剑桥雅思11test2passage3阅读答案解析

剑桥雅思阅读10原文翻译答案精讲(test3)剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。

下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读10(test3)的翻译及答案精讲内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。

剑桥雅思阅读10原文(test3)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheetList of Headingsi Economic and social significance of tourismii The development of mass tourismiii Travel for the wealthyiv Earning foreign exchange through tourismv Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourismvi The contribution of air travel to tourismvii The world impact of tourismviii The history of travelExample AnswerParagraph A viii1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph EThe Context, Meaning and Scope of TourismA Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.C Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over thepast few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national product and accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the effects on employment, on society itself.D However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and decision makers.Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalised way of life for most of the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.Questions 5-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this5 The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.6 Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.7 Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.8 Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.9 Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.10 It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.Questions 11-13Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 In Greece, tourism is the most important .12 The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major .13 The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of .READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Autumn leavesCanadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the mystery of why leaves turn red in the fallA One of the most captivating natural events of the year inmany areas throughout North America is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours are magnificent, but the question of exactly why some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red or purple, is something which has long puzzled scientists.B Summer leaves are green because they are full of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight and converts that energy into new building materials for the tree. As fall approaches in the northern hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available declines considerably. For many trees —evergreen conifers being an exception — the best strategy is to abandon photosynthesis_until the spring. So rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious resources and discards them. But before letting its leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other colours that have been dominated by it throughout the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such as the maple or sumac.C The source of the red is widely known: it is created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar-based chemical compounds also known as flavonoids. What’s puzzling is tha t anthocyanins are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at the same time as the tree is preparing to drop them. But it is hard to make sense of the manufacture of anthocyanins — why should a tree bother making new chemicals in its leaves when it’s alr eady scrambling to withdraw and preserve the ones already there?D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued that they might act as a chemical defence against attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leaf’s tolerance to freezing. However there are problems with each of these theories, including the fact that leaves are red for such a relatively short period that the expense of energy needed to manufacture the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal or anti-herbivore activity achieved._photosynthesis: the production of new material from sunlight, water and carbon dioxideE It has also been proposed that trees may produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous insects that they are healthy and robust and would be easily able to mount chemical defences against infestation. If insects paid attention to such advertisements, they might be prompted to lay their eggs on a duller, and presumably less resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet ascertained whether more robust trees sport the brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices according to colour intensity.F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to why leaves would go to the trouble of maki ng anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’ hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll, the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light. Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is breaking it down to salvage as much of it as possible?G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to capture theenergy of sunlight, can sometimes be overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy preparing for winter by dismantling its internal machinery. The energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf is not immediately channelled into useful products and processes, as it would be in an intact summer leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll molecules.H Even if you had never suspected that this is what was going on when leaves turn red, there are clues out there. One is straightforward: on many trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that the best conditions for intense red colours are dry, sunny days and cool nights, conditions that nicely match those that make leaves susceptible to excess light. And finally, trees such as maples usually get much redder the more north you travel in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there, they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more sensitive and it needs more sunblock.I What is still not fully understood, however, is why some trees resort to producing red pigments while others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and as complex.Questions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.14 a description of the substance responsible for the red colouration of leaves15 the reason why trees drop their leaves in autumn16 some evidence to confirm a theory about the purpose of the red leaves17 an explanation of the function of chlorophyll18 a suggestion that the red colouration in leaves could serve as a warning signalQuestions 19-22Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.Why believe the ‘light screen’ hypothesis?The most vividly coloured red leaves are found on the side of the tree facing the 19 .The 20 surfaces of leaves contain the most red pigment.Red leaves are most abundant when daytime weather conditions are 21 and sunny.The intensity of the red colour of leaves increases as you go further 22 .Questions 23-25Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this23 It is likely that the red pigments help to protect the leaf from freezing temperatures.24 The ‘light screen’ hypothesis would initially seem to contradict what is known about chlorophyll.25 Leaves which turn colours other than red are more likely to be damaged by sunlight.Question 26Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.For which of the following questions does the writer offer an explanation?A why conifers remain green in winterB how leaves turn orange and yellow in autumnC how herbivorous insects choose which trees to lay their eggs inD why anthocyanins are restricted to certain treesREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Beyond the blue horizonAncient voyagers who settled the far-flung islands of the Pacific OceanAn important archaeological discovery on the island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient seafaring people, the distant ancestors of today’s Polynesians. The site came to light only by chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a grave — the first of dozens in a burial ground some 3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever found in the Pacificislands, and it harbors the remains of an ancient people archaeologists call the Lapita.They were daring blue-water adventurers who used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But they were not just explorers. They were also pioneers who carried with them everything they would need to build new lives — their livestock, taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of several centuries, the Lapita stretched the boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest coral outliers of Tonga.The Lapita left precious few clues about themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data available to researchers dramatically. The remains of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and archaeologists were also thrilled to find six complete Lapita pots. Other items included a Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on the rim as though peering down at the human remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’ says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at the Australian National University and head of the international team digging up the site, ‘for it conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’DNA teased from these human remains may help answer one of the most puzzling questions in Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring from one source or many? Was there only one outward migration from a single point in Asia, or several from different points? ‘This represents the best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to find out who the Lapita actually were, where they came from, and who their closest descendants are today.’There is one stubborn question for which archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how did the Lapita accomplish theancient equivalent of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has found one of their canoes or any rigging, which could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do the oral histories and traditions of later Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into myths long before they reach as far back in time as the Lapita.‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, a professor of archaeology at the University of Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were developed and passed down over thousands of years by earlier mariners who worked their way through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific, making short crossings to nearby islands. The real adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty horizons on every side. This must have been as difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us today. Certainly it distinguished them from their ancestors, but what gave them the courage to launch out on such risky voyages?The Lapita’s thrust into the Pacific was eastward, against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out for days into the unknown and assess the area, secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find anything, they could turn about and catch a swift ride back on the trade winds. This is what would have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there, skilled seafarers would have detected abundant leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which often indicates an island in the distance.For returning explorers, successful or not, the geography oftheir own archipelagoes would have provided a safety net. Without this to go by, overshooting their home ports, getting lost and sailing off into eternity would have been all too easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than 500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its scores of intervisible islands forming a backstop for mariners riding the trade winds home.All this presupposes one essential detail, says Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Australian National University: the Lapita had mastered the advanced art of sailing against the wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this assumption they did, and people have built canoes to re-create those early voyages based on that assumption. But nobody has any idea what their canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’Rather than give all the credit to human skill, Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, the same climate disruption that affects the Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data obtained from slow-growing corals around the Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade winds for weeks at a time, these ‘super El Ninos’ might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned voyages.However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture farther. They probably never numbered more than a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration eastward they encountered hundreds of islands — more than 300 in Fiji alone.Questions 27-31Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your sheet.The Efate burial siteA 3,000-year-old burial ground of a seafaring people called the Lapita has been found on an abandoned 27 on the Pacific island of Efate. The cemetery, which is a significant 28 , was uncovered accidentally by an agricultural worker.The Lapita explored and colonised many Pacific islands over several centuries. They took many things with them on their voyages including 29 and tools.The burial ground increases the amount of information about the Lapita available to scientists. A team of researchers, led by Matthew Spriggs from the Australian National University, are helping with the excavation of the site. Spriggs believes the 30 which was found at the site is very important since it confirms that the 31 found inside are Lapita.A proofB plantationC harbourD bonesE dataF archaeological discoveryG burial urnH sourceI animalsJ mapsQuestions 32-35Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.32 According to the writer, there are difficulties explaining how the Lapita accomplished their journeys becauseA the canoes that have been discovered offer relatively few clues.B archaeologists have shown limited interest in this area of research.C little information relating to this period can be relied upon for accuracy.D technological advances have altered the way such achievements are viewed.33 According to the sixth paragraph, what was extraordinary about the Lapita?A They sailed beyond the point where land was visible.B Their cultural heritage discouraged the expression of fear.C They were able to build canoes that withstood ocean voyages.D Their navigational skills were passed on from one generation to the next.34 What does ‘This’ refer to in the seventh parag raph?A the Lapita’s seafaring talentB the Lapita’s ability to detect signs of landC the Lapita’s extensive knowledge of the regionD the Lapita’s belief they would be able to return home35 According to the eighth paragraph, how was the geography of the region significant?A It played an important role in Lapita culture.B It meant there were relatively few storms at sea.C It provided a navigational aid for the Lapita.D It made a large number of islands habitable.Questions 36-40Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this36 It is now clear that the Lapita could sail into a prevailing wind.37 Extreme climate conditions may have played a role in Lapita migration.38 The Lapita learnt to predict the duration of El Ninos.39 It remains unclear why the Lapita halted their expansion across the Pacific.40 It is likely that the majority of Lapita settled on Fiji.剑桥雅思阅读10原文参考译文(test3)Passage 1参考译文：旅游的背景，意义和范畴A. 自从上帝创造了万物以来，旅行就已经存在了：那时原始人启程，常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物，这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。

剑桥雅思c16t2p3阅读解析摘要：1.剑桥雅思C16 T est 2 Passage 3 概述2.文章主题与结构3.试题解析与答题技巧4.解题步骤与策略5.参考答案与解析正文：一、剑桥雅思C16 Test 2 Passage 3 概述剑桥雅思C16 Test 2 Passage 3 是一篇关于广告宣传与消费者行为的文章。

文章通过对广告宣传的起源、发展及其对消费者行为的影响进行深入探讨，让读者了解广告宣传在现代社会中的重要作用。

二、文章主题与结构本文主题为广告宣传与消费者行为，文章结构如下：1.广告宣传的起源与发展2.广告宣传对消费者行为的影响3.广告宣传的伦理问题4.广告宣传的未来发展趋势三、试题解析与答题技巧1.题目类型本题主要包括以下题型：填空题、选择题、判断题、summary题。

2.解题技巧（1）阅读文章时，注意把握文章主旨与结构，有助于答题。

（2）针对填空题，注意捕捉文章中的关键信息，如名词、动词、形容词等。

（3）选择题要注意分析选项的差异，对照文章内容进行判断。

（4）summary题要全面理解文章内容，提炼文章主旨，注意文章的逻辑关系。

四、解题步骤与策略1.通读文章，了解大意。

2.针对每道题目，仔细阅读题干，分析题目类型。

3.根据题目类型，在文章中寻找关键信息。

4.对照选项，进行判断与选择。

5.完成题目后，检查答案，确保无误。

五、参考答案与解析请参考剑桥雅思C16 T est 2 Passage 3 的真题及解析，进行自我评估与提高。

总之，剑桥雅思C16 T est 2 Passage 3 是一篇具有实际意义的文章，通过对广告宣传与消费者行为的探讨，有助于提高考生的阅读理解能力。

在备考过程中，考生要注重练习解题技巧，提高答题速度和准确性。

剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案(test2)为了帮助大家备考雅思口语，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读9真题：test2阅读原文翻译及答案解析，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in comprehendingand processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially failing to learn to their maximum potential because of noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand and relate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those experiencing these disorders often findsounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroom or learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.G. Children experiencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those experiencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.H. The New Zealand Government has developed a NewZealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people experiencing disability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access to service. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to ‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.I. A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their example. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.1 an account of a national policy initiative2 a description of a global team effort3 a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth inclassroom noise4 a demand for suitable worldwide regulations5 a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others6 the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problemsQuestions 7-10Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?Questions 11 and 12Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise.Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A current teaching methodsB echoing corridorsC cooling systemsD large class sizesE loud-voiced teachersF playground gamesQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?A to compare different methods of dealing with auditory problemsB to provide solutions for overly noisy learning environmentsC to increase awareness of the situation of children with auditory problemsD to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to followREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Venus in transitJune 2004 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest explainA. On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. On that occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based a t girls’ school, where — it is alleged — the combined forces of three schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.B. For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers and astronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the extraordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realized that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle — the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the ‘astronomical unit’ or AU.C. Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Halley realized that Mercury was so far away that its parallax angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its parallax angle would be larger, and Halley worked out that by using Venus it would be possible to measure the Sun’s di stance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus wouldcross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 — though he didn’t survive to see either.D. Inspired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on expeditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit —but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Maurtius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the next transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispirting experience.E. While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular — which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just outside the sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.F. But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke,Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January —when Earth is at one point in its orbit — it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears six months late. Knowing the width of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers calculate the distance.G. June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos — detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 examples of different ways in which the parallax principle has been applied15 a description of an event which prevented a transit observation16 a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations17 a description of physical states connected with Venus which early astronomical instruments failed to overcomeQuestions 18-21Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing obsevations of a transit.20 He realized that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.List of PeopleA Edmond HalleyB Johannes KeplerC Guillaume Le GentilD Johann Franz EnckeQuestion 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22 Halley observed one transit of the planet Venus.23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was toxic.26 The parallax principle allows astronomers to work out how far away distant stars are from the Earth.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.A neuroscientist revealshow to think differentlyIn the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limitedresources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the a verage person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.The best way to see things differently to other people is tobombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different.The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone’s enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal.Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren’t important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA they create unusual brain circuits.B their brains function differently.C their personalities are distinctive.D they make decisions easily.29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently becauseA it uses the eyes quickly.B it interprets data logically.C it generates its own energy.D it relies on previous events.30 The writer says that perception isA a combination of photons and sound waves.B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.C a result of brain processes.D a process we are usually conscious of.31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinkerA centralizes perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.B avoids cognitive traps.C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.D has more opportunities than the average person.Questions 32-37Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.34 Most people are too shy to try different things.35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.Questions 38-40Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinkingA requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.B focuses on how groups decide on an action.C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.E involves understanding how organizations manage people.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。

剑桥雅思阅读11(test1)答案精讲剑桥雅思阅读部分的题目可以进行一些分类总结，因为考试的常见内容一般都会在下次考试中出现的。

下面就是今天小编给大家带来的剑桥雅思阅读11原文和答案的内容，希望能够帮助同学们备考雅思考试。

剑桥雅思阅读11原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Crop-growing skyscrapersBy the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centres. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practised today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlledconditions. Situated in the heart of urban centres, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigours of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that areacquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non-edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light: even so, many still need artificial lighting. A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.Questions 1-7Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.Indoor farming1 Some food plants, including __________, are already grown indoors.2 Vertical farms would be located in __________, meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.3 Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce __________.4 The consumption of __________ would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.5 The fact that vertical farms would need __________ light is a disadvantage.6 One form of vertical farming involves planting in __________ which are not fixed.7 The most probable development is that food will be grown on __________ in towns and cities.Questions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8 Methods for predicting the Earth’s population have recently changed.9 Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.10 The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.11 Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.12 Fertilisers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.13 Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.THE FALKIRK WHEELA unique engineering achievementThe Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious ￡84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals.The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 metres below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks — enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered — that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, includingconcepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant see-saws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double-headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering’s Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000 litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount ofwater leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180°in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel — roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs — so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above the canal basin.The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.Questions 14-19Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth & Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history.15 There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.16 The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.17 The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.18 The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.19 The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.Questions 20-26Label the diagram below.Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet.How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk WheelREADING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Reducing the Effects of Climate ChangeMark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientistsA Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering — a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A — reducing our dependency on fossil fuels — fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.B Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing ironin the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae — have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.E But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is ‘no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the roleof geo-engineering: ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something to worry about.’F The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’G ‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot”,’says Dr Dan Lunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation.’ To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.H The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree — and then bring in —the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering. According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climatechange advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’Questions 27-29Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.27 mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon28 an example of a successful use of geo-engineering29 a common definition of geo-engineeringQuestions 30-36Complete the table below.Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet.GEO-ENGINEERING PROJECTSProcedure Aimput a large number of tiny spacecraft into orbit far above Earth to create a 30 __________ that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earthplace 31 __________ in the sea to encourage 32 __________ to formrelease aerosol sprays into the stratosphere to create 33 __________ that would reduce the amount of light reaching Earth fix strong 34 __________ to Greenland ice sheets to prevent icebergs moving into the seaplant trees in Russian Arctic that would lose their leaves in winter to allow the 35 __________ to reflect radiationchange the direction of 36 __________ to bring more cold water into ice-forming areasQuestions 37-40Look at the following statements (Questions 37-40) and the list of scientists below.Match each statement with the correct scientist, A-D.Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 The effects of geo-engineering may not be long-lasting.38 Geo-engineering is a topic worth exploring.39 It may be necessary to limit the effectiveness of geo-engineering projects.40 Research into non-fossil-based fuels cannot be replaced by geo-engineering.List of ScientistsA Roger AngelB Phil RaschC Dan LuntD Martin Sommerkorn剑桥雅思阅读11原文参考译文(test1)PASSAGE 1参考译文：作物生长的“摩天大厦”到2050年，近80%的地球人口将在城市中心生活。

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热门话题：雅思7分是什么水平雅思评分标准剑桥雅思6test2passage3阅读原文+题目+答案解析You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, andso 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.剑桥雅思6test2passage3阅读题目+答案解析Questions 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal。

，那么到底是什么促使了玩耍的发展呢?最新的观点认为玩耍可以促进大脑的发育。换句话说，玩耍使你变得聪明。尽管一些脑子比较大的鸟类也沉溺其中，但玩耍好像还是只在哺乳动物中普遍存在。玩耍中的动物会用一些独特的标志——比如狗摇尾巴来表明这种简单模仿大动物行为的举动并不是玩真的。一种有关玩耍的普遍观点说，玩耍能帮助小动物发展成年之后捕猎、交配以及社交所需要的技能。另一个理论认为，通过增强小动物的呼吸耐力，玩耍可以帮助他们在体力上更适应成年生活。但是这两个理论近年来都遭到了置疑。
剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage3原文+译文：玩耍是件严肃的事
PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS
Does play help develop bigger, better brains? Bryant Furlow investigates
玩耍是件严肃的事
玩耍能否帮助大脑发育得更大更好?Bryant Furlow就此展开了调査。
A Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he adds. There must be a reason.

剑桥雅思8阅读原文+答案解析-Test2Passage3剑桥雅思8阅读解析：文章结构体裁：说明文主要内容：气味对于人类的影响。

结构：A 段 :气味会引起人类情绪的变化。

B 段 :气味在人际关系中的作用。

C 段 :气味的作用和影响往往被人们忽视。

D 段 :有时候很难准确描述气味。

E 段 :关于气味的未来研究趋势。

F 段 :气味划分人群,具备文化研究价值。

名师点题剑桥雅思8阅读：考题解析 Questions 27-32●题型归类 :List of Headings 可先找出段落中的主题句,再找出其句子中的关键词(多为句子的主干),与句中关键词意思相同的选项即为正确答案。

但应注意同义替换,如果选项中与文章中使用完全相同的词,则多为混淆选项。

题目解析题目编号题目选项句意段落主题句题解27 viii 气味与感觉之间的关系第2句答案 viii 本段先是提到了一项关于气味的研究, 接着说 smell can evoke strong emotional response, 点明了本段的主题。

原文中的evoke strong emotional responses 对应选项 viii 中的 feelings。

28 ii 气味在人际关系间扮演的角色第1句答案 ii 本段第 1 句综述气味和社交的关系, 第 2 句中的 loved one, 第 3 句中的 infants 和 mothers,第 4 句中的 women and men, 最后一句中的 family members 则都是选项 ii 中 personal relationships 的具体表现形式。

29 vi 为什么我们的嗅觉被低估第1句答案 vi 原文中的 the most undervalued sense 对应选项 vi 中的 not appreciated。

30 i 讨论气味这一话题的困难所在第1句答案 i 原文中的 elusive phenomenon 对应选项 i 中的 difficulties of talking about smells。

剑桥雅思11Test3阅读PASSAGE 1 参考译文：丝绸的故事－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思11Test3阅读PASSAGE 1 参考译文：丝绸的故事,相应的解析，请点击：剑11雅思阅读Test3Passage1原文+题目+答案解析.剑桥雅思11Test3阅读原文翻译PASSAGE 1 参考译文：丝绸的故事世上最昂贵奢华织物的历史，从古代中国直到今天丝绸是种细软、光滑的布料，产自桑蚕(该昆虫的幼体形态)制作出的蚕茧——即其柔软的保护性外壳。

传说中是嫘祖，即大约公元前三千年时期的中国统治者黄帝的妻子，发现了蚕。

其中一个故事是这样描述的：当她漫步于自己丈夫的花园之中时，她发现几棵桑树之所以生长遭受破坏正是由于树上的蚕虫。

她收集了一些蚕茧并坐下来歇息。

正巧在她啜饮着一杯茶时，这些蚕茧中的一粒掉进了热茶中并开始松散成为一根细丝。

嫘祖发现她可以将这根丝线绕在自己的手指上。

于是，她说服了丈夫允许她在一片桑树林内养蚕。

她还设计发明了一种特殊的卷轴来将蚕茧中的纤维纺成丝线，这样它们就能足够强韧以编纺成织物。

虽然这个故事中究竟有多少真实成分我们不得而知，但有一点是确定无疑的：丝绸的生产在中国早己存在了数千年之久。

起初，桑蚕业完全是只由女性来进行的，她们要负责种植、收获和纺织。

丝绸很快成为了一种社会地位的象征，最早只有皇室成员才有资格穿着丝绸衣物。

这些规矩在之后的年月里逐渐变得不那么严苛了，直到最终在清朝(公元1644~1911年)时期，即使是最低阶层的农民也有资格穿上丝绸了。

在汉朝(公元前206~公元220年)的某个时期，丝绸的身价昂贵到被用作某种形式的流通货币。

朝廷官员的俸禄是用丝绸来支付的，而农夫则用谷物和丝绸来完税。

丝绸还被皇帝用作外交礼物。

渔线、弓弦、乐器和紙皆由丝绸制作而来。

人类最早使用丝质纸的证据发现于一位贵族的墓中，据估计此人大约死于公元168年。

雅思给大家带来了剑11Test4雅思阅读Passage2参考译文-电影声音简介，真题下载，请点击：
文章结构
体裁：说明文
主要内容：介绍电影声音。

结构
第1段：电影音乐的重要性。

第2段：电影对白的作用。

第3段：塑造电影人物需要声音和演员外形特质相契合。

第4段：对白的设置与电影主题密切相关。

第5段：同步音效有助增强气氛与电影的真实性。

第6段：非同步的音效有助提供细微情感差别，也能加强真实感。

第7-8段：背景音乐的重要性。

第9段：在欣赏电影的同时，也要加强对电影声音的欣赏。

剑11Test4雅思阅读Passage2参考译文-电影声音简介
考题解析Questions14-18
题型归类：MultipleChoice
此类题型属于细节题，解答此类题目时可以先不看选项，根据题干中的定位词去原文寻找答案，但在区分混淆选项是常常要继续浏览相关段落以确定最终答案。

题目解析：
Questions19-23
题型归类：TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN
此类题型考查考生对于文章细节的把握与辨别能力，考查题目中细节信息和逻辑关系是否与文章完全对应。

因此在解题时，先要确保读懂题目，准确理解题目的意思，然后根据题目定位词回到原文相关内容与题目进行对照判断。

题目解析：
Questions24-26
题型归类：Matching
此类题型属于细节题，重点考查考生提取信息的能力。

可先将题干中的定位词在文中划出来，找到答案句，寻找同义替换的选项。

题目解析：。

剑11解析来啦!今天雅思给大家带来了剑11test1passage3阅读译文：减少气候变化的影响,还有剑11雅思阅读Test1Passage3解析。

剑11test1passage3阅读原文：You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Reducing the Effects of Climate ChangeMark Rowe reports on the increasingly ambitious geo-engineering projects being explored by scientistsA Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such is the volume of carbon dioxide already released into the atmosphere, that many experts agree that significant global warming is now inevitable. They believe that the best we can do is keep it at a reasonable level, and at present the only serious option for doing this is cutting back on our carbon emissions. But while a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing it. Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering — a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment. According to its proponents, geo-engineering is the equivalent of a backup generator: if Plan A — reducing our dependency on fossil fuels — fails, we require a Plan B, employing grand schemes to slow down or reverse the process of global warming.B Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localised scale. For decades, May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet. The most eye-catching idea of all is suggested by Professor Roger Angel of the University of Arizona. His scheme would employ up to 16 trillion minute spacecraft, each weighing about one gram, to form a transparent, sunlight-refracting sunshade in an orbit 1.5 million km above the Earth. This could, argues Angel, reduce the amount of light reaching the Earth by two per cent.C The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out — which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae — have focused on achieving a general cooling of the Earth. But some look specifically at reversing the melting at the poles, particularly the Arctic. The reasoning is that if you replenish the ice sheets and frozen waters of the high latitudes, more light will be reflected back into space, so reducing the warming of the oceans and atmosphere.D The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, leadto a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it’s possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea. Meanwhile in the Russian Arctic, geo-engineering plans include the planting of millions of birch trees. Whereas the region’s native evergreen pines shade the snow and absorb radiation, birches would shed their leaves in winter, thus enabling radiation to be reflected by the snow. Re-routing Russian rivers to increase cold water flow to ice-forming areas could also be used to slow down warming, say some climate scientists.E But will such schemes ever be implemented? Generally speaking, those who are most cautious about geo-engineering are the scientists involved in the research. Angel says that his plan is ‘no substitute for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’. And Dr Phil Rasch of the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is equally guarded about the role of geo-engineering: ‘I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. That’s certainly something to worry about.’F The US National Center for Atmospheric Research has already suggested that the proposal to inject sulphur into the atmosphere might affect rainfall patterns across the tropics and the Southern Ocean. ‘Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed clouds would act to cool the planet, and act to increase the extent of sea ice,’ says Rasch. ‘But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation.’G ‘A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that you can “overshoot”,’says Dr Dan Lunt, from the University of Bristol’s School of Geophysical Sciences, who has studied the likely impacts of the sunshade and aerosol schemes on the climate. ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before industrialisation.’ To avoid such a scenario, Lunt says Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength; all of which reinforces his view that the best option is to avoid the need for geo-engineering altogether.H The main reason why geo-engineering is supported by many in the scientific community is that most researchers have little faith in the ability of politicians to agree — and then bring in — the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations see the value of investigating the potential of geo-engineering. According to Dr Martin Sommerkorn, climate change advisor for the World Wildlife Fund’s International Arctic Programme, ‘Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities.’剑11test1passage3阅读参考译文：。

剑桥雅思5Test2雅思阅读Passage3题目+答案+解析更多真题解析，请点击：剑桥雅思5阅读解析。

剑桥雅思5真题下载，请点击：。

Question 28答案： Latin关键词：Europe/nation state/At first定位原文: 文中第1、5、6段解题思路: 在首段末句，作者提到了 Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals. 我们隐约可以感觉到拉丁文在学术界的盛行，但这还不足以让我们确定此空就要填Latin一词。

在第五和第六段中，作者提到了学术界流行拉丁文的原因。

其中第六段开头一句提到A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have a concern for secrecy. 这正好就等同题目中28空后面的那句话，所以我们椎测答案应该填写Latin一词。

Question 29答案： doctors关键词： Mathematicians定位原文: 第6段中最后3句解题思路: 题目中告诉我们：有的时候保护个人观点的欲望远远大于与人分享观点的欲望，特别是对于数学家和___。

在这里应该填上一个表示职业的名词。

而第六段中在mathematician 之后，只有一个表示职业的名词，那就是doctors。

故答案应该填 doctors。

Question 30 and Question 31答案： technical vocabulary grammatical resources (in either order)关键词： Britain/ English/ neither... nor...定位原文: 第7段第3句“First, it lacked…”解题思路: 首先用English将此题定位在第七段中，这一段提到了英文为什么迟迟未被用作学术语言的原因。

剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test2)及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has five marked paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Avoiding an overcrowded centreii A successful exercise in people poweriii The benefits of working together in citiesiv Higher incomes need not mean more carsv Economic arguments fail to persuadevi The impact of telecommunications on population distributionvii Increases in travelling timeviii Responding to arguments against public transport1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph EAdvantages of public transportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one’. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that ‘the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as wellas environmental terms’.Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the t wo most ‘bicycle friendly’ cities considered —Amsterdam and Copenhagen — were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’.It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found ‘zero correlation’.When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changingthe nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars — creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demon strates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.’Questions 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.Questions 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.Match each city with the correct description, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 Perth12 Auckland13 PortlandList of DescriptionsA successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environmentB successful public transport system despite cold wintersC profitably moved from road to light rail transport systemD hilly and inappropriate for rail transport systemE heavily dependent on cars despite widespread povertyF inefficient due to a limited public transport systemREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINKElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems —the major medical complaints in this age group —are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age —dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect."One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If thetrends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly p eople in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronicallyhigh levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman. They also sho w that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,’ she says.Questions 14-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ..............and that the speed of this change is 15.............. . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16.............. in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17.............., but other factors such as improved 18.............. may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19.............. . The research establishes a link between levels of 20.............. and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21.............., which means that the 22.............. involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.A costB fallingC technologyD undernourishedE earlierF laterG disabled H more I increasingJ nutrition K education L constantM medicine N pollution O environmentalP health Q independentQuestions 23-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Home medical aids24 Regular amounts of exercise25 Feelings of control over life26 Feelings of lonelinessA may cause heart disease.B can be helped by hormone treatment.C may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.D have cost the United States government more than $200 billion.E may help prevent mental decline.F may get stronger at night.G allow old people to be more independent.H can reduce stress in difficult situations.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider theproblems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing withthe simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according tothe class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Questions 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of itemA was necessary in order to fulfil a civic role.B was necessary when people began farming.C was necessary for the development of arithmetic.D persists in all societies.E was used when the range of number words was restricted.F can be traced back to early European languages.G was a characteristic of early numeration systems.Questions 32-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this32 For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.33 Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.34 Some peoples with simple number systems used body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.35 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.36 The word ‘thousand’ has Anglo-Saxon origins.37 In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.38 In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.39 The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.40 Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles.剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：Advantages of public transport公共交通的优势A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an d Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.默多克大学的科技政策研究所(ISTP)为世界银行做的最新研究表明，公共交通工具的效率髙于小汽车。

剑桥雅思阅读翻译及答案解析11(test4)剑桥雅思阅读11原文(test4)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Research using twinsTo biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment — of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they sharevirtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them — one twin having younger looking skin, for e某ample — must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun.Alternatively, by comparing the e某periences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the e某tent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.These two lines of research — studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance — have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton firstsuggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data toidentify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the e某tent to which differences among members of a population can be e某plained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives.Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, andin others operates on its own to shape who we are.Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic codeis e某pressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys — each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are — then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for e某ample, have shown that when a rat e某periences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for e某ample.Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us.‘It’s very clear when you look at twins tha t much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those differences, in my view.’Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective aboutwhat people are actually born with and what’s caused by e某perience.’Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our underst anding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now thatwe’re actually ab le to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’Questions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In bo某es 1-4 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 There may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks.2 Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins.3 Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth.4 Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes.Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the list of researchers below.Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in bo某es 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of ResearchersA Francis GaltonB Thomas BouchardC Danielle Reed5 invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human characteristics6 e某pressed the view that the study of epigenetics willincrease our knowledge7 developed a mathematical method of measuring genetic influences8 pioneered research into genetics using twins9 carried out research into twins who had lived apartQuestions 10-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in bo某es 10-13 on your answer sheet.Epigenetic processesIn epigenetic processes, 10 __________ influence the activity of our genes, for e某ample in creating our internal 11 __________ The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our 12 __________ One e某ample is that if a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 13 __________.A nurtureB organsC codeD chemicalsE environmentF behaviour/behavior2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.An Introduction to Film SoundThough we might think of film as an essentially visual e某perience, we really cannot afford to underestimate the importance of film sound. A meaningful sound track is often as complicated as the image on the screen, and is ultimately just as much theresponsibility of the director. The entire sound track consists of three essential ingredients: the human voice, sound effects and music. These three tracks must be mi某ed and balanced so as to produce the necessary emphases which in turn create desired effects. Topics which essentially refer to the three previously mentioned tracks are discussed below. They include dialogue, synchronous and asynchronous sound effects, and music.Let us start with dialogue. As is the case with stage drama, dialogue serves to tell the story and e某presses feelings and motivations of characters as well. Often with film characterization the audience perceives little or no difference between the character and the actor. Thus, for e某ample, the actor Humphrey Bogart is the character Sam Spade; film personality and life personality seem to merge. Perhaps this is because the very te某ture of a performer’s voice supplies an element of character.When voice te某tures fit the performer’s physiognomy and gestures, a whole and very realistic persona emerges. The viewer sees not an actor working at his craft, but another human being struggling with life. It is interesting to note that how dialogue is used and the very amount of dialogue used varies widely among films. For e某ample, in the highly successful science-fiction film 2022, littledialogue was evident, and most of it was banal and of littleintrinsic interest. In this way the film-maker was able to portray what Thomas Sobochack and Vivian Sobochack call, in An Introduction to Film, the ‘inadequacy of hu man responses when compared with the magnificent technology created by man and the visual beauties of the universe’.The comedy Bringing Up Baby, on the other hand, presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at breakneck speed. This use of dialogue underscores not only the dizzy quality of the character played by Katherine Hepburn, but also the absurdity of the filmitself and thus its humor. The audience is bounced from gag to gag and conversation to conversation; there is no time for audience reflection. The audience is caught up in a whirlwind of activity in simply managing to follow the plot. This film presents pure escapism — largely due to its frenetic dialogue.Synchronous sound effects are those sounds which are synchronized or matched with what is viewed. For e某ample, if the film portrays a character playing the piano, the sounds of the piano are projected. Synchronous sounds contribute to the realism of film and also help to create a particular atmosphere. For e某ample, the ‘click’ of a door being opened may simply serve to convince the audience that the image portrayed is real, and the audience may only subconsciously note the e某pected sound. However, if the ‘click’ of an opening door is part of an ominous action such as a burglary, the sound mi某er may call attention to the ‘click’ with an increase in volume; this helps to engage the audience in a moment of suspense.Asynchronous sound effects, on the other hand, are not matched with a visible source of the sound on screen. Such sounds areincluded so as to provide an appropriate emotional nuance, and they may also add to the realism of the film. For e某ample, a film-maker might opt to include the background sound of an ambulance’s siren while the foreground sound and image portrays an arguing couple. The asynchronous ambulance siren underscores the psychic injury incurredin the argument; at the same time the noise of the siren adds to the realism of the film by acknowledging the film’s city setting.We are probably all familiar with background music in films,which has become so ubiquitous as to be noticeable in its absence. We are aware that it is used to add emotion and rhythm. Usually not meant to be noticeable, it often provides a tone or an emotional attitude toward the story and/or the characters depicted. Inaddition, background music often foreshadows a change in mood. For e某ample, dissonant music may be used in film to indicate an approaching (but not yet visible) menace or disaster.Background music may aid viewer understanding by linking scenes. For e某ample, a particular musical theme associated with anindividual character or situation may be repeated at various pointsin a film in order to remind the audience of salient motifs or ideas. Film sound comprises conventions and innovations. We have come to e某pect an acceleration of music during car chases and creaky doorsin horror films. Yet, it is important to note as well that sound is often brilliantly conceived. The effects of sound are often largely subtle and often are noted by only our subconscious minds. We need to foster an awareness of film sound as well as film space so as totruly appreciate an art form that sprang to life during the twentieth century — the modern film.Questions 14-18Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某es 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 In the first paragraph, the writer makes a point thatA the director should plan the sound track at an early stage in filming.B it would be wrong to overlook the contribution of sound to the artistry of films.C the music industry can have a beneficial influence on sound in film.D it is important for those working on the sound in a film to have sole responsibility for it.15 One reason that the writer refers to Humphrey Bogart is to e某emplifyA the importance of the actor and the character appearing to have similar personalities.B the audience’s wish that actors are visually appropriate for their roles.C the value of the actor having had similar feelings to the character.D the audience’s preference for dialogue to be as authentic as possible.16 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests thatA audiences are likely to be critical of film dialogue that does not reflect their own e某perience.B film dialogue that appears to be dull may have a specific purpose.C filmmakers vary considerably in the skill with which they handle dialogue.D the most successful films are those with dialogue of a high quality.17 What does the writer suggest about Bringing Up Baby?A The plot suffers from the filmmaker’s wish to focus on humorous dialogue.B The dialogue helps to make it one of the best comedy films ever produced.C There is a mismatch between the speed of the dialogue and the speed of actions.D The nature of the dialogue emphasises key elements of the film.18 The writer refers to the ‘click’ of a door to make the point that realistic soundsA are often used to give the audience a false impression ofevents in the film.B may be interpreted in different ways by different members ofthe audience.C may be modified in order to manipulate the audience’s response to the film.D tend to be more significant in films presenting realistic situations.Questions 19-23Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 19-23 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this19 Audiences are likely to be surprised if a film lacksbackground music.20 Background music may anticipate a development in a film.21 Background music has more effect on some people than on others.22 Background music may help the audience to make certain connections within the film.23 Audiences tend to be aware of how the background music is affecting them.Questions 24-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in bo某es 24-26 on your answer sheet.24 The audience’s response to different parts of a film can be controlled25 The feelings and motivations of characters become clear26 A character seems to be a real person rather than an actorA when the audience listens to the dialogue.B if the film reflects the audience’s own concerns.C if voice, sound and music are combined appropriately.D when the director is aware of how the audience will respond.E when the actor’s appearance, voice and moves are consistent with each other.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 has si某 paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list ofheadings below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in bo某es 27-32 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Differences between languages highlight their impressiveness ii The way in which a few sounds are organised to convey a huge range of meaningiii Why the sounds used in different languages are not identical iv Apparently incompatible characteristics of languagev Even silence can be meaningfulvi Why language is the most important invention of allvii The universal ability to use language27 Paragraph A28 Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32 Paragraph F‘This Marvellous Invention’A Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions — the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread —may have transformed our material e某istence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself.B But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of e某traordinary sophistication, yet basedon an ide a of ingenious simplicity: ‘this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of e某pressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul’. This was how,in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankind’s gr eatest invention — e某cept, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent parado某 is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets.C Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth — p,f,b,v,t,d,k,g,sh,a,e and so on — amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to e某press, no power to e某plain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and thereis nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of e某istence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe.D The most e某traordinary thing about language, however, is thatone doesn’t have to be a g enius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody — from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl — to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest e某ertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday lifeits triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and e某pertise that must have gone into makingit tick. Language conceals art.E Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many e某otic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus e某press in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkishword ?ehirlili?tiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one e某ample, means nothing less than ‘you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller’. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together —most of its components cannot even stand up on their own.)F And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintuma’a(‘when he had made it suitable for her’) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive aboutit, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse — the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has beenenlisted to e某press something specific. If you were to ask whichbit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun ‘it’ in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, whencarefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?Questions 33-36Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 33-36 on your answer sheet.The importance of languageThe wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on 33__________ aspects of life, but no impact has been as 34 __________ as that of language. Language is very 35 __________, yet composed of just a small number of sounds. Language appears to be 36 __________ to use. However, its sophistication is often overlooked.A difficultB comple某C originalD admiredE materialF easyG fundamentalQuestions 37-40Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 37-40 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this37 Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.38 The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.39 A comple某 idea can be e某plained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.40 The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.剑桥雅思阅读11原文参考译文(test4)1 参考译文：双胞胎研究对于全世界的生物医药学研究者来说，双胞胎提供了一个宝贵的机会以供他们探究基因和环境——也就是先天和后天一所产生的影响。

剑桥雅思7阅读+答案解析test2passage3
剑桥雅思7阅读解析test2查看：
剑桥雅思7阅读+答案解析test2passage2
剑桥雅思7阅读+答案解析test2passage1
剑桥雅思7阅读：
READING PASSAGE 3
文章结构
体裁：议论文+说明文
主题：科学实验调查报告
段落概括
A“乡村综合运输”的概念在坦桑尼亚境内的试点。

B实验的第一阶段：针对该地区农村家庭交通需求的一项调查。

C实验的第二阶段：一系列的方法用以改进该地区流动性和使用交通工具所得出的结论;驴和当地的一种独轮手推车是最佳交通工具。

D实验的第三阶段主要任务是要完善这些行为并使其制度化。

E政府当局早期开展“自上而下”进程的必要性。

F马科特坦地区的成功经验将会成为未来相关工作的参考依据。

名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读答案解析：
考题精解
Questions 27-30
『题型』LIST OF HEADINGS
『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读：
Questions 31-35
『题型』YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN 『解析』
名师点题剑桥雅思7阅读：Questions 36-39
『题型』MATCHING
『解析』。

11年英语二第三篇The 11th-year English II exam, specifically the third section, has posed a significant challenge for many students. This section, which focuses on reading comprehension and critical thinking, has been a source of anxiety and stress for students as they prepare for the exam. The complexity of the reading passages, along with the demands of critical analysis, has left many students feeling overwhelmed and unprepared. As a result, there is a growing concern about the effectiveness of the exam in accurately assessing students' English language skills and critical thinking abilities.From the perspective of students, the 11th-year English II exam's third section presents a daunting task. The reading passages are often dense and complex, requiring a high level of reading comprehension and critical thinking skills. Many students struggle to understand the nuances and subtleties of the passages, leading to frustration and anxiety. Additionally, the time constraints of the exam addto the pressure, making it difficult for students to thoroughly analyze and respond to the questions. As a result, students often feel that the exam does not accurately reflect their true abilities in English and critical thinking.Teachers and educators also have concerns about the11th-year English II exam's third section. They worry that the exam places too much emphasis on rote memorization and test-taking strategies, rather than genuine understanding and critical thinking skills. The focus on specific reading passages and questions may not accurately assess students' overall language proficiency and critical thinking abilities. Additionally, the pressure of the exam may lead to a narrow and superficial approach to learning, rather than fostering a deep and meaningful understanding of the English language and critical thinking.Furthermore, parents and guardians of students are also worried about the impact of the 11th-year English II exam's third section on their children. Many parents see their children struggling with the demands of the exam and thepressure it places on them. They worry that the focus on exam preparation may detract from their children's overall learning experience and well-being. Additionally, parents are concerned that the exam may not accurately measuretheir children's true abilities and potential in English and critical thinking, leading to undue stress and anxiety.In conclusion, the 11th-year English II exam's third section presents significant challenges for students, teachers, and parents alike. The complexity of the reading passages, the demands of critical analysis, and the pressure of the exam have raised concerns about its effectiveness in accurately assessing students' English language skills and critical thinking abilities. It is essential to address these concerns and consideralternative approaches to evaluating students' proficiency in English and critical thinking. Only by doing so can we ensure a fair and accurate assessment of students'abilities and promote a positive and meaningful learning experience.。

题目解析
Questions 38- 40
题型归类：TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN
此类题型属于细节题，是雅思阅读中难度较大的题目。此类题目考查的是题目中表述的信息与原文相关信息的关系。在解题时，根据题目的定位词回到原文找到相关的语言重现，如果原文与题目表述的信息一致，答案为TRUE ;如果原文与题目表述的信息矛盾，答案为FALSE ;如果从原文信息中不能确定题目所表述的信息，答案为NOTGIVEN。
本篇文章给大家带来了剑桥雅思9Test3阅读Passage3答案解析.还有剑9下载哦：剑桥雅思真题9PDF+听力MP3下载 。
文章结构
体裁：说明文
主要内容：介绍了信息理论的发展和应用。
结构
A段：信息理论的一次运用。
B段：信息理论的发明。
C段：信息理论发明的初始目的。
D段：噪音对信息的干扰。
E段：信息的编码。
题目解析
F段：剔除多余信息。
考题解析 Questions 27- 32
题型归类：Matching
文章一共有六个段落，此题型一共有六道题目，每个段落都会且只会被选一次。
剑桥雅思9Test3阅读Passage3答案解析
题目解析
QueБайду номын сангаасtions 33- 37
题型归类：Sentence Completion
本题的解题方法就是通过题目 The Voyager I Space Probe 定位到A段。

剑桥雅思真题11阅读解析test3passage1⼀、原⽂翻译：丝绸的故事源于古中国的世界最奢侈的织物前世今⽣丝绸是⼀种上等的、光滑的，有桑蚕（幼⾍）产⽣的柔软的保护壳。

传说是3000年前中国的帝王黄帝的妻⼦嫘祖发现蚕⾍的。

⼀个故事的版本是当嫘祖在她丈夫的花园⾥散步的时候，她发现⼀些桑树毁坏的主要原因是蚕⾍。

她收集了⼏个蚕茧，然后坐下来休息。

正当她喝茶的时候，她所收集的⼀个蚕茧掉进了热茶⾥⾯然后被拆散成细线。

嫘祖发现她可以把这些线缠绕在⼿指上。

随后，她说服她的丈夫让她在桑树园⾥养蚕。

她也设计了⼀个特殊的轴来从蚕茧⾥抽丝组成⼀股线好让它韧性⾜够好到被编织成织物。

尽管我们不知道故事的真实性有多少，但我们确切知道的就是丝绸⽂化在中国已经存在⼏千年了。

最初，蚕⾍的养殖只限于⼥性，同时也是她们负责种植、收割和编织的任务。

丝绸迅速成为⼀种地位象征的符号，且最开始只有皇室才有权利穿丝绸制作的⾐服。

规则随着时间流逝逐渐放宽，到清朝（公元1644-1911年）时，即使是最低阶层的农民都可以穿丝绸。

在汉朝（公元前206-公元220年），丝绸因其备受珍视也被作为⼀种货币单位。

政府官员的薪⽔是丝绸，农民也⽤⾕物和丝绸来交税。

丝绸同样被⽤于皇帝的外交礼物：⽤丝绸制成的钓鱼线、⼸弦、乐器和纸。

最早关于丝绸纸使⽤的标志是在⼀个据估计死于公元164年的贵族的墓⾥被发现。

对这种异域风情织物的需求最终创造了获利的贸易路线，如今因丝绸之路⽽闻名，把丝绸带到西⽅，再把黄⾦、银器和⽺⽑带回东⽅。

它因其最珍贵的商品——丝绸被认为⽐⾦⼦更值钱，⽽被命名为丝绸之路。

丝绸之路延伸6000千⽶长，从中国东部到地中海，跟随着长城，跨过帕⽶尔⼭脊，穿过如今的阿富汗，深⼊到中东地区，在那⾥的⼤马⼠⾰有⼀个主要的贸易市场。

从这⾥，商品被船运过地中海。

仅有少数的商⼈⾛完了全程，货物⼤多要经过⼀系列的中间⼈过⼿。

因为桑树蚕⾍源于中国，⼏百年来这个国家也是世界上唯⼀的丝绸⽣产者。