21世纪大学英语读写教程第四册第1、2、3、6、7、8课 Reading aloud及其翻译 整理
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爱情与逻辑:谬误的故事1 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后,我和波莉有了第一次约会。
那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克,而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的,他一想到这个就受不了,于是他和我达成了一项协议,用他的女友换取我的夹克。
他可不那么聪明,而他的女友波莉也不太精明。
2 但她漂亮而且富有,也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。
她拥有合适的家庭背景,足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。
如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半,我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。
3 “光彩照人”,她已经是了。
而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”,让她变得“谈吐优雅”。
4 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后,我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。
我的想法有些怪异。
而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区,我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。
我们呆在车子里,我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。
“我们要谈些什么?”她问道。
5 “逻辑学。
”6 “好酷啊,”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。
7 “逻辑学的原理,”我说道,“即清晰思考的主要原则。
逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实,其中有些还很普遍。
我们先来看看一种叫做…绝对判断‟的逻辑谬误。
”8 “好啊,”她表示同意。
9 “…绝对判断‟是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。
比方说:运动是有益的,所以每个人都应该运动。
”10 她点头表示赞同。
11 我看得出她没弄明白。
“波莉,” 我解释说,“这个推断太过简单化了。
如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的,运动就变得有害而不是有益。
所以你应该说,运动对大多数人来说是有益的。
”12 “接下来是…草率结论‟。
这似乎不言自明,对吧?仔细听好了:你不会说法语,罗伯也不会说法语,那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。
”13 “是吗?”波莉吃惊地说。
“没有人吗?”14 “这也是一种逻辑谬误,”我说,“这一结论太草率了,因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。
"Very hesitantly I selected a tube of blue paint, and with infinite precaution made a mark about as bigas a bean on the snow-white field. At that moment I heard the sound of a motorcar in the drive and threw down my brush in a panic. I was even more alarmed when I saw who stepped from the car: the wife of Sir John Lavery, the celebrated painter who lived nearby.“我迟疑不决地选了一管蓝色颜料,然后小心翼翼地在雪白的底子上的画上蚕豆般大小的一笔。
就在这时,我听到车道上传来一辆汽车的声音,于是一份耕耘,一份收获答案只是参考,请大家努力自学惊恐地丢下我的画笔。
当我看清是谁从汽车里走出来时,更是惊慌失措。
来者正是住在附近的著名画家约翰?莱佛利爵士的妻子。
"'Painting!' she declared. 'What fun. But what are you waiting for? Let me have the brush — the big one.' She plunged into the paints and before I knew it, she had swept several fierce strokes and slashesof blue on the absolutely terrified canvas. Anyone could see it could not hit back. I hesitated no more.I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. I have never felt any fear of a canvas since."‘在画画呢!’她大声说道。
Unit 11.美国人往往以从事的工作来对人们进行划分。
家庭和教育背景这些特点被认为是不太重要的。
Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do. Such characteristics as their family and educational backgrounds are considered less important.2.他决不妥协的个性是他再也无法容忍它的雇主,并最终递交了辞职书的原因。
His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submitted his resignation.3.如果你真想学好英语,你就必须投入大量的时间和精力,否则你就不会有任何进步。
对于其他课程也可以这么说。
If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, or you’ll go nowhere. The same can be said of other subjects.4.有些演员的名声靠的是他们天生的美貌,但是达斯汀?霍夫曼(Dustin Hoffman)尽管身材矮小(short stature), 还是出类拔萃,而使他与众不同的正是他精湛的演技。
Some actors’fame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that sets him apart.5.他负责管理之后,我们发现他与前任(predecessor)有明显的不同:他有干劲和激情,想出了很多新点子,并把工作重点放在如何鼓舞我们的士气上。
21世纪大学英语读写教程(第四册)课后习题参考答案21世纪大学英语读写教程(第四册)课后习题参考答案UNIT1TEXT AII1.He defines greatness as the lasting contribution whicha person makes or has made to human civilization.2.The example of Churchill shows the importance of persistence and dedication in achieving greatness.3.Firstborns and only children tend to make good leaders in times of crisis, but middle- born children are better peacetime leaders.4.A 20th century politician should be an effective public speaker and a social person.5.Intelligence seems to be less important than other factors, such as the ability to communicate effectively.6.The ability to overcome traditional ways of thinking is also crucial.7.They simply don’t devote the amount of time required.8.The study showed that enjoying one’s work is the bestform of motivation.IV1.chat2.acknowledge3.motivated4.charcteristic5.despite6.influential7.cited8.obstacle9.intrinsic 10.criteria 11.obsession 12.innate13.contribution(s) 14.contemporary 15.submitted 16.moraleV1.left behind2.rise3.made history4.were endowed with5.put up with6.going nowhere7.ifocuses on8.be built on9.put in e up with 11.take charge 12.set...apartVIefficiency emergency fluency frequencyproficiency tendency urgency sufficiency1.fluency2.proficiency3.emergency4.Efficiency5.tendency6.frequencyVII1.For some students, it's not that they don't put in enough time — it's that they don't have good study habits.2.Children perform differently at school. It's not that they have different IQs — it's that they are brought up in different environments.3.The company is not very productive. It's not that its staff aren't talented — it's that their energy hasn't been channeled effectively.4.I'm really sorry. It's not that I don't want to go to the cinema with you— it's that I have to finish my paper tonight.5.You have a stomachache. It's not that the food was bad — it's probably that you have too much stress from your work.VIII1.President Wilson didn't try to bring the US back to economic and political isolation. Instead, he believed in international cooperation through an association of nations.puters don't teach students in groups. Instead, they can help them learn effectively according to their different needs.3.We shouldn't focus on minor points. Instead, we should try to solve the problem of the greatest urgency at present.4.He dosen't get anybody else to help him. Instead, he likes to attend to everything himself.5.Teaching success shouldn't be measured by the scores the students receive on tests. Instead, it should be measured by whether the students have internalized the ability and desire to learn.IXBCBAD DCABA DABCAX西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断地追求成功的动力。
名起诉他了第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册课文翻译Unit 1 text A名气之尾艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。
成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。
对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢!”他们的担心不无道理。
追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。
尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。
享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。
成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。
为了能迅速走红,代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。
他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。
他们究竟是怎么成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。
尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。
若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。
公众的热情消磨以后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人。
有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。
公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。
知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西?威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特?海明威的情节安排、罗伯特?弗罗斯特或 T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。
同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。
他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收,但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。
名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。
骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。
它让你失去自我。
你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你或是可能的你。
艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。
Unit1Very hesita ntlyI select ed a tube of blue paint, and with infini te precau tionmade a mark aboutas big as a bean on the snow-whitefield.At that moment I heardthe soundof a motorc ar in the driveand threwdown my brushin a panic. I was even more alarme d when I saw who steppe d from the car: the wife of Sir John Lavert y, the celebr atedpainte r who livednearby."'Painti ng!‟shedeclar ed.‟Whatfun. But what are you waitin g for? Let me have the brush-the bigone.‟she plunge d into the paints and before I knew it, she had sweptsevera l fierce stroke s and slashe s of blue on the absolu telyterrif ied canvas. Anyone couldsee it couldnot hit back. I restit utedno more. Seized the larges t brushand fell upon my wretch ed victim with fury. I have neverfelt any fear of a canvas since."1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixtie s, the 72-year-old retire d profes sor was overwh elmed by grief.Life wouldbe too diffic ult for him withou t anybod y to rely on.2.Last monthtwo amateu r painte rs held an exhibi tionof theirpictur es in London .Many people went to see it, includ ing a few celebr atedprofes sors.3.when sevenastron autsdied in the challe ngerdisast er in the mid-1980s,it plunge d the wholeworldinto shockand grief.4.Aftercomple tingher second primeminist ry, she remain ed active ly involv ed in politi cal affair s. She came to the rescue severa l timeswhen the govern mentwas in diffic ulty.5.Aftercomple tingher second primeminist ry, she remain ed active ly involv ed in politi cal affair. she came to the rescue severa l timeswhen the govern mentwas in diffic ulty.6.As long as you keep workin g hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisf actio n.7.We must awaken people to the import anceof enviro nment protec tionnow, or it will soon be too late.8. That offici al was remove d from office of beinginvolv ed in a politi cal scanda l. Had he knownthis wouldhappen, he mighthave acteddiffer ently.Unit2This belief in hard work is the firstof threemain factor s contri butin g to Asianstuden ts' outsta nding perfor mance. It spring s from Asians' common herita ge of Confuc ianis m, the philos ophyof the 5th-centur y-BC Chines e sage teachi ngs have had a profou nd influe nce on Chines e societ y. One of Confuc ius‟sprimar y teachi ngs is that throug h effort, people can perfec t themse lves.Confuc ianis m provid es anothe r import ant ingred ientin the Asians‟succes s as well. In Confuc ianphilos ophy, the family playsa centra l role--an orient ation that leadspeople to work for the honorof the family, not just for themse lves. One can neverreplay one's parent s, and there's senseof obliga tionor even guiltthat is as strong a forceamongAsians as Protes tantphilos ophyis amongthosein the West1.Female studen ts consti tutethe majori ty of our class. By contra st, theirclassis made up of malesonly.2.Americ an childr en can usuall y watchTV threehoursa day, wherea s theirChines e counte rpart s have to work on theirhomewo rk during most theirafter-school time.3.His develo pment of a series of new resear ch method s led to his huge succes s. He said he owed all this to his parent s‟encour ageme nt.4.He resent ed beingexclud ed from discus sions that direct ly concer ned his future.5.The fact that theseproble ms are contin ually showin g up sugges ts that this new device has to be readju sted.6.As one of the many Asianstuden ts who have surged into the best Americ an univer sitie s in recent years, ZhangHua says that many of his ideasare basedon tradit ional Chines e philos ophy.7.To startwith, it is not merely moneythat makesMr. Youngwork so hard. He is commit ted to educat ing the youngand tiresto motiva te them to get aheadin life.8.As time was runnin g out, we droveeven faster in the hope that we couldmake it to the airpor t in time.Unit3The firstcultur al transl atorI ever met was an instal latio n engine er, George by name, who worked for an Americ an compan y whereI was the direct or of intern ation al operat ions.The compan y had just starte d a jointventur e with a Japane se firm, and the Americ an manage mentneeded someon e to trainthe Japane se employ ees in its unique techno logy.George's solidunders tandi ng of the equipm ent, its instal latio n and use made him the best-qualif ied employ ee for the job ,so everyo ne was happywhen George accept ed a two-year contra ct for tempor ary transf er to Japan.Form the start,George was well accept ed by all the Japane se employ ees. Japane se manage rs oftendistru st anyone sent to repres ent US owners, but George was so natura lly nonass ertiv e that no one couldsee him as a threat to theircareer s. So they felt comfor table asking his advice on a wide rangeof matter s, includ ing the odd behavi or of theirpartne rs across the ocean.Engine ers throug houtthe compan y apprec iated George's expert ise and his friend ly and capabl e help, and they got into habitof turnin g to him whenev er they had a proble m-any proble m. And thesecret aries in the office were eagerto help this nice bachel or learnJapane se.1When this tempor ary job came to an end, George was offere d a perman ent job, whichhe accept ed at once.2.To ensure that theirventur es in Japanare profit able,the Americ an compan ies need cultur al transl ators even more than langua ge transl ators.3.As a cultur al transl ator, George was eagerto help the Japane se employ ees who came to ask his advice on a greatmany matter s, both within and outsid e of his fieldof expert ise.4.Someho w or other,George persua ded the Americ an manage r to go alongwith the Japane se accoun tant‟sdecisi on, thus smooth ing over the confli ct betwee n the two.5.Confli cts and argume nts do ariseat timesbetwee n the Americ an manage rs and theirJapane se counte rpart s. But sinceboth partie s have the good senseto compro mise,theseconfli cts are preven ted from escala tinginto big emotio nal battle s.6.All the Japane se employ ees, the person nel manage r includ ed, apprec iated George‟sfreque nt help with the multit ude of proble ms they run into.7.My spoken Japane se is not good enough to expres s myself well. Pleasedon‟tgetoffend ed if I someti mes say stupid things.8.with a solidunders tandi ng of tradit ional Chines e medici ne and a good master y of Englis h, dr. Zhangis highly qualif ied to trainforeig n doctor s who came to Chinato studyChines e medici ne.Unit4Failur e is neverpleasa nt. It hurtsadults and childr en alike.But it can make a positi ve contri butio n to your life once you learnto use it. Step one is to ask,”WhydidIfail?”Resist the natura l impuls e to blamesomeon e else. Ask yourse lf what you did wrong, how you can improv e. If someon e else can help, don‟tbeshyaboutinquir ing.Succes s, whichencour agesrepeti tionof old behavi or ,is not nearly as good a teache r as failur e. You can learnfrom a disast rouspartyhow to give a good one, from an ill-chosen firsthousewhat to look for in a second .Even a failur e that seemstotalcan prompt freshthinki ng, a change of direct ion.1.Protec tingchildr en from the knowle dge that they have failed is anythi ng but benefi cialto theirgrowth and develo pment.2.Emerso n does not thinkthereis a worldof differ encebetwee n succes s and failur e.A mature person is one who is good at turnin g failur e into succes s.4.She was so obsess ed with becomi ng a succes s in ice skatin g that she neverprepar ed hersel f for challe ngesof the real world.5.He suffer ed a comple te nervou s breakd own when he learne d that his compan y had gone bankru pt.6.When talkin g abouthis succes s, Mr. Smithis very proneto exagge ratio n.7.The compan y starte d by sellin g radios but now has branch ed out into sellin g comput ers as well. 8.In fact, failur e is nothin g to be afraid of. Once we learnhow to use it, it can make a positi ve contri butio n to our growth and develo pment.Unit5Balanc ing work and school was diffic ult. "I was stayin g up late studyi ng , and goingto work earlyeverymornin g .I was having a hard time concen trati ng in class, and a hard time on the job becaus e I was so tired," she says . But she endedup with two A's in her firstsemest er anyway.Prisci lla decide d to pursue an archae ology major,and in the summer of 1992,she got her fist opport unity to really test out her intere st in the subjec t. The archae ologi cal filedschool of Washin gtonStateUniver sitywas sponso ringa summer resear ch projec t at a site alongs ide the SnakeRiverin Washin gton. Prisci lla threwhersel f into the work, and the projec t superv isors were impres sed. At the end of the summer, one of the profes sorsoffere d her a job. "He said, ' We just got a contra ct for projec t in NorthDakota. We want to hire you if you're willin g to take a semest er off from school.‟“Theofferwas a divers ion from Prisci lla's pursui t of her BA. "But by then I no longer doubte d that I wouldultima telyfinish school,so I felt comfor table grabbi ng this opport unity,”shesays.1.The univer sityoffere d Prisci lla only a smallloan and she had to come up with the rest of the moneyhersel f.2.With smallincome from her restau rantjob, marrycouldbarely make (both) ends meet. That‟swhy she foundsome cleani ng work to do in the apartm ent buildi ng whereshe lived.3.During her firstsemest ers, she oftenstayed up late studyi ng becaus e she knew she had to get the highes t GPA in her classto qualif y the schola rship.4.Anyone who wantsto find employ mentin/ with that compan y must have at leasta master‟sdegree; if not a Ph. D. otherw ise he or she will not be accept ed.Only if you comple telythrowyourse lf into your studie s will you ultima telyachiev e your long-term goal of becomi ng an archae ologi st.6.In the office Beth always looked happyand had a readysmile. But deep down, she was tiredof beinga secret ary. She wanted to do someth ing more creati ve.7.A migran t farm labore r from Mexico, my father was overjo yed when I was accept ed by the Univer sityof Washin gtonand became the firstperson in my family to attend colleg e.8.When Prisci lla looked back on her yearsof hard strugg le, she said that it was no easy job to balanc e work and study.Unit6He had been procla imed”thefinest mind alive”,”thegreate st genius of the late 20th centur y”, and "Einste in's heir ".Knownto millio ns, far and wide, for his book A BriefHistor y of Time, Stephe n Hawkin g is a star scient ist in more ways than one. His gift for reveal ing the myster ies of the univer se in a stylethat non-scient istscan enjoymade Hawkin g an instan t celebr ity and his book a bestse llerin both Britai n and Americ a. It has earned a placein the Guinne ss Book of Record s for spendi ng 184 weeksin The Sunday Times”top-ten" list, and has sold more than five millio n copies worldw ide--virtua lly unhear d-of succes s for a scienc e book.How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost comple telyparaly zed and unable to speakexcept throug h a comput er overco me theseincred ibleobstac les and achiev ed far more than people ever dreamof?1.Stephe n Hawkin g, a Britis h scient ist specia lizin g in theore tical cosmol ogy has been procla imedthe greate st genius of the late 20th centur y.2.Everytime he releas es a new record, the singer dreams of its/ it earnin g a placeinthe…top-ten‟list one the radio.3.Locate d to the northw est of London, Oxford Univer sityis well known/ notedfar and wide for its academ ic excell ence.4.An intell ectua l giant, Einste in was respon sible for modernman‟snewconcep t of time and space.5.This medica l resear ch is aimedat findin g new treatm entsfor inheri ted blooddiseas es, becaus e the drugsnow in use cannot cure thesecompli cated diseas es.6.This year is the one hundre dth annive rsary of the foundi ng of our univer sity.A privat e school initia lly, it has now become a world-famous univer sityspecia lizin g in theore tical resear ch.7.Two yearsago, bob was feelin g boredwith his job as a restau rantmanage r. Luckil y he won a schola rship to the stateuniver sity.8.Askedwhat kind of studen t Stephe n was at colleg e, Prof. white,the then Chairof the Physic s depart ment, recall s: “Heimpres sed me as a very bright studen t with an instin ctive insigh t into physic s.”。
21世纪英语读写教程第四册课后翻译答案Unit11.美国人往往以从事的工作来对人们进行划分。
家庭和教育背景这些特点被认为是不太重要的。
Americans tend to define people by the jobs they have/do. Such characteristics as their family and educational backgrounds are considered less important.2.他决不妥协的个性是他再也无法容忍他的雇主,并最终递交了辞职书的原因。
His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submitted his resignation.3.如果你真想学好英语,你就必须投入大量的时间和精力,否则你就不会有任何进步。
对于其他课程也可以这么说。
His uncompromising personality explains why he could no longer put up with his employer and eventually submitted his resignation.If you really want to learn English well, you must put in a lot of time and energy, or you'll go nowhere. The same can be said of other subjects.4.有些演员的名声靠的是他们天生的美貌,但是达斯汀?霍夫曼(Dustin Hoffman) 尽管身材矮小(short stature),还是出类拔萃,而使他与众不同的正是他精湛的演技。
Some actors fame is built on their innate beauty, but despite his short stature, Dustin Hoffman rose above and it is his excellent acting that set him apart.5.他负责管理之后,我们发现他与前任(predecessor)有明显的不同:他有干劲和激情,想出了很多新点子,并把工作重点放在如何鼓舞我们的士气上。
21世纪英语读写教程第四册课后翻译答案Unit1If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an relenting drive to succeed. “There is an tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal,” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It’s a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.”西蒙顿说,如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种持续不断追求成功的动力人们往往认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西,但研究表明,有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。
有的只是程度上的差异而已。
伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。
He cited Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into his office when his country’s moral was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired to nation when he said, “We should not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end…We shall never surrender.”他举出二战时期的首相温斯顿·邱吉尔作为一个永不放弃的冒险者的典范。
Unit 1 If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. “There's a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal,” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It's a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion. He cited Winston Churchill, Britain's prime minister during World War 2, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into office when his country's morale was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end... We shall never surrender.”
西蒙顿说,如果成就巨大者具有什么共性的话,那就是一种坚持不懈地追求成功的动力。“往往有人认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西,”他解释道。“但研究表明,有些伟人并没有惊人的智力,有的只是程度上的差异而已。伟大是建立在大量的学习、实践和献身精神的基础之上的。” 他举了二战时期的英国首相温斯顿?丘吉尔作为永不放弃敢于冒险的典范。丘吉尔在全国士气最为低落的时候被推上了台,并出色地领导了英国人民。在1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次演讲中,他的话激励了全国人民,“我们决不会退缩、永不失败。我们一定要坚持到底......我们永远不会屈服。”
Unit 2 Some persons refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome. A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse. “I didn't come back sooner,” he explained, “because I imagined you must be bored to death with people thanking you.” “On the contrary,” she replied, “I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it.” Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life.
有些人不愿表达感激之情,因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。我的一个病人在出院的后几个星期回到医院感谢他的护士。“我没有早点回来,”他解释说,“因为我猜想你们对别人的感激一定厌烦得要命。” “正好相反,”她回答说,“我很高兴你来。很少有人明白我们多么需要鼓励,我们从那些鼓励我们的人身上获得了多大的帮助。” 我们所给予的感激永远不会过多。因为我们身边的人在构筑他们的人生哲学时所依据的正是这些微笑,正是我们所表示的感谢以及表示感激的小小的举动。
Unit 3 The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying , “when the going gets tough ,the tough get going,” is typical of this aggressive attitude towards problem-solving. No matter what the problem is or the techniques available for solving it, the frame work produce by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr.de Bono calls this vertical thinking: the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feeling of fight take over. Later thinking, Dr.de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion. Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on. Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients, “Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance,” he says. “Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, „No,I will not smoke; no, I shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot ...‟”It's a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more. “So instead of looking at the problem from the old way of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—that you are your body's keeper, and your body is something though which you experience life. If you stop thinking about it, there's really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby's body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—„I am going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by no smoking.‟” 一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。“事情越困难,硬汉子就越向前”这句话便代表了这种解决问题的积极进取的态度。不管是什么问题,或者可以用来解决问题的方法是什么,我们西方人的思维方式产生的基本思路总是搏斗。德?博诺博士称之为纵向思维;即传统的、按顺序的、亚里士多德式的逻辑思维,坚定地从一步移到下一步,就象玩具积木一块搭在另一块上。当然,它们的缺陷是,如果在任何时刻其中一步没有达到,或者一块积木没有放对,那么整个结构就会坍塌。事情就会陷入僵局,沮丧、紧张、和搏斗的情绪就会笼罩心头。 横向思维,德?博诺博士说,是对事物进行思考的一种新方法------一种完全避免这种拼搏,用完全出人意料的方式解决问题的方法。 在歇洛克?福尔摩斯的一个探案中,他的助手华生医生指出有条狗对案子并不重要,因为这条狗看来一无所为。歇洛克?福尔摩斯持相反的观点,他坚持认为这条狗一无所为这一事实至关重要,因为它应该有所为,正是在这个基础上他侦破了这个案子。 横向思维听上去很简单。它也的确很简单。一旦你横向地解决了一个问题,你就会奇怪你以前怎么竟会为它心神不宁。关键是作出那个重要的重点转移,横跨一步,避开问题,而不是正面去解决它。 在纽约私人开业的哥伦比亚大学的精神病学家A?A?布里杰博士阐述了横向思维对他的病人们如何有用。“比方说,很多想戒烟的人来找我,”他说。“大多数人在他们试图戒烟时都失败了,因为他们最后总对自己说,‘不,我决不吸烟了;不,我不该吸烟了;不,我决不吸了;不,我不能 ...’这是一场搏斗,结果是你吸得更多。” “所以我不再让他们用这种老的否定方式来看待这一问题并与之搏斗,而是向他们展示了一个全新的视角------你是你身体的看护人,你是通过你的身体来体验生活的。如果你认真思考一下,你就会发现你的身体的确有一些无能为力的东西。它丝毫不能自理。它没有选择,就象一个婴儿的身体。于是你就开始用全新的方式来看待它------‘现在我将通过戒烟来照顾自己,给自己一些尊重和保护。’”