文化与交际—culture and communication—个人总结
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COMMUNICATION
*An inter-determining process in which we develop a mutually dependent
relationship by exchanging symbols
*Characteristic:
A holistic
phenomenon A social reality An orderly
process A development
process
*Forms of Intercultural communication
1) Self-important - ethnocentrism (民族优越感）~ use their own
cultural standard to judge and interact with each other
2) Dominant
3) Equal
CULTURE
*A complex whole of our social traditions and as prerequisite(先决条件）for us to be a member of the society
*Function:
Software of human mind
Provide structure,stability,security
*Characteristic:
Holistic Learned Dynamic Pervasive
CULTURE PERCEPTION AND VALUES
*Perception:
An active process which we use our sensory organs to sense the world The process of perception is compose of three parts:
Selection Categorization(分类） Interpretation（解释）
*Stereotypes
Those overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize
a group of people
1) We may categorize people or thing by the most obvious characteristic
2) Apply a set of characteristic to a whole group of people
3) We may give the same treatment to each member of the group
The advantage:
respond rapidly to situations
The disadvantage:
Ignore the differences
Dimensions of stereotypes
Direction Intensity Accuracy Content
Positive and
negative aspects
of statements The strength of a
belief about a
group of people Not always false
half-truths
partially
inaccurate Vary in their
specific content
Theory
*low-context & High-context
Low-context High-context
Overly display meanings through
direct communication forms Implicitly embeds meanings at
different levels of the
society-culture context
Individualism Groups sense
Tends to develop long-term
personal relationship Take time to cultivate and establish
a permanent personal relationship
Linear logic Spiral logic
Less able to read nonverbal
expressions More>>>>>>
Use logic to present ideas Use more “ felling” in expression
Emphasize highly structured
message give details,and place,
great stress on words and technical
signs simple
*Kluckhohn theory ( 3 basic assumption )
1) There is a limited number of common human problems
2) While there is variability in solution of all the problems
3) All alternatives of all solution are present in all societies at all time, but differently preformed
Five problem
1) Time
2) Relationship between humanity and its natural environment
3) How should individual relate with others
4) Prime motivation for behavior
5) Nature of human nature
Time Past Focus on past and on preserving and
maintaining traditional technology and beliefs
Present Accommodating changes in beliefs and
traditions (seize the day)
Future Planning ahead and seeking new ways to
replace the old
Humanity and natural environment
Masculinity
Harmonious
Submissive (服从的）
Relating to other people Hierarchical
As equal
Individualistic
Hofstede Theory
Symbols Words/gestures/pictures/objects that carry a particular
meaning
Heroes Persons
Rituals Ways of greeting and paying respect to others
Values The core of culture
* Dialect(方言）: regional / social / ethnic
*Pidgins (混合语言）：
Personality Specific to individual / inherited and learned
Culture Learned / specific to group or category (种类）
Human nature Universal / inherited
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Values Practices *Korea
Three numchi strategies of
*Nunchi means “eye measured”to read one’s mind probe one’s motives,
study one’ s face, grasp a situation, see how the wind blows.
*Japan
Language: indirectness, subtle, nuances(细微差别），
~~make it difficult to transfer to electronic and high-tech industry needs
efficient communication
*British
The weather : a form of code, evolved to help us overcome our natural
reserve and actually talk to each other
Central argument :
1. ritual greeting
2. Conversational starters
3. Default(默认）
4. Social grooming
a. As a simple greeting
b. As as ice-breaker leading to conversation on order matter
c. As a “default” “filler” on displacement subject when conversation on
