "informa tion superhighway”，the same they revive the economy，a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world.H Internet of Things prospects are very bright，it will dramatically change our current way of life.’’ Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics，National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physicalobjects associated with each other "exchange' without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session，held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar H Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0n，the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change，and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years，the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market，the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity，perception，processing and information transfer，four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors，smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the ’’Internet of Things in 2020” report，an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics，retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015，2015 〜In 2020，the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things，RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion，this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market，including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts，the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is morethan 3.8 billion yuan，the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems，MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size，large-scale mass production cost reduction，mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7.PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world’s ’’Internet of Things' In this network, the goods (products) to each other ’’exchange”，without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation，is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise，the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID，It is able to let items "speak” a technique. In the "Internet of Things” con cept，RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system，to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent” management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense，identification technology andpervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications，breaking the conventional thinking before，human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand，airports，roads，buildings，while on the other hand，the data center，PC，broadband. In the era of the ’’Internet of Things’’，reinforced concrete，cable with the chip，broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. H Internet of Things” makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom” to improve resource utilization and productivity levels，and improve the relationship between man and nature.8.Agency1，institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: ’’objects of the IPCC n)，the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010，preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance，coordination，consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations，to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation，resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products，and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale，co-development.9.ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life，and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies toassist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale，broad participation，management, technical，and material properties，etc. other features，the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID，sensors，embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general，to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1)identified the object attributes，properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label，the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2)the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes，and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3)the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed，such as home computers or mobile phones，may also be centralized，such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10.key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1)RFID;(2)sensor network;(3)The M2M;(4)integration of the two.11 .TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand，can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently，the United States，the European Union are all invested heavilyin-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things，Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID，sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him，the use of the Internet of Things technology，Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection，transmission，processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi，bus，various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, ’’the bus services through’’ will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management，e-logistics n，will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition，the popularization of the n Internet of Things” for the number of animals，plants and machinery，sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things，in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags，which will greatly promote the production of IT components，while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles，if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static，but in the state of the movement，we must maintain the items in the state of motion，and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world ofbusiness of the Internet of Things，compared with the business of interpersonal communication，will reach 30 to 1，so the ’’Internet of Things’1 is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second，sensor network field in the world，China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; F ourth, China’s wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world’s first the three major economies，with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding，which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry， it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology，or RFID technology，or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology，GPS, video recognition，infrared，laser，scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things，but not all of Things.Second，the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things，all of the interconnections，all shared Internet platform.In fact，the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network，Internet，WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of theInternet to the matter; LAN，professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional，LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation，smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real，many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation，pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent，automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket，and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors，to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection，government，public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care，personal health，floriculture，water monitoring，food traceability，enemydetection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot somet hing; clothes will ’’tell” washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field，for example, a logistics company，application of Things truck，when loading overweight，the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining，the severity of。

外貌在环境面板上的共同标签部分包括光，云，太阳和月亮的控制器。

启用灯光--当设置后，环境面板被点亮并且物体的场景会在全天不断变化。

当此复选框被清除，在场景中所有对象不亮也不随着一天时间的变化而变化。

（该对象将仍然被视为未点亮时，他们将使用为他们定制的颜色，材料和正常的价值观）。

启用云--当设置后，一个云层的场景便设置其中。

道路工具将定出海拔类型和云层类型。

默认情况下，此值未设置。

启用太阳/月亮--当设置，太阳和月球环境的效果显示并且月亮环境的效果有助于现场场景内的任何物体的照明。

当此复选框被清除，太阳和月亮不会被显示并且月亮助手停止现场照明。

默认情况下，太阳和月亮是没有设置。

注：太阳和月亮在天空的位置和绘制使用星历模型。

太阳和月亮的位置是根据一天中的时间，日期，纬度和经度绘制的。

月亮的月球阶段也以同样的方式计算。

天空颜色在环境面板上的共同标签部分包括天空的颜色，云的颜色，周围的颜色，天气的控制，和雾。

注：彩色按钮旁边的天空，云，和环境（背景）显示你当前的颜色。

单击每个按钮来改变颜色。

云的颜色--这个颜色的按钮显示您的云层的颜色。

点击就显示颜色对话框，然后选择一个新的颜色，然后点击确定。

环境光颜色--这个颜色的彩色按钮显示您当前的周围灯光组件的颜色。

点击就显示颜色对话框，然后选择一个新的颜色，然后点击确定。

环境光元件有助于场景和物体的亮度；默认设置是应用一个小环境光线。

环境光照亮了现场或对象，当一天的时间设置为晚，对象将仍然由于环境光而可见。

环境光可以用来照亮一个带有黑暗纹理或者用IRIX电脑做出纹理的物体。

（IRIX电脑相对于WINDOWS电脑使用了不同的GAMMA设置，他使Irix计算机处理的纹理总是看上去黑暗，直到图像编辑程序纠正才能恢复正常。

）天气--此选项不使用这种版本的路径工具。

在今后的版本中，天气列表将包含环境设置预设模拟不同时间的天气事件，如日出，上午，傍晚，夜间，多云，雨，雪等。

Based on GSM module and AT89C51 connectiondesign and application---From 《GSM principle and its network optimization》chapter one---From 《New single chip microcomputer interface device and technology》chapter sixAbstractThis article through analyzed the GSM module and the monolithic integrated circuit connection design simply introduced the TC35i module commonly used instruction and the coding rule, introduced emphatically the TC35i module and the AT89C51 principle of work, the periphery connection electric circuit, the software control technology, at the same time has produced some TC35i module and the AT89C51 connection application procedure, proposed AT89C51 when receive data should pay attention question, thus designed has the GSM module the data transmission terminal.Key words: GSM network1 Summarize:Along with correspondence technique of development, according to the service function of the NTT DoCoMo net, just to industry control and control from a distance the realm have continuously extension of trend.Is orientation this kind of demand, Siemens company released a new generation wireless correspondence GSM mold piece-TC35i, according to should the short news function of the mold piece, can fast safety credibility realization customer information processing etc. function, special be applicable to control centre and terminal equipments distance very far, or inconvenience adoption wired correspondence lie quality etc. situation, for example the oil well information collect behind of deliver, the long range copy form system, city transportation direction etc. all according to the TC35i mold piece to realization.2 The application of GSM network:GSM is Global System for Mobile Communications acronym, which means Global System for Mobile Communications is the world's leading cellular systems inthe world. GSM is based on narrowband TDMA standard that allows radio frequency in a group call at the same time 8. GSM80 during the rise in Europe, put into use in 1991. The end of 1997, has operations in more than 100 countries, Europe and Asia has become the standard in fact, that by 2001, the world's 162 countries have already built a 400 GSM communications network. But the GSM system capacity is limited, users in the network overload, it had to construct additional network facilities. What is gratifying is that GSM performance in other areas, which in addition to providing a standardized list and signaling systems, but also opened up some of the more intelligent of the business such as international roaming and so on. The convenience of GSM mobile phone is that it provides a smart card, known as SIM cards, and card could be separated, so that the replacement of mobile phone users and custom personal information in this area are facilitated.GSM network to improve after years of development, is now very mature, less blind spots, signal stability, automatic roaming, and the communication distance from the impact of the surrounding environment. GSM short message in particular, flexible and convenient, you can cross-market, inter-provincial and even cross-border transmission, and each send a short message as long as one dime, very reliable and affordable. In addition, the mobile phone SIM card in recent years can apply for 0, some packages use lower cost than fixed. Therefore the use of mobile phone message to achieve alarm, ultra long-range remote control for industrial equipment, transmission of data is a very good choice.GSM module, is a similar mobile communication module, integrates a number of mobile phone functions on a single small circuit board, it can send SMS messages, calls and so on, the module is small, but it has a lot of mobile phone functionality, with its have equal is the core of the mobile phone, and it is in a lot of applications have a wide range of applications, GSM module through the use of AT commands to control it, modules can be connected to computer RS232 serial port, can also be used to carry out single-chip control . Below we cite some typical applications:2.1 mobile phone access control system:GSM Access Control System used to control the electric lock control, if you need to enter, as long as the cell phone call using GSM modules mobile number, will automatically open the door, and only you can set up cell phone numbers to open the door, and no costs.2.2 three billboard over the weather disaster emergency turn off:Over three billboards are constantly flip through the motor to achieve a number of ads displayed, because installed in the outdoors, when there is wind, hail and other weather disasters, billboards could easily be blown bad or damaged card die, when in need of emergency shut down, You can normally closed relay contact to control the power of advertising, when you need to do is send "turn off" control message, the billboard will automatically turn off, and automatically after a certain time delay automatically return to normal job (generally disastrous weather will not continue for a long time) in advance if you want to open a billboard, you can send "Open" control message.2.3 engineering system balance reminders:Some works are safe after the completion of the normal operation after a period of time to settle the balance, if the encounter malicious clients the outstanding purchase price, often installed side very headache, because equipment has been installed, if the loss of a great come back down, particularly in the field customer very costly when the client system can be installed in the GSM module, use it all the way to control system or the way some of the key points, when the customer paid in arrears when the malicious message can turn off some features, forcing customers to pay the purchase price then immediately open message, if you have a smooth recovery of the purchase price can also be the name of system maintenance by the GSM module removed from the client system.2.4 monitoring systems or Web servers and reset the alarm:Monitoring system or web server running after a long period after death may be wrong, this time to power on reset is the only solution at this time through the GSM module can control system power, and set to open automatically after 3 seconds turn off mode, can achieve power reduction, in addition, GSM module in some special application areas also played a very large role, such as: the disappearance of the main power supply, memory errors, fan shutdown, fuel depletion, it was the invasion and other information, are not people the ideal choice for monitoring the engine room.the remote control of home appliances:Through the message can easily achieve the remote control to open rice cookers, water heaters and other appliances by remote control or switch to repair mode can also control the air-conditioning GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm host, using the global GSM short message data transmission mode and voice-enabled platform for the completion of intelligent data transmission and remotecontrol alarm, set the host family, shops, office safety, electrical control, remote monitoring, such as Intelligent home functions, because of the global GSM wireless mobile communication network signal coverage area of Canton, and truly realize the low-cost high-quality ultra-long-distance convenient and flexible intelligent wireless control and alarm, to solve the fixed-line telephone or cable broadband network wired alarm limitations. GSM global wireless mobile communications network in popularity all over the world, the GSM global wireless mobile communication network control alarm can be widely used in a single host family, community property, electricity, transportation, petroleum, coal, railway, municipal and public security departments of the security industry prevention devices, data monitoring and remote monitoring system. Wireless Road, with 11 defense areas, 2-way Cable Standoff, different defense area alarm, alarm and message control, separate from a defended position, remote control, home appliance control, linkage to take photographs with the latest alarm center network characteristics.Features:1. Wireless suspects under strict surveillance, no wiring, and ease of installation.2. Cable suspects under strict surveillance, safe and reliable.3. Wireless remote control security / from a defended position, easy to operate.4. Adaptability widely used global-band wireless mobile networks.5. Password settings, confidentiality stronger.6. Alarm, the high-decibel alarm sound to deter thieves.7. Host automatically to six groups of mobile numbers to send SMS alerts. Alarm message and a telephone can be set up8. Host automatically dial the six groups of mobile or fixed telephone warning, start-site monitoring.9. Preset scene alarm and alarm message10. With emergency alarm function, can prevent thieves burglary, detection of gas leaks and smoke fire.11. Communicate electric missing Detect and alarm, to prevent the intentional destruction of the power system and power failure monitoring.12. Communicate after the loss of electricity automatically switch to a back-up battery. 13. Available through GSM network platform and networking alarm center.14. Supported message in Chinese or English instructions.15. Handset intercom mode: Matching intercom calls, and alarm can be two-wayintercom, real-time clear police intelligence to prevent unnecessary alarm.3 The TC35i mold piece introductionCurrently, domestic already beginning usage of the GSM mold piece have a lot, and these of function, method of using difference not big.What this design adoption is a Siemens TC35 the TC35i of the series.On this kind of wireless mold piece function and TC35 and permit, design tightly packed, consumedly contracted the physical volume of customer's product.The TC35i and GSM2/2 and permit,dual-band(GSM900/GSM1800), RS232 the data connect, should mold piece and radio frequency electric circuit and Ji take and integral whole, provide toward the customer standard of AT order connect, is data, speech, short news and fax provide fast, credibility, safety of deliver, convenience customer of application development and design.3.1 The GSM AT instruction introduction that the mold has something to do with SMS in the piec e:The order for provide of the GSM- powered mold piece match GSM07.05 and GSM07.07 norm.In the GSM07.07 definition of the AT Command connect and provided a kind of which GSM AT Instruction TC35i AT89C51move terrace and data terminal equipments of in general use connect;The GSM07.05 made to the short news detailed of provision.At short news mold piece receive network hair of short news, can send out a designation information through a string of, the data terminal equipments can send out toward the GSM mold piece various order.The instruction of GSM AT having something to do with SMS such as List1 to show.The instruction of GSM AT gather, is signed letter, Motorola and HP etc. factory house by Nokia, love to together develop for the GSM system of, among them include control SMS(Short Message Service).3.2 The PDU code rule:Send out short news in common use Text and PDU(Protocol Data Unit, agreement data unit) mode currently.The usage Text mode receive and dispatch a message code simple, realization get up very easy, but the biggest weakness be to can't receive and dispatch Chinese message;But PDU mode not only support Chinese message, also the ability send out English message.The PDU mode receive and dispatch a message can the usage be 3 kinds of to code:7-bit, 8-bit and UCS2 code.7-the bit code to used for send out common of ASCII character list, 8-bitcode Be usually used for sending out data news, UCS2 code used for sending out Unicode character list.General PDU's code is constitute by ABCDEFGHIJKLM 13.A:The address length of the message center, 216 enter to make number(one word stanza)B:The number type of the message center, 216 enter to make number.C:Message center number, B+C length will from the data decisionD:Document head word stanza, 216 enter to make number.E:Information type, 216 enter to make number.F:Drive call number length, 216 enter to make number.G:Drive call number type, 216 enter to make number, take value togetherH:Drive call number, length from data within F decision.I:Agreement marking, 216 enter to make number.J:The data code a project, 216 enter to make number.K:Term of validity, 216 enter to make number. L:Customer data length, 216 enter to make number.M:Customer's data, its length from the data decision in the L.Enactment in J adoption UCS2 code, here is the Unicode character list of Chinese-English.4 the hardware of the TC35i and list slice machine connect a people'selectric circuitThe TC35i mold piece is main to save according to the processor, GSM radio frequency mold piece, power supply mold piece, Shan from the GSM, the ZIF conjunction machine, antenna connect six part constitute.Connect machine with a list slice machine realization electric circuit to connect through a ZIF, should connect read or send out the TC35i mold piece in of data.5 list slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect and controlprinciple8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outsidehaving slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingList slice the software of the machine and TC35i connect in fact be list slice the machine pass AT instruction control cellular phone of control technique, first constitution the TC35i mold piece of work mode:AT+CMGF=n, n=0 is a PDU mode;N=1 write an article this mode;Usually the constitution is a PDU mode, under this kind of mode, ability transmission or accept a transparent data.(customer from definition data)AT+CMGR=n in order to read the short news data of the TC35i mold piece, the n is a short news number.AT+CMGL=n in order to list the short news in the TC35i mold piece, n=0 is the short news which read, n=a the short news which have been already read, n=2 short news which sent out, n=3 for have already send out of short news n=4 is all short news.AT+CMGD=the n is the short news which delete the TC35i mold piece and the n is a short news serial number.6 Master routineThe software plait distance pass to write in toward the TC35i dissimilarity of AT instruction ability completion variety function, such as network debarkation, read SIM card top telephone number, send out SMS news and receive SMS news etc..The instruction sign, constant, PDU data...etc. of AT instruction all code form transmission by ASCII;The transmission transparent data have to pair of the TC35i mold piece of work mode constitution is PDU mode;List slice machine toward the TC35i mold piece after send out each instruction have to with return to car sign conduct and actions should instruction of be over, for example list slice the machine send out instruction in"AT+ CMGF=0" toward the cellular phone, its ASCII code sequence is"41 H, 54 H, 2 BH, 42 H, 4 DH, 47 H, 46 H, 3 DH, 30 H, 0 DH", the last word stanza 0 DH is to return to car sign, mean that instruction be over, if have no this to return to car sign, the cellular phone won't identify this instruction.When the AT instruction which receive to an integrity of the TC35i mold piece after, the TC35i mold piece not summary execution should instruction, but first just receive of the ASCII of the AT instruction code sequence all anti- send out;(contain 0 DH)Secondly send out a the ASCII which return to car sign with a carriage return sign to code, namely 0 DH with 0 AH;Then performance should instruction.The list slice machine read the PDU data of the TC35i mold piece, originality data should is 16 enter make number, but read back of data still is an ASCII mean of 16 enter make number.So a word stanza of 16 entered to make number and thenbecame 2 word stanza of ASMII code.But the PDU data data word stanza length within pack part still is actual character list length.But isn't the word stanza which become ASCII code length, this at plait distance should special attention, otherwise receive of data not integrity.The list slice machine is after receiving a PDU data pack data have to its instauration become 16 enter make a data, its calculate way as follows:Establish a for the ASCII code receive, b for the conversion is behind of 16 enter make number.So if a<39 H,b=a-30 H;If a>39 H, b=h-07 H a-30.End pair of in front and back two pieces merger is a word stanza.Concluding remark The usage cellular phone mold piece benefit is at the system integration, the cost be lower.Install correspondence circuit in secluded region etc. difficulty or uneconomical place, engineering service facilities can freedom vivid of constitution, no longer be subjected to geography condition of restriction.In fine, GSM mold piece the price be cheap, application extensive, application the foreground be captivating, pass with cellular phone mold the piece connect can very convenience of design customer demand of the data receive terminal.基于 GSM 模块与 AT89C51 的接口设计及应用的接口设计及应用-----摘自《GSM 原理及其网络优化》第一章-----摘自《新型单片机接口器件与技术》第六章摘要本文通过分析 GSM 模块与单片机的接口设计简单介绍了 TC35i 模块的常用指令及摘编码规则，着重介绍了 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 的工作原理、外围接口电路、软件控制技术，同时给出了一些 TC35i 模块与 AT89C51 接口的应用程序，提出了 AT89C51 在接收数据时应该注意的问题，从而设计出具有 GSM 模块的数据传输终端。

沈阳建筑大学毕业论文外文及翻译原文题目Android Application Fundamentals学院专业班级信息与控制工程学院计算机08-1学生姓名XXX 性别X指导教师XXX 职称XXX年月日外文及翻译英语原文Android Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile the code—along with any data and resource files—into an Android package, an archive file with an .apk suffix. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application and is the file that Android-powered devices use to install the application.Once installed on a device, each Android application lives in its own security sandbox:●The Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each applicationis a different user.●By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID isused only by the system and is unknown to the application). The system setspermissions for all the files in an application so that only the user ID assigned to thatapplication can access them.●Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs inisolation from other applications.●By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts theprocess when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shutsdown the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recovermemory for other applications.In this way, the Android system implements the principle of least privilege. That is, each application, by default, has access only to the components that it requires to do its work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in which an application cannot access parts of the system for which it is not given permission.However, there are ways for an application to share data with other applications and for an application to access system services:●It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same Linux user ID, in whichcase they are able to access each other's files. To conserve system resources,applications with the same user ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux processand share the same VM (the applications must also be signed with the samecertificate).●An application can request permission to access device data such as the user'scontacts, SMS messages, the mountable storage (SD card), camera, Bluetooth, andmore. All application permissions must be granted by the user at install time.That covers the basics regarding how an Android application exists within the system. The rest of this document introduces you to:●The core framework components that define your application.●The manifest file in which you declare components and required device features foryour application.●Resources that are separate from the application code and allow your application togracefully optimize its behavior for a variety of device configurations.Application ComponentsApplication components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. Each component is a different point through which the system can enter your application. Not all components are actual entry points for the user and some depend on each other, but each one exists as its own entity and plays a specific role—each one is a unique building block that helps define your application's overall behavior.There are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed.Here are the four types of application components:ActivitiesAn activity represents a single screen with a user interface. For example, an email application might have one activity that shows a list of new emails, another activity to compose an email, and another activity for reading emails. Although the activities work together to form a cohesive user experience in the email application, each one isindependent of the others. As such, a different application can start any one of these activities (if the email application allows it). For example, a camera application can start the activity in the email application that composes new mail, in order for the user to share a picture.An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity and you can learn more about it in the Activities developer guide.ServicesA service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-runningoperations or to perform work for remote processes. A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application, or it might fetch data over the network without blocking user interaction with an activity. Another component, such as an activity, can start the service and let it run or bind to it in order to interact with it.A service is implemented as a subclass of Service and you can learn more about it inthe Services developer guide.Content providersA content provider manages a shared set of application data. You can store the data inthe file system, an SQLite database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access. Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it). For example, the Android system provides a content provider that manages the user's contact information. As such, any application with the proper permissions can query part of the content provider (such as ContactsContract.Data) to read and write information abouta particular person.Content providers are also useful for reading and writing data that is private to your application and not shared. For example, the Note Pad sample application uses a content provider to save notes.A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and mustimplement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.For more information, see the Content Providers developer guide.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that responds to system-wide broadcastannouncements. Many broadcasts originate from the system—for example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was captured.Applications can also initiate broadcasts—for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.Although broadcast receivers don't display a user interface, they may create a status bar notification to alert the user when a broadcast event occurs. More commonly, though, a broadcast receiver is just a "gateway" to other components and is intended to do a very minimal amount of work. For instance, it might initiate a service to perform some work based on the event.A broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and eachbroadcast is delivered as an Intent object. For more information, see the BroadcastReceiver class.A unique aspect of the Android system design is that any application can start another application’s component. For example, if you want the user to capture a photo with the device camera, there's probably another application that does that and your application can use it, instead of developing an activity to capture a photo yourself. You don't need to incorporate or even link to the code from the camera application. Instead, you can simply start the activity in the camera application that captures a photo. When complete, the photo is even returned to your application so you can use it. To the user, it seems as if the camera is actually a part of your application.When the system starts a component, it starts the process for that application (if it's not already running) and instantiates the classes needed for the component. For example, if your application starts the activity in the camera application that captures a photo, that activity runs in the process that belongs to the camera application, not in your application's process. Therefore, unlike applications on most other systems, Android applications don't have a single entry point (there's no main()function, for example).Because the system runs each application in a separate process with file permissions that restrict access to other applications, your application cannot directly activate a component from another application. The Android system, however, can. So, to activate a component in another application, you must deliver a message to the system that specifies your intent to start a particular component. The system then activates the component for you.Activating ComponentsThree of the four component types—activities, services, and broadcast receivers—are activated by an asynchronous message called an intent. Intents bind individual components to each other at runtime (you can think of them as the messengers that request an action from other components), whether the component belongs to your application or another.An intent is created with an Intent object, which defines a message to activate either a specific component or a specific type of component—an intent can be either explicit or implicit, respectively.For activities and services, an intent defines the action to perform (for example, to "view" or "send" something) and may specify the URI of the data to act on (among other things that the component being started might need to know). For example, an intent might convey a request for an activity to show an image or to open a web page. In some cases, you can start an activity to receive a result, in which case, the activity also returns the result in an Intent (for example, you can issue an intent to let the user pick a personal contact and have it returned to you—the return intent includes a URI pointing to the chosen contact).For broadcast receivers, the intent simply defines the announcement being broadcast (for example, a broadcast to indicate the device battery is low includes only a known action string that indicates "battery is low").The other component type, content provider, is not activated by intents. Rather, it is activated when targeted by a request from a ContentResolver. T he content resolver handles all direct transactions with the content provider so that the component that's performing transactions with the provider doesn't need to and instead calls methods onthe ContentResolver object. This leaves a layer of abstraction between the content provider and the component requesting information (for security).There are separate methods for activating each type of component:∙You can start an activity (or give it something new to do) by passingan Intent to startActivity() or startActivityForResult() (when you want the activity to return a result).∙You can start a service (or give new instructions to an ongoing service) by passing an Intent to startService(). Or you can bind to the service by passingan Intent to bindService().∙You can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent to methodslike sendBroadcast(), sendOrderedBroadcast(), or sendStickyBroadcast().∙You can perform a query to a content provider by calling query() ona ContentResolver.For more information about using intents, see the Intents and Intent Filters document. More information about activating specific components is also provided in the following documents: Activities, Services, BroadcastReceiver and Content Providers.Declaring componentsThe primary task of the manifest is to inform the system about the application's components. For example, a manifest file can declare an activity as follows:In the <application> element, the android:icon attribute points to resources for an icon that identifies the application.In the <activity> element, the android:name at tribute specifies the fu lly qualified class name of the Activity subclass and the android:label attributes specifies a string to use as the user-visible label for the activity.You must declare all application components this way:●<activity>elements for activities●<service> elements for services●<receiver>elements for broadcast receivers●<provider>elements for content providersActivities, services, and content providers that you include in your source but do not declare in the manifest are not visible to the system and, consequently, can never run. However, broadcast receivers can be either declared in the manifest or created dynamically in code (as BroadcastReceiver objects) and registered with the system bycalling registerReceiver().Declaring component capabilitiesAs discussed above, in Activating Components, you can use an Intent to start activities, services, and broadcast receivers. You can do so by explicitly naming the target component (using the component class name) in the intent. However, the real power of intents lies in the concept of intent actions. With intent actions, you simply describe the type of action you want to perform (and optionally, the data upon which you’d like to perform the action) and allow the system to find a component on the device that can perform the action and start it. If there are multiple components that can perform the action described by the intent, then the user selects which one to use.The way the system identifies the components that can respond to an intent is by comparing the intent received to the intent filters provided in the manifest file of other applications on the device.When you declare a component in your application's manifest, you can optionally include intent filters that declare the capabilities of the component so it can respond to intents from other applications. You can declare an intent filter for your component by addingan <intent-filter>element as a child of the component's declaration element.For example, an email application with an activity for composing a new email might declare an intent filter in its manifest entry to respond to "send" intents (in order to send email). An activity in your application can then create an intent with the “send” action (ACTION_SEND), which the s ystem matches to the email application’s “send” activity and launches it when you invoke the intent with startActivity().For more about creating intent filters, see the Intents and Intent Filters document.Declaring application requirementsThere are a variety of devices powered by Android and not all of them provide the same features and capabilities. In order to prevent your application from being installed on devices that lack features needed by your application, it's important that you clearly define a profile for the types of devices your application supports by declaring device and software requirements in your manifest file. Most of these declarations are informational only and the system does not read them, but external services such as Google Play do read them in order to provide filtering for users when they search for applications from their device.For example, if your application requires a camera and uses APIs introduced in Android 2.1 (API Level 7), you should declare these as requirements in your manifest file. That way, devices that do not have a camera and have an Android version lower than 2.1 cannot install your application from Google Play.However, you can also declare that your application uses the camera, but doesnot require it. In that case, your application must perform a check at runtime to determine if the device has a camera and disable any features that use the camera if one is not available.Here are some of the important device characteristics that you should consider as you design and develop your application:Screen size and densityIn order to categorize devices by their screen type, Android defines two characteristics for each device: screen size (the physical dimensions of the screen) and screen density (the physical density of the pixels on the screen, or dpi—dots per inch). To simplify all the different types of screen configurations, the Android system generalizes them intoselect groups that make them easier to target.The screen sizes are: small, normal, large, and extra large.The screen densities are: low density, medium density, high density, and extra highdensity.By default, your application is compatible with all screen sizes and densities, because the Android system makes the appropriate adjustments to your UI layout and imageresources. However, you should create specialized layouts for certain screen sizes and provide specialized images for certain densities, using alternative layout resources, and by declaring in your manifest exactly which screen sizes your application supportswith the <supports-screens> element.For more information, see the Supporting Multiple Screens document.Input configurationsMany devices provide a different type of user input mechanism, such as a hardware keyboard, a trackball, or a five-way navigation pad. If your application requires a particular kind of input hardware, then you should declare it in your manifest with the <uses-configuration> e lement. However, it is rare that an application should require a certain input configuration.Device featuresThere are many hardware and software features that may or may not exist on a given Android-powered device, such as a camera, a light sensor, bluetooth, a certain version of OpenGL, or the fidelity of the touchscreen. You should never assume that a certain feature is available on all Android-powered devices (other than the availability of the standard Android library), so you should declare any features used by your application with the <uses-feature> element.Platform VersionDifferent Android-powered devices often run different versions of the Android platform, such as Android 1.6 or Android 2.3. Each successive version often includes additional APIs not available in the previous version. In order to indicate which set of APIs are available, each platform version specifies an API Level (for example,Android 1.0 is API Level 1 and Android 2.3 is API Level 9). If you use any APIs that were added to the platform after version 1.0, you should declare the minimum API Level in which those APIs were introduced using the <uses-sdk> element.It's important that you declare all such requirements for your application, because, when you distribute your application on Google Play, the store uses these declarations to filter which applications are available on each device. As such, your application should be available only to devices that meet all your application requirements.For more information about how Google Play filters applications based on these (and other) requirements, see the Filters on Google Play document.Application ResourcesAn Android application is composed of more than just code—it requires resources that are separate from the source code, such as images, audio files, and anything relating to the visual presentation of the application. For example, you should define animations, menus, styles, colors, and the layout of activity user interfaces with XML files. Using application resources makes it easy to update various characteristics of your application without modifying code and—by providing sets of alternative resources—enables you to optimize your application for a variety of device configurations (such as different languages and screen sizes).For every resource that you include in your Android project, the SDK build tools define a unique integer ID, which you can use to reference the resource from your application code or from other resources defined in XML. For example, if your application c ontains an image file named logo.png (saved in the res/drawable/ directory), the SDK tools generate a resource ID named R.drawable.logo, which you can use to reference the image and insert it in your user interface.One of the most important aspects of providing resources separate from your source code is the ability for you to provide alternative resources for different device configurations. For example, by defining UI strings in XML, you can translate the strings into other languages and save those strings in separate files. Then, based on a language qualifier that you append to theresource directory's name (such as res/values-fr/for French string values) and the user's language setting, the Android system applies the appropriate language strings to your UI.Android supports many different qualifiers for your alternative resources. The qualifier is a short string that you include in the name of your resource directories in order to define the device configuration for which those resources should be used. As another example, you should often create different layouts for your activities, depending on the device's screen orientation and size. For example, when the device screen is in portrait orientation (tall), you might want a layout with buttons to be vertical, but when the screen is in landscape orientation (wide), the buttons should be aligned horizontally. To change the layout depending on the orientation, you can define two different layouts and apply the appropriate qualifier to each layout's directory name. Then, the system automatically applies the appropriate layout depending on the current device orientation.For more about the different kinds of resources you can include in your application and how to create alternative resources for various device configurations, see the Application Resources developer guide.中文译文安卓应用基础在Java编程语言编写的Android应用程序的Android的SDK工具编译代码以及与任何数据和到一个Android的包，一个归档文件档案资源的.apk后缀，所有的在一个单一的代码.apk文件被认为是一个应用程序，是Android的文件，供电设备来安装应用程序。

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓学专级：名：院：业：10210A02 1021010633梁卓越软件学院软件工程（软件开发与测试）指导教师：韩涛常旭青2014 年 6月学号：英文文献出自《IBM System Journal,2006,44(2):33-37》作者：Malcolm DavisS truts——An Open-source MVC Implementation This article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology.Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts, you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementationIntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However,there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer(or HTML developer)must understand colors, the customer,product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating a great looking object interface than a user interface. JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller(MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change.MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation.You may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller(MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem.We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue. MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing the problem into three categories:ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality.The modelencapsulates the state of the application. Sometimes the only functionality itcontains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.ViewThe view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of theapplication.The view can access the model getters,but it has no knowledge ofthe setters.In addition,it knows nothing about the controller.The view shouldbe notified when changes to the model occur.ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers,mostnotably the stateless connection between the client and the server.Thisstateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes.On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology forimplementation than the model or controller.Of course,we could use Java(or PERL,C/C++or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are severaldisadvantages to that approach:Java programmers should develop services,not HTML.Changes to layout would require changes to code.Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specificneeds.The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change. Figure4displaysthe Web adaptation of MVC,also commonly known as MVC Model 2 orMVC2.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of theorg.apache.struts.action package.Figure6 shows the minimal relationshipsamong ActionServlet(Controller),ActionForm (Form State),and Action(Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? You would map some input event to a pointer to a function.If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into a file and load the file at run time.Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured programming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology,XML,J2EE,and all that.The Struts Controller is a servlet that maps events(an event generally being anHTTP post)to classes.And guess what -- the Controller uses a configurationfile so you don_t have to hard-code the values.Life changes, but stays thesame.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is thecore of the Framework.ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action,an ActionForm, and ActionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xmlfile configures the Command.During the creation of the Web project, Actionand ActionForm are extended to solve the specific problem space. The filestruts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the extended classes.There are several advantages to this approach:The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. Thismakes it easier to view and understand, especially with large applications.The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of the application.The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flowchanges.Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application.ActionForm is an abstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I sayinput form model, I am saying ActionForm represents a general concept ofdata that is set or updated by a HTML form.For instance,you may have aUserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form.The Struts framework will:Check to see if a UserActionForm exists;if not, it will create an instance ofthe class.Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fieldsfrom the HttpServletRequest.No more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.For instance,the Struts framework will take fname from request stream andcall UserActionForm.setFname().The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.Before passing it to the Action class,Struts will also conduct form statevalidation by calling the validation()method on UserActionForm.Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm inother pages or business objects, where the validation might be different.Validation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to whichActionForm.Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such aswizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic.The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process()method.The ActionServlet(Command)passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform()method.Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter()calls.By thetime the event gets here,the input form data (or HTML form data)has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Struts,an MVC2 implementationStruts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets,and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC2design.This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework. Figure5 displays an overview of Struts.Struts overviewClient browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event.The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser,and makes the decisionwhere to send the request.With Struts,the Controller is a command designpattern implemented as a servlet.The struts-config.xml file configures theController.Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.Model stateThe model represents the state of the application.The business objects updatethe application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a sessionor request level,and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads informationfrom the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic,no business logic, and no model information-- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Strutsunique compared to other frameworks like Velocity.Note:"Think thin"when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application.By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB,we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect.Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface"(from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof).The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand,Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action isa class and not an interface.Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time.Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure6)also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message.ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags.ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest.The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it,classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions.The ActionServlet(Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform()method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow. ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts prosUse of JSP tag mechanismThe tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSPfile.This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel,or a tag library?If you cannot find something youneed in the library, contribute.In addition,Struts provides a starting point ifyou are learning JSP tag technology.Open sourceYou have all the advantages of open source,such as being able to see the codeand having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyesmake for great code review.Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVCimplementation.Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making theproblem manageable. Of course,the sword cuts both ways. The problem ismore complex and needs more management.Struts consYouthStruts development is still in preliminary form. They are working towardreleasing a version 1.0,but as with any 1.0version,it does not provide all thebells and whistles.ChangeThe framework is undergoing a rapid amount of change.A great deal ofchange has occurred between Struts0.5 and1.0. You may want to downloadthe most current Struts nightly distributions,to avoid deprecated methods.Inthe last 6 months,I have seen the Struts library grow from90K to over270K.I had to modify my examples several times because of changes in Struts,and Iam not going to guarantee my examples will work with the version of Strutsyou download.C orrect level of abstractionDoes Struts provide the correct level of abstraction? What is the proper level of abstraction for the page designer?That is the $64K question.Should we allowa page designer access to Java code in page development? Some frameworkslike Velocity say no, and provide yet another language to learn for Webdevelopment. There is some validity to limiting Java code access in UIdevelopment.Most importantly,give a page designer a little bit of Java,andhe will use a lot of Java.I saw this happen all the time in Microsoft ASPdevelopment.In ASP development,you were supposed to create COM objectsand then write a little ASP script to glue it all together. Instead,the ASPdevelopers would go crazy with ASP script.I would hear"Why wait for aCOM developer to create it when I can program it directly with VBScript?"Struts helps limit the amount of Java code required in a JSP file via taglibraries.One such library is the Logic Tag,which manages conditionalgeneration of output,but this does not prevent the UI developer from goingnuts with Java code.Whatever type of framework you decide to use, youshould understand the environment in which you are deploying andmaintaining the framework.Of course,this task is easier said than done.Limited scopeStruts is a Web-based MVC solution that is meant be implemented withHTML, JSP files, and servlets.J2EE application supportStruts requires a servlet container that supports JSP1.1 and Servlet 2.2specifications.This alone will not solve all your install issues,unless you areusing Tomcat3.2.I have had a great deal of problems installing the librarywith Netscape iPlanet 6.0, which is supposedly the first J2EE-compliantapplication server. I recommend visiting the Struts User Mailing List archive(see Resources) when you run into problems.ComplexitySeparating the problem into parts introduces complexity.There is no questionthat some education will have to go on to understand Struts. With the constantchanges occurring, this can be frustrating at times.Welcome to the Web.Where is...I could point out other issues,for instance, where are the client side validations,adaptable workflow, and dynamic strategy pattern for the controller? However,at this point, it is too easy to be a critic, and some of the issues are insignificant, or are reasonable for a1.0release.The way the Struts team goes at it, Strutsmight have these features by the time you read this article, or soon after. Future of StrutsThings change rapidly in this new age of software development.In less than 5 years, I have seen things go from cgi/perl, to ISAPI/NSAPI, to ASP with VB, and now Java and J2EE. Sun is working hard to adapt changes to the JSP/servlet architecture, just as they have in the past with the Java language and API. You can obtain drafts of the new JSP 1.2 and Servlet 2.3 specifications from the Sun Web site. Additionally,a standard tag library for JSP files is appearing.中文翻译Struts——一种开源MVC的实现这篇文章介绍 Struts，一个使用servlet 和JavaServer Pages 技术的一种 Model-View-Controller 的实现。

Hacking tricks toward security on network environments Tzer-Shyong Chen1, Fuh-Gwo Jeng 2, and Yu-Chia Liu 11 Department of Information Management, Tunghai University, Taiwan2 Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chiayi University, TaiwanE-Mail:****************.edu.twAbstractMounting popularity of the Internet has led to the birth of Instant Messaging, an up-and-coming form of Internet communication. Instant Messaging is very popular with businesses and individuals since it has instant communication ability. As a result, Internet security has become a pressing and important topic for discussion. Therefore, in recent years, a lot of attention has been drawn towards Internet security and the various attacks carried out by hackers over the Internet. People today often handle affairs via the Internet. For instance, instead of the conventional letter, they communicate with others by e-mails; they chat with friends through an instant messenger; find information by browsing websites instead of going to the library; perform e-commerce transactions through the Internet, etc. Although the convenience of the Internet makes our life easier, it is also a threat to Internet security. For instance, a business email intercepted during its transmission may let slip business confidentiality; file transfers via instant messengers may also be intercepted, and then implanted with backdoor malwares; conversations via instant messengers could be eavesdropped. Furthermore, ID and password theft may lose us money when using Internet bank service. Attackers on the Internet use hacking tricks to damage systems while users are connected to the Internet. These threats along with possible careless disclosure of business information make Instant Messaging a very unsafe method of communication for businesses. The paper divides hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing or fraud via e-mails. (3) Fake Websites. Keywords:Hacking tricks, Trojan programs, Phishing, Firewall, Intrusion detection system.1. IntroductionIncreasingly more people are using instant messengers such as MSN Messenger, Yahoo! Messenger, ICQ, etc as the media of communication. These instant messengers transmit alphanumeric message as well as permit file sharing. During transfer, a file may be intercepted by a hacker and implanted with backdoor malware. Moreover, the e-mails users receive every day may include Spam, advertisements, and fraudulent mail intended to trick uninformed users. Fake websites too are prevalent. Websites which we often visit could be counterfeited by imitating the interface and the URL of the original, tricking users. The paper classifies hacking tricks into three categories which are explained in the following sections.2. Hacking TricksThe paper divides hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing (3) Fake Websites.2.1 Trojan programs that share files via instant messengerInstant messaging allows file-sharing on a computer [9]. All present popular instant messengers have file sharing abilities, or allow users to have the above functionality by installing patches or plug-ins; this is also a major threat to present information security. These communication softwares also makeit difficult for existing hack prevention methods to prevent and control information security. Therefore, we shall discuss how to control the flow of instant messages and how to identify dangerous user behavior.Hackers use instant communication capability to plant Trojan program into an unsuspected program; the planted program is a kind of remotely controlled hacking tool that can conceal itself and is unauthorized. The Trojan program is unknowingly executed, controlling the infected computer; it can read, delete, move and execute any file on the computer. The advantages of a hacker replacing remotely installed backdoor Trojan programs [1] with instant messengers to access files are:When the victim gets online, the hacker will be informed. Thus, a hacker can track and access the infected computer, and incessantly steal user information.A hacker need not open a new port to perform transmissions; he can perform his operations through the already opened instant messenger port.Even if a computer uses dynamic IP addresses, its screen name doesn’t change.Certain Trojan programs are designed especially for instant messengers. These Trojans can change group settings and share all files on the hard disk of the infected computer. They can also destroy or modify data, causing data disarray. This kind of program allows a hacker access to all files on an infected computer, and thus poses a great threat to users. The Trojan program takes up a large amount of the resources of the computer causing it to become very slow and often crashes without a reason.Trojan programs that access a user computer through an instant messenger are probably harder to detect than classic Trojan horse programs. Although classic Trojan intrudes a computer by opening a listening or outgoing port which is used to connect toa remote computer, a desktop firewall can effectively block such Trojans. Alternatively, since it is very difficult for the server’s firewall to spot intrusion by controlling an instant messenger’s flow, it is extremely susceptible to intrusion.Present Trojan programs have already successfully implemented instant messengers. Some Trojan programs are Backdoor Trojan, AIMVision, and Backdoor. Sparta.C. Backdoor Trojans use ICQ pager to send messages to its writer. AIMVision steals AIM related information stored in the Windows registry, enabling a hacker to setup an AIM user id. Backdoor. Sparta.C uses ICQ to communicate with its writer and opens a port on an infected host and send its IP Address to the hacker, and at the same time attempts to terminate the antivirus program or firewall of the host.2.1.1 Hijacking and ImpersonationThere are various ways through which a hacker can impersonate other users [7]. The most commonly used method is eavesdropping on unsuspecting users to retrieve user accounts, passwords and other user related information.The theft of user account number and related information is a very serious problem in any instant messenger. For instance, a hacker after stealing a user’s information impersonate the user; the user’s contacts not knowing that the user’s account has been hacked believe that the person they’re talking to is the user, and are persuaded to execute certain programs or reveal confidential information. Hence, theft of user identity not only endangers a user but also surrounding users. Guarding against Internet security problems is presently the focus of future research; because without good protection, a computer can be easily attacked, causing major losses.Hackers wishing to obtain user accounts may do so with the help of Trojans designed to steal passwords. If an instant messenger client stores his/her password on his/her computer, then a hacker can send a Trojan program to the unsuspecting user. When the user executes the program, the program shall search for the user’s password and send it to the hacker. There are several ways through which a Trojan program can send messages back to the hacker. The methods include instant messenger, IRC, e-mails, etc.Current four most popular instant messengers are AIM, Yahoo! Messenger, ICQ, and MSN Messenger, none of which encrypts its flow. Therefore, a hackercan use a man-in-the-middle attack to hijack a connection, then impersonate the hijacked user and participate in a chat-session. Although difficult, a hacker can use the man-in-the-middle attack to hijack the connection entirely. For example, a user may receive an offline message that resembles that sent by the server, but this message could have been sent by the hacker. All at once, the user could also get disconnected to the server. Furthermore, hackers may also use a Denial of Service (DoS) tool or other unrelated exploits to break the user’s connection. However, the server keeps the connection open, and does not know that the user has been disconnected; thus allowing the hacker to impersonate the user. Moreover, since the data flow is unencrypted and unauthenticated, a hacker can use man-in-the-middle attacks that are similar to that of ARP fraud to achieve its purpose.2.1.2 Denial of Service (DoS)There are many ways through which a hacker can launch a denial of service (DoS) attack [2] on an instant messenger user. A Partial DoS attack will cause a user end to hang, or use up a large portion of CPU resources causing the system to become unstable.Another commonly seen attack is the flooding of messages to a particular user. Most instant messengers allow the blocking of a particular user to prevent flood attacks. However, a hacker can use tools that allow him to log in using several different identities at the same time, or automatically create a large number of new user ids, thus enabling a flood attack. Once a flood attack begins, even if the user realizes that his/her computer has been infected, the computer will not be able to respond. Thus, the problem cannot be solved by putting a hacker’s user id on the ignore list of your instant messenger.A DoS attack on an instant messenger client is only a common hacking tool. The difficulty of taking precautions against it could turn this hacking tool into dangerous DoS type attacks. Moreover, some hacking tools do not just cause an instant messenger client to hang, but also cause the user end to consume large amount of CPU time, causing the computer to crash.2.1.3 Information DisclosureRetrieving system information through instant messenger users is currently the most commonly used hacking tool [4]. It can effortlessly collect user network information like, current IP, port, etc. IP address retriever is an example. IP address retrievers can be used to many purposes; for instance, a Trojan when integrated with an IP address retriever allows a hacker to receive all information related to the infected computer’s IP address as soon as the infected computer connects to the internet. Therefore, even if the user uses a dynamic IP address, hackers can still retrieve the IP address.IP address retrievers and other similar tools can also be used by hackers to send data and Trojans to unsuspecting users. Hackers may also persuade unsuspecting users to execute files through social engineering or other unrelated exploits. These files when executed search for information on the user’s computer and sends them back to the hacker through the instant messenger network.Different Trojan programs were designed for different instant messaging clients. For example, with a user accounts and password stealing Trojans a hacker can have full control of the account once the user logs out. The hacker can thus perform various tasks like changing the password and sending the Trojan program to all of the user’s contacts.Moreover, Trojans is not the only way through which a hacker can cause information disclosure. Since data sent through instant messengers are unencrypted, hackers can sniff and monitor entire instant messaging transmissions. Suppose an employee of an enterprise sends confidential information of the enterprise through the instant messenger; a hacker monitoring the instant messaging session can retrieve the data sent by the enterprise employee. Thus, we must face up to the severity of the problem.2.2 PhishingThe word “Phishing” first appeared in 1996. It is a variant of ‘fishing’, and formed by replacing the ‘f’ in ‘fishing’ with ‘ph’ from phone. It means tricking users of their money through e-mails.Based on the statistics of the Internet Crime Complaint Center, loss due to internet scam was as high as $1.256 million USD in 2004. The Internet Crime Complaint Center has listed the above Nigerian internet scam as one of the ten major internet scams.Based on the latest report of Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) [8], there has been a 28% growth of Phishing scams in the past 4 months, mostly in the US and in Asia. Through social engineering and Trojans, it is very difficult for a common user to detect the infection.To avoid exploitation of your compassion, the following should be noted:(1)When you need to enter confidentialinformation, first make sure that theinformation is entered via an entirely secureand official webpage. There are two ways todetermine the security of the webpage:a.The address displayed on the browserbegins with https://, and not http://. Payattention to if the letter ‘s’ exists.b.There is a security lock sign on the lowerright corner of the webpage, and whenyour mouse points to the sign, a securitycertification sign shall appear.(2)Consider installing a browser security softwarelike SpoofStick which can detect fake websites.(3)If you suspect the received e-mail is a Phishinge-mail, do not open attachments attached to theemail. Opening an unknown attachment couldinstall malicious programs onto your computer.(4)Do not click on links attached to your emails. Itis always safer to visit the website through theofficial link or to first confirm the authenticityof the link. Never follow or click on suspiciouslinks in an e-mail. It is advisable to enter theURL at the address bar of the web browser,and not follow the given link.Generally speaking, Phishing [3] [5] is a method that exploits people’s sympathy in the form of aid-seeking e-mails; the e-mail act as bait. These e-mails usually request their readers to visit a link that seemingly links to some charitable organization’s website; but in truth links the readers to a website that will install a Trojan program into the reader’s computer. Therefore, users should not forward unauthenticated charity mails, or click on unfamiliar links in an e-mail. Sometimes, the link could be a very familiar link or an often frequented website, but still, it would be safer if you’d type in the address yourself so as to avoid being linked to a fraudulent website. Phisher deludes people by using similar e-mails mailed by well-known enterprises or banks; these e-mails often asks users to provide personal information, or result in losing their personal rights; they usually contain a counterfeit URL which links to a website where the users can fillin the required information. People are often trapped by phishing due to inattentionBesides, you must also be careful when using a search engine to search for donations and charitable organizations.2.3 Fake WebsitesFake bank websites stealing account numbers and passwords have become increasingly common with the growth of online financial transactions. Hence, when using online banking, we should take precautions like using a secure encrypted customer’s certificate, surf the net following the correct procedure, etc.There are countless kinds of phishing baits, for instance, messages that say data expired, data invalid, please update data, or identity verification intended to steal account ID and matching password. This typeof online scam is difficult for users to identify. As scam methods become finer, e-mails and forged websites created by the impostor resemble their original, and tremendous losses arise from the illegal transactions.The following are methods commonly used by fake websites. First, the scammers create a similar website homepage; then they send out e-mails withenticing messages to attract visitors. They may also use fake links to link internet surfers to their website. Next, the fake website tricks the visitors into entering their personal information, credit card information or online banking account number and passwords. After obtaining a user’s information, the scammers can use the information to drain the bank accounts, shop online or create fake credit cards and other similar crimes. Usually, there will be a quick search option on these fake websites, luring users to enter their account number and password. When a user enters their account number and password, the website will respond with a message stating that the server is under maintenance. Hence, we must observe the following when using online banking:(1)Observe the correct procedure for entering abanking website. Do not use links resultingfrom searches or links on other websites.(2)Online banking certifications are currently themost effective security safeguard measure. (3)Do not easily trust e-mails, phone calls, andshort messages, etc. that asks for your accountnumber and passwords.Phishers often impost a well-known enterprise while sending their e-mails, by changing the sender’s e-mail address to that of the well known enterprise, in order to gain people’s trust. The ‘From’ column of an e-mail is set by the mail software and can be easily changed by the web administrator. Then, the Phisher creates a fake information input website, and send out e-mails containing a link to this fake website to lure e-mail recipients into visiting his fake website.Most Phishers create imitations of well known enterprises websites to lure users into using their fake websites. Even so, a user can easily notice that the URL of the website they’re entering has no relation to the intended enterprise. Hence, Phishers may use different methods to impersonate enterprises and other people. A commonly used method is hiding the URL. This can easily be done with the help of JavaScript.Another way is to exploit the loopholes in an internet browser, for instance, displaying a fake URL in the browser’s address bar. The security loophole causing the address bar of a browser to display a fake URL is a commonly used trick and has often been used in the past. For example, an e-mail in HTML format may hold the URL of a website of a well-known enterprise, but in reality, the link connects to a fake website.The key to successfully use a URL similar to that of the intended website is to trick the visual senses. For example, the sender’s address could be disguised as that of Nikkei BP, and the link set to http://www.nikeibp.co.jp/ which has one k less than the correct URL which is http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/. The two URLs look very similar, and the difference barely noticeable. Hence people are easily tricked into clicking the link.Besides the above, there are many more scams that exploit the trickery of visual senses. Therefore, you should not easily trust the given sender’s name and a website’s appearance. Never click on unfamiliar and suspicious URLs on a webpage. Also, never enter personal information into a website without careful scrutiny.3. ConclusionsBusiness strategy is the most effective form of defense and also the easiest to carry out. Therefore, they should be the first line of defense, and not last. First, determine if instant messaging is essential in the business; then weigh its pros and cons. Rules and norms must be set on user ends if it is decided that the business cannot do without instant messaging functionality. The end server should be able to support functions like centralized logging and encryption. If not, then strict rules must be drawn, and carried out by the users. Especially, business discussions must not be done over an instant messenger.The paper categorized hacking tricks into three categories: (1) Trojan programs that share files via instant messenger. (2) Phishing (3) Fake Websites. Hacking tricks when successfully carried out could cause considerable loss and damage to users. The first category of hacking tricks can be divided into three types: (1) Hijacking and Impersonation; (2) Denial of Service; (3) Information Disclosure.Acknowledgement:This work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan, under contract No. NSC 95-2221-E-029-024.References[1] B. Schneier, “The trojan horse race,”Communications of ACM, Vol. 42, 1999, pp.128.[2] C. L. Schuba, “Analysis of a denial of serviceattack on TCP,” IEEE Security and PrivacyConference, 1997, pp. 208-223.[3] E. Schultz, “Phishing is becoming moresophisticated,” Computer and Security, Vol.24(3), 2005, pp. 184-185.[4]G. Miklau, D. Suciu, “A formal analysis ofinformation disclosure in data exchange,”International Conference on Management ofData, 2004, pp. 575-586.[5]J. Hoyle, “'Phishing' for trouble,” Journal ofthe American Detal Association, Vol. 134(9),2003, pp. 1182-1182.[6]J. Scambray, S. McClure, G. Kurtz, Hackingexposed: network security secrets and solutions,McGraw-Hill, 2001.[7]T. Tsuji and A. Shimizu, “An impersonationattack on one-time password authenticationprotocol OSPA,” to appear in IEICE Trans.Commun, Vol. E86-B, No.7, 2003.[8]Anti-Phishing Working Group,.[9]/region/tw/enterprise/article/icq_threat.html.有关网络环境安全的黑客技术摘要：现在人们往往通过互联网处理事务。

外文文献原文THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSPThe Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system.The After Sun release the JSP( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product.This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.1.1 GENERALIZEThe JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it.JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:• It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.• You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.1.2 SOURCE OF JSPThe technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to design to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changes according to the claim of)The Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Applet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small service procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, NSAPI etc. Web procedure development the function of the tool in fact, at use the Java Servlet hereafter, the customer need not use again the lowly method of CGI of efficiency, also need not use only the ability come to born page of Web of dynamic state in the method of API that a certain fixed Web server terrace circulate. Many servers of Web all support the Servlet, even not support the Servlet server of Web directly and can also pass the additional applied server and the mold pieces to support the Servlet. Receive benefit in the characteristic of the Java cross-platform, the Servlet is also a terrace irrelevant, actually, as long as match the norm of Java Servlet, the Servlet is complete to have nothing to do with terrace and is to have nothing to do with server of Web. Because the Java Servlet is internal to provide the service by the line distance, need not start a progress to the each claimses, and make use of the multi-threadingmechanism can at the same time for several claim service, therefore the efficiency of Java Servlet is very high.But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state page is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did.The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML to become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the tacit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP also allows to use other languages.1.3 JSP CHARACTERISTICSIs a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language.However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, the personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design the web page of expert in hand, can use to take the page of JavaBeans JSP to define the template of Web, to build up a from have the alike external appearance of the website that page constitute. JavaBeans completes the data to provide, having no code of Java in the template thus, this means that these templates can be written the personnel by a HTML plait to support. Certainly, can also make use of the Java Servlet to control the logic of the website, adjust through the Java Servlet to use the way of the document of JSP to separate website of logic and contents.Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.In the JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EMAC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java also is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and JavaBeans, the Enterprise JavaBeanses because of the JSP strong function to work together, so even is the Scriptlet part not to use the Java, edit and translate of performance code also should is related with Java.1.4 JSP MECHANISMTo comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and" the page develops for the web page of the center" first.The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and the expression logic enter the original web page entirely heap what better solvethe method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that this kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade applies the procedure. The expression logic write in the script environment was lock in the page, only passing to shear to slice and glue to stick then can drive heavy use. Express the logic to usually mix together with business and the data logics, when this makes be the procedure member to try to change an external appearance that applies the procedure but do not want to break with its llied business logic, apply the procedure of maintenance be like to walk the similar difficulty on the eggshell. In fact in the business enterprise, heavy use the application of the module already through very mature, no one would like to rewrite those logics for their applied procedure.HTML and sketch the designer handed over to the implement work of their design the Web plait the one who write, make they have to double work-Usually is the handicraft plait to write, because have no fit tool and can carry the script and the HTML contents knot to the server to put together. Chien but speech, apply the complexity of the procedure along with the Web to promote continuously, the development method that take page as the center limits sex to become to get up obviously.At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the module spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedure quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the perpendicular application plait in the skill area, but the developer can go fetch the usage directly but need not control the expertise of this realm.Be a kind of take module as the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a script terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and not the developer of Java uses equally. Not the developer of Java can pass the JSP label( Tags) to use the JavaBeans that the deluxe developer of Java establish. The developer of Java not only can establish and use the JavaBeans, but also can use the language of Java to come to control more accurately in the JSP page according to the expression logic of the first floor JavaBeans.See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claimdirectly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic processing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs. Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java Servlets.The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JSP, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, the Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again and efficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not need when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this Servlet that editted and translate can be carry out. The in view of the fact JSP engine auto is born to edit and translate the Servlet also, need not procedure member begins to edit and translate the code, so the JSP can bring vivid sex that function and fast developments need that you are efficiently.Compared with the traditional CGI, the JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for calculator of be the server of Web. The next in order, the JSP is specialized to develop but design for the Web of, its purpose is for building up according to the Web applied procedure, included the norm and the tool of a the whole set. Use the technique of JSP can combine a lot of JSP pages to become a Web application procedure very expediently.JSP six built-in objectsrequest for:The object of the package of information submitted by users, by calling the object corresponding way to access the information package, namely the use of the target users can access the information.response object:The customer's request dynamic response to the client sent the data.session object1. What is the session: session object is a built-in objects JSP, it in the first JSP pages loaded automatically create, complete the conversation of management.From a customer to open a browser and connect to the server, to close the browser, leaving the end of this server, known as a conversation.When a customer visits a server, the server may be a few pages link between repeatedly, repeatedly refresh a page, the server should bethrough some kind of way to know this is the same client, which requires session object.2. session object ID: When a customer's first visit to a server on the JSP pages, JSP engines produce a session object, and assigned aString type of ID number, JSP engine at the same time, the ID number sent to the client, stored in Cookie, this session objects, and customers on the establishment of a one-to-one relationship. When a customer to connect to the server of the other pages, customers no longer allocated to the new session object, until, close your browser, the client-server object to cancel the session, and the conversation, and customer relationship disappeared. When a customer re-open the browser to connect to the server, the server for the customer to create a new session object.aplication target1. What is the application:Servers have launched after the application object, when a customer to visit the site between the various pages here, this application objects are the same, until the server is down. But with the session difference is that all customers of the application objects are the same, that is, all customers share this built-in application objects.2. application objects commonly used methods:(1) public void setAttribute (String key, Object obj): Object specified parameters will be the object obj added to the application object, and to add the subject of the designation of a keyword index.(2) public Object getAttribute (String key): access to application objects containing keywords for.out targetsout as a target output flow, used to client output data. out targets for the output data.Cookie1. What is Cookie:Cookie is stored in Web server on the user's hard drive section of the text. Cookie allow a Web site on the user's computer to store information on and then get back to it.For example, a Web site may be generated for each visitor a unique ID, and then to Cookie in the form of documents stored in each user's machine.If you use IE browser to visit Web, you will see all stored on your hard drive on the Cookie. They are most often stored in places: c: \ windows \ cookies (in Window2000 is in the C: \ Documents and Settings \ your user name \ Cookies).Cookie is "keyword key = value value" to preserve the format of the record.2. Targets the creation of a Cookie, Cookie object called the constructor can create a Cookie. Cookie object constructor has two string .parameters: Cookie Cookie name and value.Cookie c = new Cookie ( "username", "john");3. If the JSP in the package good Cookie object to send to the client, the use of the response addCookie () method.Format: response.addCookie (c)4. Save to read the client's Cookie, the use of the object request getCookies () method will be implemented in all client came to an array of Cookie objects in the form of order, to meet the need to remove the Cookie object, it is necessary to compare an array cycle Each target keywords.JSP的技术发展历史Java Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言—— server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。

_毕业设计外文文献及翻译_Graduation Thesis Foreign Literature Review and Chinese Translation1. Title: "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Society"Abstract:人工智能对社会的影响摘要：人工智能技术的快速发展引发了关于其对社会影响的讨论。

本文探讨了人工智能正在重塑不同行业（包括医疗保健、交通运输和教育）的各种方式。

还讨论了AI实施的潜在益处和挑战，以及伦理考量。

总体而言，本文旨在提供对人工智能对社会影响的全面概述。

2. Title: "The Future of Work: Automation and Job Displacement"Abstract:With the rise of automation technologies, there is growing concern about the potential displacement of workers in various industries. This paper examines the trends in automation and its impact on jobs, as well as the implications for workforce development and retraining programs. The ethical and social implications of automation are also discussed, along with potential strategies for mitigating job displacement effects.工作的未来：自动化和失业摘要：随着自动化技术的兴起，人们越来越担心各行业工人可能被替代的问题。

毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）NEW APPLICATION OF DATABASERelational databases in use for over two decades. A large portion of the applications of relational databases in the commercial world, supporting such tasks as transaction processing for banks and stock exchanges, sales and reservations for a variety of businesses, and inventory and payroll for almost of all companies. We study several new applications, which recent years.First. Decision-support systemAs the online availability of data , businesses to exploit the available data to make better decisions about increase sales. We can extract much information for decision support by using simple SQL queries. Recently support based on data analysis and data mining, or knowledge discovery, using data from a variety of sources.Database applications can be broadly classified into transaction processing and decision support. Transaction-processing systems are widely used today, and companies generated by these systems.The term data mining refers loosely to finding relevant information, or “discovering knowledge,” from a large volume of data. Like knowledge discovery in artificial intelligence, data mining attempts to discover statistical rules and patterns automatically from data. However, data mining differs from machine learning in that it deals with large volumes of data, stored primarily on disk.Knowledge discovered from a database can be represented by a set of rules. We can discover rules from database using one of two models:In the first model, the user is involved directly in the process of knowledge discovery.In the second model, the system is responsible for automatically discovering knowledgefrom the database, by detecting patterns and correlations in the data.Work on automatic discovery of rules influenced strongly by work in the artificial-intelligence community on machine learning. The main differences lie in the volume of data databases, and in the need to access disk. Specialized data-mining algorithms developed to which rules are discovered depends on the class of data-mining application. We illustrate rule discovery using two application classes: classification and associations.Second. Spatial and Geographic DatabasesSpatial databases store information related to spatial locations, and provide support for efficient querying and indexing based on spatial locations. Two types of spatial databases are particularly important:Design databases, or computer-aided-design (CAD) databases, are spatial databases used to store design information about databases are integrated-circuit and electronic-device layouts.Geographic databases are spatial databases used to store geographic information, such as maps. Geographic databases are often called geographic information systems.Geographic data are spatial in nature, but differ from design data in certain ways. Maps and satellite images are typical examples of geographic data. Maps may provide not only location information -such as boundaries, rivers and roads---but also much more detailed information associated with locations, such as elevation, soil type, land usage, and annual rainfall.Geographic data can be categorized into two types: raster data (such data consist a bit maps or pixel maps, in two or more dimensions.), vector data (vector data are constructed from basic geographic objects). Map data are often represented in vector format.Third. Multimedia DatabasesRecently, there much interest in databases that store multimedia data, such as images, audio, and video. Today multimedia data typically are stored outside the database, in files systems. When the number of multimedia objects is relatively small, features provided by databases are usually not important. Database functionality becomes important when the number of multimedia objects stored is large. Issues such as transactional updates, querying facilities, and indexing then become important. Multimedia objects often they were created, who created them, and to what category they belong. One approach to building a database for such multimedia objects is to use database for storing the descriptive attributes, and for keeping track of the files in which the multimedia objects are stored.However, storing multimedia outside the database makes it the basis of actual multimedia data content. It can also lead to inconsistencies, such a file that is noted in the database, but whose contents are missing, or vice versa. It is therefore desirable to store the data themselves in the database.Forth. Mobility and Personal DatabasesLarge-scale commercial databases stored in central computing facilities. In the case of distributed database applications, there strong central database and network administration. Two technology trends which this assumption of central control and administration is not entirely correct:1.The increasingly widespread use of personal computers, and, more important, of laptop or “notebook” computers.2.The development of a relatively low-cost wireless digital communication infrastructure, base on wireless local-area networks, cellular digital packet networks, and other technologies.Wireless computing creates a situation where machines no longer at which to materialize the result of a query. In some cases, the location of the user is a parameter of the query. A example is a traveler’s information system that provides data on the current route must be processed based on knowledge of the user’s location, direction of motion, and speed.Energy (battery power) is a scarce resource for mobile computers. This limitation influences many aspects of system design. Among the more interesting consequences of the need for energy efficiency is the use of scheduled data broadcasts to reduce the need for mobile system to transmit queries. Increasingly amounts of data may reside on machines administered by users, rather than by database administrators. Furthermore, these machines may, at times, be disconnected from the network.SummaryDecision-support systems are gaining importance, as companies realize the value of the on-line data collected by their on-line transaction-processing systems. Proposed extensions to SQL, such as the cube operation, of summary data. Data mining seeks to discover knowledge automatically, in the form of statistical rules and patterns from large databases. Data visualization systems data as well as geographic data. Design data are stored primarily as vector data; geographic data consist of a combination of vector and raster data.Multimedia databases are growing in importance. Issues such as similarity-based retrieval and delivery of data at guaranteed rates are topics of current research.Mobile computing systems , leading to interest in database systems that can run on such systems. Query processing in such systems may involve lookups on server database.毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（译文）数据库的新应用我们使用关系数据库已经有20多年了，关系数据库应用中有很大一部分都用于商业领域支持诸如银行和证券交易所的事务处理、各种业务的销售和预约，以及几乎所有公司都需要的财产目录和工资单管理。