Colour TV Theory

Color plays a significant role in our lives,influencing our mood,perception,and even our behavior.In the realm of color theory,colors are often categorized into two main groups:warm colors and cool colors.Understanding these distinctions can help us make more informed decisions in various aspects of life,from interior design to fashion choices.Warm Colors:Warm colors are those that evoke a sense of warmth and energy.They are often associated with feelings of comfort,excitement,and passion.The warm color family includes shades such as red,orange,and yellow,as well as their various tints and shades.1.Red:Red is a powerful and intense color that can stimulate appetite and create a sense of urgency.It is often used in marketing and advertising to grab attention and convey a sense of importance or action.2.Orange:Orange is a vibrant and energetic color that is associated with enthusiasm and creativity.It can be used to create a lively and inviting atmosphere,making it a popular choice for social spaces.3.Yellow:Yellow is a cheerful and uplifting color that is often associated with happiness and optimism.It is known to stimulate mental activity and can be used to brighten up a space,making it appear larger and more open.Cool Colors:Cool colors,on the other hand,are calming and soothing.They are typically associated with feelings of tranquility,stability,and professionalism.The cool color spectrum includes colors like blue,green,and purple,along with their various shades and tints.1.Blue:Blue is a color that is often linked to stability and trust.It is a popular choice for corporate environments and is known to have a calming effect on the mind.Lighter shades of blue can create a sense of space and openness,while darker shades can evoke a sense of depth and sophistication.2.Green:Green is a color that represents nature and growth.It is associated with balance and harmony,making it a great choice for spaces where relaxation and rejuvenation are desired.Green can also be used to create a calming and peaceful environment.3.Purple:Purple is a color that combines the stability of blue with the energy of red.It is often associated with luxury,creativity,and spirituality.Lighter shades of purple can be playful and whimsical,while darker shades can convey a sense of mystery and elegance.Practical Applications:Understanding the psychological effects of warm and cool colors can be beneficial in various settings:Interior Design:Choosing the right color palette for a room can set the tone for the space. Warm colors can make a room feel cozy and inviting,while cool colors can create a sense of calm and tranquility.Fashion:The colors we wear can influence how we feel and how others perceive us. Warm colors can make a bold statement,while cool colors can convey a sense of sophistication and calm.Art and Design:Artists and designers use color theory to evoke specific emotions and create visual balance in their work.Marketing and Branding:Companies often use color psychology to create a specific brand image and to appeal to their target audience.In conclusion,the understanding of warm and cool colors is not just about aesthetics its about the impact these colors can have on our emotions and perceptions.By being aware of these effects,we can make more intentional choices in our daily lives,enhancing our experiences and interactions with our surroundings.。

适用标准文档七年上册英教课设计Unit 2 Lessons 7~12Colours and Clothes型授班教课目Lesson 7: Jenny’s New Skirt新授教学科授教a.知目（ knowledge aim ） :学并掌握英文中对于色的一些表达：i)What colour is ⋯ ?What colour do you want?ii)⋯ is my favorite colour.My favorite colour is⋯iii)Do you like+ 色？iv)light blue/dark blueb.能力目（ ability aim ） :灵巧用以上对于色的表达。

c.感情目（ emotional aim）：通学，学生能灵巧地将对于色的一些英文表达用于平时生活中，从中获得趣，进而喜学英。

要点（ Key points ）:教课重点点i)Can I get⋯ ?ii)What colour do you want?I want a ⋯iii)What can you wear with it?I can wear ⋯with it.iv)I like ⋯ / Do you like +色n.v)⋯ is my favorite colour./ My favorite colour is⋯适用标准文档vi)What colour is / are ⋯ ?点（ Difficulties ） :学生不可以灵巧地用以上对于色的表达。

理念（ Theory） :The teacher is a director and the students are the real master of the class.教法（ Methods） :教课理 1.Question-and-answer activity;念、教法 2.Individual work, pair work & class work及教具教具（ Aids ） :1. A projector;2. A blackboard;3.The multimedia.自主空Step 1. Greeting教Step 2. Review : i ) Revise what they have learnt in Unit 1;ii) Revise the words of this lesson.Step 3. Preparation for this lesson: have a review of the words andstructures on colour.学Step 4. Explain the title of this lesson and ask the students what theythink this dialogue is about after reading the title.Step 5. The students read the dialogue together.Step 6. The students read the dialogue after the teacher.Step 7. Explain the dialogue.Step 8. The students read the dialogue again.Step 9. Consolidation: do exercise 2 & 3 on page 19.程i)Recite the dialogue of this lesson;部署ii)Do the exercises of this lesson in the exercise book.作适用标准文档教后反省型授班教课目学生的英文表达能力差，需要加用能力。

DISCOVER A NEW EXPANSE OF COLOURL9H SERIES TRICHROMA LASER TVInspired by a world of incredible colour at a scale that makes everything feel brand new. The 3000 Lumen ultra-short throw projection TV features the TriChroma laser engine to reach 107% of the BT.2020 Colour space. L9H series is upgraded to support Dolby Vision, bringing incredibly vivid details to life. Premium features like Dolby Atmos® High-Speed HDMI, Filmmaker Mode, and a perfectly paired screen make the L9H the ultimate home entertainment upgrade.The triple colour laser light source generates three original colours (Red, Blue and Green) directly without a spinning colour wheel. Wider Colour Gamut and continuous improvements in the Trichroma laser engine and screen create images what the human eyes truly see in nature.107%BT.2020 Colour space1.07 BillionColoursMeet the L9H TriChroma Laser TVPremium X-FUSION™ Laser Light Source• Red + Green + Blue Lasers • 107% BT.2020 colour space • 3000 Lumens Brightness• 4K Resolution, 60Hz Refresh • Dolby Vision• 40W Dolby Atmos ® Sound• High-Speed HDMI with eARC • WiSA Ready • Google TVGet that childlike grin of excitement as you re-experience allyour favorites at a scale that makes everything feel brandnew. The massive 120-inch Laser TV display uses Ambient LightRejection technology to produce an incredibly bright picturethat’s enjoyable in any viewing environment, light or dark. This isyour true living room projection TV to take sports, streaming, andgaming to the next level.3000 Lumens. That’s right, the L9H shines with brilliance so allyour 4K HDR content hits those shimmering highlights, vibrantColours, and voluminous blacks that make everything pop off thescreen. And with incredible brightness uniformity across the entireprojection — no vignetting, no falloff — L9H is a shining wall of light.With built-in 40W Dolby Atmos sound, L9H is a big sound-stageupgrade over those tinny speakers in your last TV. Get clearspeech, thrilling highs, and booming lows without having toinvest in any extra gear. For the true audiophiles, high-speedHDMI with eARC allows for pass-thru of high-bitrate audio toyour surround sound system.120″Laser TV Display3000Lumens40WStereo Sound80%Ambient Light Rejection2,000,000:1Dynamic ContrastUltra High Speed HDMIwith eARCBig Screen ExperienceA Bright Picture in Any Room Powerful Sound2xUltra High Speed HDMI (1 with eARC)1xHDMI 2.01x 2xUSB1xDigital Audio Out 1xPortsAll product, product specifications, and data are subject to change without notice to improve reliability, function, design or otherwise. ©2023 Hisense Canada, All rights reservedHisense Canada Co., LtdUnit 1, 2550 Meadowvale Blvd, Mississauga, ON L5N 8C2 1-855-344-7367PhysicalConsole Dimensions 24” x 6.1” x 13.6” (W x H x D)Console Weight 24.7 lbsScreen Dimensions 104.6” x 60.4” x 1.4” (W x H x D)Screen Weight34.2 lbsOver box/Package Dimensions 69.1” x 25.7” x 20.1” (W x H x D)Over box/Package Weight110.3 lbsPictureProjection Size 120”Brightness3000 Lumens Resolution / Refresh Rate 4K@60Hz Colour Space 107% BT.2020Contrast Ratio 2,000,000:1 (dynamic)HDRHDR10, HLG, Dolby VisionLight Source Red + Green + Blue Trichroma Laser Laser Life 25,000+ Hours Throw Ratio 0.25:1Chipset0.47” DMDAudioAudio Output Power 40W (Stereo)Surround SoundDolby Atmos, Dolby DigitalSmart FeaturesSmart TV Platform Google TV (Google Certified)App StoreGoogle Play StoreStreaming Services Netflix, Disney+, HBO NOW, Hulu, Prime Video, SHOWTIME, Pandora, Sling TV, YouTube Voice Assistant Google AssistantWorks With Hey Google, Amazon Alexa Screen MirroringChromecast, AirPlay 2ConnectivityWi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n/ac (Dual-Band, Wifi 6e)Bluetooth Yes Wired EthernetYesPowerPower Consumption 320W Standby Consumption <0.5W Power SupplyAC 120V, 60HzPortsHDMI2x HDMI 2.1 (ALLM), 1x HDMI 2.0HDMI ARC, CEC 1x (eARC on HDMI port 2)USB 1x USB 3.0, 1x USB 2.0RF Antenna 1x Ethernet (LAN)1x Digital Audio Output 1x Optical Analog Audio Output1xOther FeaturesNoise Reduction Yes Parental Controls Yes Closed Caption Yes Sleep Timer Yes Eye Safety Yes MEMCYes Remote FinderYesAccessoriesRemoteYes, voice remote with backlight Quick Start Guide / Manual QSG in box, Manual online Power Cable Yes Cleaning KitYesScreenScreen Size 120” diagonalTypeLenticular ALR (Ambient Light Rejecting)Resolution4K Ambient light obscuring ratio 85%Gain0.6Viewing Angle 150°Frame Fix (assembly required)Install Manual Yes Mounting Brackets Yes GlovesYesWarranty 2 Years limited warranty UPC/EANUPC: 888143014661EAN: 6942147488973Setup DiagramsH14 5/8”L111 7/8”W>90”H1>68”H261”Recommended TV stand height: <20”TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSLaser Model | 120L9H-DLT100C CONSOLETV STANDTV STANDH1(Minimum wall height)(mounting bracket holes)。

东南亚纵横AROUND SOUTHEAST ASIA2013·12目的论视角下的泰国电影片名汉译游辉彩※摘要：在当前泰国影视剧正在中国传播的背景下，用功能学派翻译理论的目的论来指导电影片名的翻译无疑是正确的方法与手段。

在翻译目的论的指导下，泰国电影片名的汉译能把电影的四项基本价值即信息价值、文化价值、审美价值和商业价值充分地体现出来；同时能总结出影片名翻译的多种方法，如音译、直译、意译与换译以及这些方法的运用条件与缘由。

关键词：目的论；泰国电影片名；汉译[中图分类号]H059[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1003-2479[2013]12-0057-05Thai Movie Title Translation under the Perspective of Skopos TheoryYou HuicaiAbstract：It would be an undoubtedly correct method and means to guide the film title translation with Skopos theory in the current popularity of Thai movies and TV dramas in China.With the guidance of Skopos theory，Thai Film Title translation can be adequately reflected four basic values such as information value，cultural value，aesthetic value and commercial value.At the same time，this thesis also sums up various methods of film title translation such as transliteration，literal translation，liberal translation and adaptive translation，as well as the conditions and reasons for using these methods.Key words：Skopos theory；Thai TV and drama；Chinese translation近10年来，泰国电影以其或强烈、或鬼魅、或清新的“泰式风情”风靡亚洲影坛,成为继中国、日本、伊朗、韩国之后具有国际竞争力的亚洲电影品牌之一。

.Colour Analysis Tools in ImageJ 11 July 2007Jacqui RossDigital Images= arrays of pixels (picture elements). Each has a value and is made up of bits (8bit, 12bit, 16bit)Colour Modes/Colour Spaces (3D)/wiki/Color_space RGB= R ed G reen B lueStarts with black and as colours are added, the amount of emitted light is increased (i.e. additive colour) = R ed, G reen and B lue « channels » with pixel values for every pixel in each channel = colour digital cameras, computer display, etc.For example, for a 24bit colour image, white = R255, G255, B255; black = R0, G0, B0. Pure red = R255, G 0, B 0, green = R 0, G255, B 0, blue = R 0, G 0, B255. All other colours are displayed by varying these pixel values.HSB/HSV= H ue S aturation B rightness/Value Each colour shade (hue ) has a value.Saturation is equivalent to intensity, Brightness/Value relate to lightness. Work in combination. Relates to RGB values. CIE Lab= Luminance (L) and two colour components (a, b) which work in an opposing way. Attempts to approximate human vision, therefore has a larger colour gamut. L* = 0 = black L* =100 = whiteBiomedical Imaging Research UnitSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesThe University of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019Auckland, NZPh: 373 7599 ext. 87438/biru/jacqui.ross@YUV= Luma or brightness (Y) + colour signal (U, V combined)Used for analog TV for creating the picture, e.g. NTSC, PAL, SECAM formatsCMY(K)= C yan M agenta Y ellowStarts with white and as colours are added, the amount of absorbed light is increased (i.e. subtractive colour).= for pigments, printing, etc.M + Y = redC + Y = greenM + C = blueK (black) is added to improve black since C + M + Y is not true black.Colour SegmentationRGB Channel SeparationFluorescence/confocal imagesSplit into individual channels.Image – Color – RGB Split. This will give you 3 separate grayscale images which you can then work on independently.Histological stains (e.g. DAB, AEC, etc.)First try splitting channels as for fluorescence images since this is the simplest way to work with the images (Image – Color – RGB split). Usually doesn’t work because stains are not “pure” colours.Specialised Plugins and Tools• Color Histogram• RGB Recolor• RGB Measure•RGB Measure Plus• Color Profiler• Colour Space Converter•Convert RGB to Luv, Lab or HSV• Threshold Colour• Colour Deconvolution• 3D Color InspectorColour Histogram/ij/plugins/color-histogram.htmlGives you histograms of R, G, B values and mean pixel values in a Results table. Works on the whole image and ROIs.RGB Recolor/ij/plugins/recolor.htmlAllows linear alteration of the colors in R, G and B channels of RGB images, where:New color = Old Color*Scaling Factor + ConstantIf the new color is greater than 255 it is set to 255. If it is less than 0 it is set to 0.RGB Measure/ij/plugins/rgb-measure.htmlGives you measurements of R, G, B values. Also gives you any other measurements (in R, G, B channels) as selected in Analyze – Set Measurements, e.g. area, median, min, max, etc. Works on the whole image and ROIs.Plugins – RGB MeasureRGB Measure Plus/ij/plugins/rgb-measure-plus.htmlSame as RGB Measure except that you can define thresholds.Color Profiler/ij/plugins/color-profiler.htmlA useful tool to determine proportions of R, G,B in the image. Provides a plot of intensity for each channel as well as tabulated results.Color Space Converter/ij/plugins/color-space-converter.htmlConvert RGB to Luv, Lab or HSV/ij/plugins/color-converters.htmlThreshold Colourhttp://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/imagej-documentation-wiki/plugins/threshold_colourThis plugin is designed as a filter to either pass or stop parts of the image being displayed depending on the settings you have selected.You can choose to see the original image or alternatively select threshold to see your selection in black on white.There are 4 colour modes available; HSB, RGB, CIE Lab and YUV.If you find it useful, you can convert your image using additional plugins such as theColor Space ConverterHSBExample 1: Haematoxylin & Eosin stained skin sectionYou can see a number of peaks present in the Hue histogram. The ones to the right represent the purple/pink colours present in the image. The green one represents the background which is not totally white.You can also change between Original and Filtered.Example 2: DAB/Nissl stained brain sectionHSB is a good colour mode to use for DAB because it is often quite dark (saturated) in comparison with the counterstain used (e.g. Nissl, Haematoxylin) so it’s easier to segment out. In addition, although DAB has a strong blue component, the hue is quite different from the counterstain.You can use the Colour Space Converter first to see whether HSB shows the components you want to separate as distinct.You can then choose to use the original image for segmentation or the newly converted image.easier to segment the image.Segmentation of Nissl stainingPasses allPasses allClick on Threshold to get a black/white representation. This is still an RGB image. If you want to keep it for analysis, RHS mouse click and Duplicate, Rename and save. This is the segmented Nissl image.You can binarise the segmented image by going to Image – Process – Make Binary.You can then create masks/selections for the ROI Manager by going to the Edit menu, e.g. Edit – Select – Create Selection and then Edit – Selection – Add to Manager. The ROI Manager will then open and add the selection as a ROI.Click on Original and turn off Threshold to begin segmentation of the DAB staining.Segmentation of DAB stainingYou could start by changing Pass to Stop (Hue histogram). This will stop the Nissl staining coming through. All other hues will pass which means we now see the DAB staining.Passes hues 0-160Blocks hues 160-255Adjust the Saturation and Brightness sliders until only the DAB staining shows through.Click on Threshold.RHS mouse click, Duplicate, Rename, Binarise (Process – Make Binary) and save.Note that for measuring areas/particles, etc. of binarised images, it is the black area (on white) thatis measured as the object of interest.Colour Deconvolutionhttp://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/imagej-documentation-wiki/plugins/colour_deconvolution/landinig/software/cdeconv/cdeconv.htmlTheory: http://home.planet.nl/~ber03728/4N6site/improc/decoplugin/decoexpl/p01.htmHistological stains are “light absorbing dyes” so can be considered as being subtractive colour. Requires neutral background to work properly. Vectors need to be worked out from single-stained control slides or from ROIs where you can be confident that only one stain is present. The vectors are determined from the optical density of these areas and then normalised.Vectors have been developed for the following stain combinations:•Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)•Haematoxylin and DAB (H DAB)•Fast Red, Fast Blue and DAB•Methyl green and DAB•Haematoxylin, Eosin and DAB (H&E DAB)•Haematoxylin and AEC (H AEC)•Azan-Mallory•Alcian blue & Haematoxylin•Haematoxylin and Periodic Acid of Schiff (PAS)•RGB subtractive•CMY subtractive•User values entered by hand•Values interactively determined from rectangular ROIsExample Haematoxylin & EosinAnalyze – Tools – Color HistogramFirst check that the background is neutral. This is best done using a Region of Interest in an unstained area.Draw a ROI in a “white” space. Then go to Analyze – Tools – Color Histogram. The R, G, B values should be similar. If they aren’t, then you need to adjust the image using background subtraction (Process –subtract background), Image – Adjust processes, or by subtracting a background image using Process – Image Calculator.Go to Plugins – Colour_analysis-Color Deconvolution (or wherever you have loaded the plugin).Using built-in vectorsSelect the vector you want which most closely resembles your image (e.g. H & E), show matrices and click OK.If there are only 2 colours present that you want to separate, (as in this case Haematoxylin from Eosin), then the result should be one image of each corresponding to the individual stain and another one which is white. You also get a log file and the matrix data. The values have been determined experimentally by the lab group of the person who has developed this plugin.Using the ROI to define your own vectorsIf you have a different stain from those available in the plugin, you can determine your own matrix if you have some clear areas where only one stain is present (using ROI). Where two stains coexist, it may be difficult to separate them out and this “mixed” region may show up in the 3rd image rather than it being white. In this case, you can develop your own vectors experimentally.Developing your own vectors experimentallyCreate one control slide for each individual stain. You then determine the vectors for each stain using the ROI. You can then combine the vectors to get the matrix to apply to the dual/triple stained slides.Note that this plugin can be used with stacks.3D Color Inspector/ij/plugins/color-inspector.htmlhttp://www.f4.fhtw-berlin.de/~barthel/ImageJ/ColorInspector//help.htmAllows you to change the colour display and save a modified image.By changing the colour rotation (or other attributes), you can improve contrast which may make segmentation easier.You can also do simple colour segmentation within 3D Inspector as shown below:Or segment the modified image using other plugins, e.g. Threhold Colour.Image Correction ToolsBuilt in Command: Process – Subtract Background/ij/docs/menus/process.htmlUses rolling ball algorithm, choose radius according to the size of features, choose light background for brightfield colour images.Calculator Plus/ij/plugins/calculator-plus.htmlUses image and blank image together with a multiplication factor of 255 as shown below:Shading Corrector/ij/plugins/shading-corrector.htmlWorks only on 8 bit images. Requires a blank image also as for Calculator Plus.Colour_CorrectAvailable at: /landinig/software/software.htmlDoes not correct for uneven illumination but compensates for inadequate lamp temperature by allowing the setting of “black” and “white” points.Background CorrectionGrayscale fluorescence 8bit images only at the moment. Corrects for uneven illumination./ij/plugins/background.htmlMore….If you want to read more about image correction for brightfield microscopy, go to:http://imagejdocu.tudor.lu/imagej-documentation-wiki/how-to/how-to-correct-background-illumination-in-brightfield-microscopyFilters, enhancement, etc.Don’t forget to use these tools if necessay, e.g. Process – Enhance contrast or Median or Unsharp Mask filter, to improve ability to segment the colours.AcknowledgementsThanks to the following people for providing images or slides:Lorraine RolstonBrent BeaumontUrsula ByrneClaire FrenchSuzanne ReidSusanne FrankeThanks also to Dr. Gabriel Landini (School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, for clarification of the Colour Deconvolution plugin.。

TPR英语教学介绍--------------------------------------------------------------------------------一、儿童英语发展理论与"TPR"理论儿童的言语发展(language development of chileldn)是儿童从言语获得到基本完善的量变和质变的过程。

这一发展过程既是连继的，又可划分为阶段，表现出阶段性的特点。

(1)3岁前是言语获得时期，既儿童对母语的产生和理解能力获得的时期。

(2)3—6岁为完整口头言语发展的关键时期，既儿童的口头言语不断复杂化，初步掌握言语交际能力的时期。

(3)7—18岁言语提高和完善的时期，即儿童的言语在内容和形式上不断提高，发生质的变化，逐步达到完善的时期。

对词语的理解能力，对语法结构形式的掌握也不断提高，语法结构意识逐渐形成。

根据这一现象，美心理学家詹姆斯"阿士尔(James Asher)提出了“完全生理反应”理论（Total physicl Response，简称TPR理论）：即儿童时期掌握一门语言，言语和书面表达能力是随着听说产生的。

当听说获得的信息达到一定量的积累，儿童就能自然地用语言表达出自己的想法。

由此得出，儿童是自然的语言学习者(n atural languagelearner)。

詹姆斯、阿士尔的"TPR"理论符合儿童的言语发展规律。

所谓"TPR"儿童英语教学法即利用“完全生理反应”理论，按照儿童言语发展理论(theory of child lang uage development)，通过一定的操作性条件，强化儿童对英语——作为第二语言的学习。

儿童的年龄为5—10 岁，甚至可提前2—4岁，前者是言语发展的关键时期，即语言青春期(linguistic puberty)，后者是语言获得时期。

特别处于语言青春期的儿童，大脑成熟初具规模，母语学习后形成个人言语的个性刚刚开始，即借助母语不断认识社会的个人意识刚刚起步，此时，系统而有规律地学习第二语言，在心理和生理上均有较大的优势。

糖稀色相悖论翻译
化糖稀色相悖论：
化糖稀色相悖论（Candy-Colour Theory of Contradictions）是英国思想家，哲学家和学者托马斯·西蒙斯（Thomas Symons）提出的一种论述，关于如何同时激励和挑战个体通过反击艰难的困境，从而获得社会认可和不断探索内在价值的理论。

西蒙斯首先指出，个体的对外社会表达和人际关系是被“化糖稀色”，这种“稀色”表现出一种特定的扭曲和夸张，反映出狭路径及常规如何定义和接受社会现实和社会常识，并创造出一种可以拯救个体从恐惧的平庸性的、无趣的世界的“糖果”的幻想。

因此，西蒙斯的论文着重强调，在改变越来越拥挤的世界里，个体可以通过挑战和反击艰难的困境来获得社会赞赏和认可，以及更强大的自尊和内在价值。

化糖稀色相悖论谈到了个体可以如何通过去“变色”，去获得社会认可和成长。

例如，如果个体面临着某种困难，比如社会孤独，那么他们可以通过采取一种“恰巧”的谨慎行为，去寻求不同的结果。

此外，西蒙斯的论文也讨论了一系列社会问题，比如贫困，失业，社会不平等等，以及可能的社会后果，因为这两种困境是相互联系的。

因此，只有当个体做出变革，并挑战困境，他们才能从这种困境中获得成长，而不仅仅是积累沉重的压力，从而取得成功。

综上所述，该理论表明，在反击困境以获得社会认可和内在价值的过程中，个体可以将各种头脑，心理和情感上的技能“化糖稀色”，这样他们就可以充分利用自身的能力，帮助从不同的角度来探索内在价值，从而取得成功。

色彩學講義第1章光與人眼視覺色彩產生的要素：光源、被照射物體、眼睛、大腦光（能量）－＞物體－＞眼睛－＞腦－＞視覺形成1.1 光1666年牛頓(Issac Newton 1643~1727)以三稜鏡分解太陽光，發現其由許多不同色光諸如紅、橙、黃、綠、藍、靛(indigo)、紫等等所組成。

圖1.1-1 牛頓(Sir Issac Newton 1643~1727)圖1.1-1 牛頓的色相環(1704, Book I, Part II, Plate III)Isaac Newton, Opticks: or, a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colours of light, 1704 (New York: Dover Publications, 1952, based on the 4th edition, London, 1730).光是一種電磁波(electro-magnetic radiation)，具有波長(wavelength) 。

可視波長範圍380nm~780nm，此範圍內的光稱為可見光。

圖1.1-2 可見光譜380nm以下：紫外線(Ultraviolet)380nm~450nm：紫(Violet)450nm~490nm：藍(Blue)490nm~560nm：綠(Green)560nm~590nm：黃(Yellow)590nm~630nm：橙(orange)630nm~780nm：紅(red)780nm以上：紅外線(Infrared)--R. W. G. Hunt, Measuring Colour, 2d, Ellis Horwood, London, p. 22, (1992).Nm: nanometer，百萬分之一公釐(a millionth of a millimeter)或10-9公尺。

振幅：光波之高低起伏，影響彩量。

备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)第六期专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large.So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use.Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies tousing it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication.So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song.Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia.1．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound?A．To help him fight boredom.B．To develop his creative ability.C．To make his drug more powerful.D．To aid the process of his experiments.2．What can we learn about Temple’s system?A．Its effect remains to be seen.B．It failed to work as expected.C．It is too complicated to operate.D．It has produced satisfying results.3．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it?A．To get rid of public fear of the virus.B．To show h1s talent in producing music.C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science.D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation.4．What does the text mainly talk about?A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music.B．How scientists help the public understand science.C．Why music can be the best way to present science.D．How music helps scientists conduct their research.（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness,fluency and comprehension, worked best.Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.5．What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?A．It is ill reputed.B．It is mostly misapplied.C．It is totally ignored.D．It is seemingly contradictory.6．What has America been witnessing?A．A burning passion for improving teaching methods.B．A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.C．An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.D．A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.7．What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”?A．Tolerant.B．Enthusiastic.C．Unclear.D．Disapproving.8．According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success?A．Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.B．Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.D．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans. Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve asthe satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.9．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A．The appearance of artificial satellites.B．The components of artificial satellites.C．The basic function of artificial satellites.D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.10．What is the role of computers in artificial satellites?A．Providing electrical power.B．Recording changes observed.C．Monitoring space environment.D．Processing information received.11．How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits?A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.12．Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly?A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell thatcontains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.13．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system?A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.14．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2?A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.15．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses?A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Antibodies Save Our Health.B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around.D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）A recent study, led by Professor Andrew Barron, Dr. HaDi MaBouDi, and Professor James Marshall, illustrates how evolution has fine-tuned honey bees to make quick judgments while minimizing danger.“Animal lives are full of decisions,” says Professor Barron. “A honey bee has a brain smaller than a sesame (芝麻) seed. And yet it can make decisions faster and more accurately than’ we can. A robot programmed to do a bee’s job would need the backup of a supercomputer.”Bees need to work quickly and efficiently. They need to make decisions. Which flower will have a sweet liquid? While they’re flying, they face threats from the air. While landing, they’re vulnerable to potential hunter, some of which pretend to look like flowers.Researchers trained 20 bees to associate each of the five different colored “flower disks” with their visit history of reward and punishment. Blue flowers always had sugar juice. Green flowers always had a type of liquid with a bitter taste for bees. Other colors sometimes had glucose (葡萄糖). “Then we introduced each bee to a ‘garden’ with artificial ‘flowers’. We filmed each bee and timed their decision-making process,” says Dr. MaBouDi. “If the bees were confident that a flower would have food, they quickly decided to land on it, taking an average of 0.6 seconds. If they were confident that a flower wouldn’t have food, they made a decision just as quickly. If unsure, they took on average 1.4 seconds, and the time reflected the probability that a flower had food.”The team then built a computer model mirroring the bees’ decision-making process. They found the structure of the model looked very similar to the physical layout of a bee brain. “AI researchers can learn much from bees and other ‘simple’ animals. Millions of years of evolution has led to incredibly efficient brains with very low power requirements,” says Professor Marshall who co-founded a company that uses insect brain patterns to enable machines to move autonomously, like nature.17．Why does Professor Andrew Barron mention “a supercomputer”?A．To illustrate how a honey bee’s brain resemble each other.B．To explain how animals arrive at informed decisions fast.C．To demonstrate how a robot could finish a honey bee’s job.D．To emphasize how honey bees make decisions remarkably.18．Which of the following can best replace “vulnerable to” underlined in paragraph 3?A．Easily harmed by.B．Highly sensitive to.C．Deeply critical to.D．Closely followed by.19．What influenced the speed of trained bees in making decisions?A．Their judgments about reward and punishment.B．Their preference for the colors of flower disks.C．Their confirmation of food’s presence and absence.D．Their ability to tell real flowers from artificial ones.20．What message does Professor James Marshall want to give us?A．The power of bee brains is underestimated.B．Biology can inspire future AI.C．Autonomous machines are changing nature.D．AI should be far more efficient.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）Are you frequently overwhelmed by the feeling that life is leaving you behind, particularly when you look through social media sites and see all the exciting things your friends are up to? If so, you are not alone.FOMO, or Fear of Missing Out, refers to the perception that other people’s lives are superior to our own, whether this concerns socializing, accomplishing professional goals or generally having a more deeply fulfilling life. It shows itself as a deep sense of envy, and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect. The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events, or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others, can have long-term damaging psychological consequences.While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human, social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways. The reason why social media has such a triggering effect is tied to the appeal of social media in the first place: these are platforms which allow us to share only the most glowing presentations of our accomplishments, while leaving out the boring aspects of life. While this kind of misrepresentation could be characterized as dishonest, it is what the polished atmosphere of social media seems to demand.So how do we avoid falling into the trap of our own insecurities? Firstly, consider your own social media posts. Have you ever chosen photos or quotes which lead others to the rosiest conclusions about your life? Well, so have others and what they’ve left hidden is the fact that loneliness and boredom are unavoidably a part of everyone’s day-to-day life, and you are not the only one feeling left out. Secondly, learn to appreciate the positives. You may not be a regular at exciting parties or a climber of dizzying peaks, but you have your health, a place to live, and real friends who appreciate your presence in their lives. Last of all, learn to shake things off. We are all bombarded daily with images of other people’s perfection, but really, what does it matter? They are probably no more real than the most ridiculous reality TV shows.21．What can frequently experiencing FOMO lead to?A．Harm to one’s feeling of self-value.B．A more satisfying and fulfilling social life.C．Damage to one’s work productivity.D．Less likelihood of professional success.22．What does the author suggest in the third paragraph?A．The primary reason for FOMO is deeply rooted in social media.B．Our own social media posts help us feel much more confident.C．People who don’t share posts on social media are more bored.D．Social media’s nature enhances envious feelings and self-doubt.23．Why does the author mention reality TV shows in the last paragraph?A．To emphasize how false what we see on social media can be.B．To indicate how complicated social media has turned to.C．To figure out how popular and useful social media has been.D．To point out how educational value reality TV shows reflect.24．Which is the best title for the text?A．Myths and misconceptions about FOMO B．FOMO: what it is and how to overcome itC．How FOMO is changing human relationships D．We’re now all in the power of “FOMO addiction”（23-24高三上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）While Huawei’s official website does not call Mate 60 Pro a 5G smartphone, the phone’s wideband capabilities are on par with other 5G smartphones, raising a related question: As a leader in 5G technology, has Huawei managed to develop a 5G smartphone on its own?The answer is not simple. Huawei, as a pioneer in global 5G communication equipment, has played a leading role in the commercialization of 5G technology, with its strong system design and fields such as baseband chips (基带芯片), baseband processors and 5G modems.However, basebands and modems are not the only aspects that define 5G wireless communication. The stability and high-quality signals of a 5G smartphone also depend on other critical components such as RF transceivers (射频收发器) and RF front ends and antennas (天线) . These components are largely dominated by four US high-tech giants—Qualcomm, Avago Technologies, Ansem and Qorvo—which account for a surprising global market share.Huawei has faced significant challenges in getting critical components because of the sanctions imposed by the United States which are primarily responsible for the inability of the Chinese company to launch 5G smartphones in the past three years. However, Mate 60 Pro, despite not being labeled a 5G device, exhibits mobile network speeds comparable to Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices, offering a stable communication experience. This suggests Huawei has, over the past three years, overcome the 5G development and production limits due to the US sanctions by cooperating with domestic partners, and establishing an independent and controllable stable supply chain.Considering that Huawei has not explicitly marketed this device as a 5G smartphone, it is possible that it isyet to fully overcome some key core technological and componential shortcomings. For the time being, we can consider Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro as 4.99G. But when combined with the satellite communication capabilities of Mate 60 Pro, it is clear Huawei has been trying to find more advanced wireless communication solutions for smartphones and making significant progress in this attempt. This should be recognized as a remarkable endeavor, even a breakthrough.25．What do the underlined words “on par with” mean in Paragraph 1?A．as poor as.B．as good as.C．worse than.D．better than.26．Why was it tough for Huawei to develop a 5G smartphone three years ago?A．Its system design and fields needed to be updated.B．It only focused on the commercialization of 5G technology.C．It was unwilling to cooperate with high-tech giants in America.D．It lacked critical components mainly controlled by US high-tech giants.27．What does Paragraph 4 centre on?A．The US sanctions.B．Critical components.C．Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices.D．Progress in Mate 60 Pro.28．What is the text mainly about?A．Huawei faced with significant challengesB．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a 5G smartphoneC．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a remarkable breakthroughD．Huawei leading in global 5G communication equipment（23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末）Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think.The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers.“It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have anyeffect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”.The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease.29．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text?A．They can improve eyesight.B．They may not reduce eyestrain.C．They can promote eye health.D．They can help to cure eye diseases.30．What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．A great many professors were involved in the study.B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes.C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public.D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot.31．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3?A．Denies.B．Opposes.C．Strengthens.D．Evaluates.32．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie?A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses.B．Have an examination in the hospital.C．Stop staring at the screen for ever.D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage.（2024·江苏连云港·一模）Not all birds sing, but several thousand species do. They sing to defend their territory and croon (柔声唱) to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist. However, the big question for her was why birds sing so much.“As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” Adam says. “Like, where you are and where your territory is.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her co-workers offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsongsrequire daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment on zebra finches-the little Australian songbirds.She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. Light is what galvanizes the birds to sing, so she had to work to keep them from warbling (鸣叫). “The first two or three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the longer the experiment goes, the more they are like, ‘I need to sing.’” At that point, she’d tap the cage and tell them to stop singing.After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily.Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing.It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out.33．According to Iris Adam, birds sing so much to ______.A．warn other birds of risks B．produce more songsC．perform perfectly in singing D．defend their territory34．What does the underlined word “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean?A．Prepares.B．Stimulates.C．Forbids.D．Frightens.35．What do we know about the caged birds in the experiment?A．They lost the ability to sing.B．They strengthened their muscles.C．Their songs showed no difference.D．Their songs became less appealing.36．What may Iris Adam agree with?A．The songbirds live on music.B．The songbirds are born singers.C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy.D．Practice makes birds perfect singers.（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes.When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an。