Ⅳ、Article（冠词）一、必须用the的场合沙漠，河流与群山；岛屿，海峡和海湾；阶级，党派，国家名；组织，团体和机关；方位，朝代，最高级；会议，条约及报刊；（杂志不用the）年代，姓氏复数前；顺序，唯一加习惯；乐器，建筑，海洋,船；定冠词都不能删!!!the desert, the Y angtze River, the Philippines, the English Channel, the United Stated,in the 1990s（20世纪90年代）, in the east, the Tang dynasty, the APEC, the people’s daily, the Greens(格林一家), on the earth, in space, in the morning, the Jin Mao Mansion, the Summer Palace, the Red Sea二、不能用冠词的情况1、街道名、路名、公园名、广场名、大学名、国际上的节日、月份Zhong Shan Park, Qin Hua University*the People’s Park 人民公园*中国传统的节日：the Mid-Autumn Festival the Spring Festivalthe Lantern Festival 元宵节the Dragon-boat Festival 端午节2、在my, her, your, his等物主代词后面使用最高级时，不用the（因为物主代词和the都属于中位限定词，中位限定词相互排斥）# Fishing is his latest hobby.三、加“s”和不加“s”的不同含义letter – letters # Lu Xun is a man of letters(=literature).color – colors(旗帜) green – greens(青菜) custom(习俗) – customs(海关)content(满足) – contents(内容) # live in peace and content 平静而满足地生活着saving(节约) – savings(储蓄) damage(破坏) – damages (赔偿金[U])water – waters(水域) rich – riches(财富=wealth) paper – papers(论文，文件)air – airs(神态) # Don’t put on airs. 别装模作样。
The police are looking for him.Chapter 1、Article冠词A. 不定冠词的意义：1.1)区别one 和a, a强调后面的名词，而one 强调本身个数:It will take us more than a year.It will take us more than one year.Can a boy do that? No, but a man can.Can one boy do that? No, but two boy can.2)不定冠词有时表the same/one and the sameThey are nearly of an age.Your shoes and mine anr a size.3) The indefinite article sometimes means “such a”(不定冠词有时表such a)He is a man that must be treated kindly.It was a sight that would attract a large number of visitors.2. The Repetition of Article:1)a black and a white doga black and white doga journalist and an authora journalist and authora German and an English Dictionarya German and English DictinaryHe became____husband and ____father before he was out of his teens.A. a, aB. a, /C. /, aD. /, /2)When we regard two things as a whole, we used only one article:a watch and chaina neeld and threada cup and saucera carriage and foura rod and lineGive me a knife and fork, please.a king and queen(一对夫妇)a king and a queen（可能是两个国家的，没有关系的两个人）I saw a gentlman and lady walking together.A doctor and nurse were provide for them.（当用were时，两个人有合作关系，所以可省略一个冠词，当用was时，就是一个人（医生兼护士）B. The use of ArticleA cat likes fish.The cat likes fish.Cats likes fish.A sleeping fox counts hens in his dreams.Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.In winter, birds fly to the south.Man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech.The small shopkeeper is finding life in creasingly difficult.The wise look to the wiser for advice.（the+adj可指一类人，其中包括形容词的比较级）C.1. The use of the difinitive articleAnn is in the garden.（说话人与听话人都知道所指的…）Please pass me the wine.His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.2.表方位的名词前用定冠词The sun rises in the east.I am going to the south.I am going south.To the north of the town, there is a lake.North of the town, there is a lake.3.序数词1)当在名词前作定语时,前加the :The third room is much brighter than the fifth(room).Does our class come out first in the game?2)当在V. 后作状语时,前不加the:There are six men in the room. One is blind; another(or second) is a deaf; a third is damb; a fourth is lame… the other(最后一个用)4.He was not in China in the fifties.I think he’s somewhere in the thirties.5. 强调部位时用the:He seized the child’s collar.He seized the child by the collar.The dog bit him in the leg.The dog licked his hand.The minister kissed____.A. the Queen’s handB. the Queen on the handHe kissed his son on the forehead.6.定冠词+普通名词,表抽象折概念The pen is mighter than the sword.(文胜于武)Peter is too fond of the bottle.He gave up the sword for the plough.(弃甲归田)He forgot the judge in the father.All the father rose in my heart.the headthe heartthe stage7.形容词最高级前加定冠词That is the deepest part of the river.The river is deepest at this point.She is the busiest of the family.She was busiest last week.8.世界上独一无二的东西前用thethe sunthe moonD. The Omission of Articles:1. Before abstract nouns:(usually)Chinese historyEnglish literatureJacob is a man of great strength.ExceptionA knowledge of language is always useful.After a swim, she had a rest.He spoke with an enthusiasm which inspired all of us.He had an exciting experience.(=an adventure) last night.2. before material nouns(usually)Raw robber looks like milk.There was a heavy rain last night.She served each of us a coffee.She has built a fire in the next room.When the sun or the moon is an the horizon, it looks bigger and more beautiful.A new moon is hanging high in the sky.Look? A big red sun is rising.3.He went to bed.He went to the bed.My son has gone to school.He comes to the school some times to speak to the head master.We returned from work/school/market/church.They are at sea.(=in a ship, but not necessarily as sailors)They are at the sea.(=at the seaside)He goes to work.He goes to the work.be in office = hold an official positionbe out of office = to be no longer in power4．without difinite article:1).home, town2).church, prison, school, college, university, court, market, hospital3).bed, work(exception: cathedral, office)5．with definite article:1). mass communication: the news, the radio, the press, the newspaper, the television etc. What’s in the paper(s)/on the radio/on (the) TV this evening?2). recreational places: the cinema, the theatre, the concert, the pictures etc.My sister goes to the theatre every month.3). Modern transport and communication: the bus, the train, the post(UK), the mail(US), the internet, the telephone etc.6. before names of meals:I was invited to dinner.(= at their house, in the ordinary way)I was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassdor.The dinner given in honour of the quests was magnificent.She arrived before supper.The supper was cold.7.It’s very cold in winter.We play football in (the) winter.I went fishing during the summer.(When regarded as a part of the year, it used the definitive article)Morning is the best time for work.8.Now he is manager of a bank.Who is monitor of your class.As a politician, I cannot accept your argument.As a chairman of the committee, I am not free to express my personal views.Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.Foshan, a city of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.9. before proper nouns（专有名词）:LuXun is the Groky（高尔基）of China.（比喻时+冠词）He is a(living) Leifeng.He’s a different John Smith form what he was ten years ago.The younger generation will find it hard to imagine a semi-feudal, semi-colonial China.两个或两个以上有关连的名词一起用时，往往不用冠词：from left to rightfrom beginning to endto live from hand to mouthfather and sondialogue between teacher and studentDoctor, nurse, and patients have become the best of friends.Chapter 2、Noun 名词gender词的性; number词的数; case词的格一、gender词的性1. youthHalf a dozed youths were standing at the street corner.(用做可数名词时指男青年，当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式)The youth today don’t know what they want.2. baby, infant, childThe baby was sleeping in its cot.(因baby较小，一般不用性别区分所以用it)Watch out! The baby is trying to put the toy watch into his mouth.(父母不愿意用it来指代baby，就用his or her)3.The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.Scotland lost many of her bravest men in tow great rebellious.Death will come when he is least expected.Is this you sport bike? How much is it?Is that your sports bike? Yes, she’s lovely, isn’t she?(当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用she or he)The cat is a useful animal because it eats rats.The cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself here.二、number词的数He caught five fish.The cat like fish. (不强调种类时不可数)three fishes (强调不同种类时可数)salmon沙纹鱼/鲑鱼/大麻哈鱼, trout鲑鱼, cod鳕鱼等单数复数一样sheep, deer, aircraft, craft单数复数一样Enemy aircraft have seen over Londen.Craft of all types are taking part in the race.4. 没有标志的复数名词的复数people, folk(人，人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）, livestock（牲畜）, vermin（害虫）, offspring （子孙，后代）police:The police are looking for him.There are a few police on guard at the gate.Several hundred police guarded the palace(不可用five police，不可具体，但可模糊)cattle:Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.He have 20 (head of) cattle on the farm. （head不+s）fruit:He doesn’t eat much fruit.(范指不可数)The potato is a vegetable not a fruit.(指一种时可数)Greece has some wonderful fruits.(表种类，几种时可数)I hope the old man lives to enjoy the fruits of his labour.(表劳动成果时可数)hair:His black hair was going grey.(范指一个人的头发时不可数)I found a hair(two hairs)in the soup.(用作一根根数时可数)Audience, staff, family, public, committee, enemy, sheepfamilyMy family is ver large.(看做整体用做单数)His family are waiting for him.(做家庭成员时用做复数)public:The public was convinced fo his innocence.(公共整体做单数)The public now know the story.The public is (are) requested no to leave litter in the park.committeeOur committee has considered your request.The committee are divided in their opinion.enemyThe enemy are in flight(逃跑). (逃跑时不是一个整体，所以用复数)The enemy is (are) retreating（撤退）. (撤退时通常为一个整体，所以用单数)sheepA flock of sheep was grazing in the field.A flock of sheep were straying all over the road and causing confusion among the traffic.总是用做单数的：a)抽象名词：advice, knowledge, informaitionb)集体名词：baggage, luggage, furniture, rubbish总是用做复数的：a)quarters（住处）, premises（房屋）b)clothes, pajamas（睡衣）, trousers, shorts（短裤）, pants, scissors, chopsticks, pliers（钳子）,etc cf: clothes-clothing, poem-poetry, novel-fiction三、case词的格1.a man’s jobthe horse’s mouthwomen’s chothesa girl s’ schoolthe student s’ hostelthe Smith s’ car*my aunts’ husbandsthe husbands of my aunts*my friends’ jewelsthe jewels of my friends2.Mr Jones’s (Mr Jones’)houseYeats’s (Yeats’) Poems3. with classical names we just add:Pythagora s’ TheoremArchimede s’ Lawfor goodnes s’ s akefor pea ce’s akefor consceien ce’s ake5. with compounds:放在最后my brother-in-loaw’s guitarHenry the Eighth’s wivesthe Prince of Wales’s helicopterin a year or two’s timeWe had an hour and a half’s talk.Adam and Eve’s children*Tom and his brother’s childrenTom’s and his borther’s childrenThe son of Pharaon’s daughter was the daughter of Pharaoh’s son4. use of the possessive case:所有格的用法1)Dr Arnold’s pupils were always diligent. （指所有的学生）We were pupils of Dr Arnold.（并不是全部的学生）this doctor’s young wife=the young wife of this doctorwith some cases we can only use of +noun, eg:The boys ran about obeying the directions of a man with a whistle. （因有with a whistle或+定从就无法用’s）I took the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car.2）History of England (common use)England’s historyNelson’s life（的一生）the life of Nelson（传记，书名）today’s（今天的）of today（当代的，当今的）the king’s praise（别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人，主动也可被动）He was pleased by the king’s praiseHe is always singing the king’s praise.Your service/support is valuable.Nobody will be at your service/support.Everybody was excited at the mrderer’s capture.Everybody was surprised at his arrest3）assifying possessive:起分类作用He has got a doctor’s degree.Have you a copy of the teacher’s book?（不可用of，有类别限制）men’s clothingchildren’s pictorial4）double possessive双重所有格a criticism of Show (=opinion about Show)look at that nice son of yours (contempt)that clever remark of your sit’sthis notorious scheme of the king’sChapter 3、Adjectives形容词A: Attributive Adjective and Predicative Adjectives一、Attributive Adjective1.Jane is very youngJane is a mere child.This expenditure was very wasteful.The expenditure was a sheer waste of money.a sheer fraudutter ignorancea perfect strangerperfect weather2.a certain man has three sonsHe was certain that he was right.We had a particular reason for abandoning the project.He is very particular (=fussy) about his clothes.the chief excusethe main ideathe principal objectionthe only reason3.He is a hard worker.a heavy smoker=one who smokes heavilyHe is a good thief.She is a bad liar.an old frienda new studenta live fishThe fish is alive.In other meaninga little houseThe house is small(*little)A small famer is a man who has a small farm.1.Adjective referin to health:How is your mother?She is ill/unwell/well.She’s feeling faint/poorly.He is healthy.He is a healthy man.(健康的人)She is sick. .(生病了)She is a sick woman.(老病号，长期有病的)He’s a very healthy/sick man.( It suggests a more permanent state)2.Adjective beginning with a:That child is afraid.It’s a frightened child.These problems are alike.They’re similar problems.This tree is alive.It’s a living tree.The dog is asleep.Let sleeping dogs lie.Exceptions: aloof, alert:an aloof character(孤僻的性格)an aloof building(孤零零的房子)an alert manner(机灵的举止)3. Adjectives with and:1)a tall, dark, handsom cowboyHe was tall, dark and handsome.a black and white capa red, white and blue flag2)If we say a beautiful big room, a lovely warm house, nice/fine thick steak, we imply that we like big room, warm house and thick steak.Fine strong coffee, a lovely quiet beach, a nice drydayWhen used predicatively, such pairs are separated by and:The coffee is fine and strong.The day was nice and dry.This room is nice and warm. (=warm to just the right degree)It was lovely and cool( comfortably cool) in there.He is good and strong.(他很强壮;美国用法)He is good and bad.(他好坏)That room is good and long.I hit him good and hard.B.parison of equality:1) as…as:I can’t drink as sweet as this. (coffee)I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this.(后为省略定语从句)I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this.John is as efficient as Jack.. (a worker)John is a worker as efficient as Jack..John is as efficient a worker as Jack..Man slaughter is not as/so bad as murder.parison of superiority:My botyher is three years older than I.George did more work than anyone else.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.parison of inferiority:He is less stupid than his brother. (not so common as not so…as)This is less suitable than the last house you showed me.4.He is cleverer than his brother.He is more (=rather)clever (*cleverer) than honest.He is more frightened than hurt.= He is frightened rather than hurt.He is more dead than alive.(半死不活)He is more good than bad.(=It is more accurate to say that he is good than that he is bad)I was more sorry (*sorrier) than angry at what happened.5.But with long, tall, wide, thick, high:The windows are much wider than they are high.The house is much taller than it is wide.(not: than wide)(从句不可省略主谓加强语气方法) 6.She was more than kind to all of us.I was more than surprised; I was astonished.It is more than probable than he will fail.He more than hesitated(=almost refused) to promise that.He is more than a father to her.7. comparison of superlative:1)This is the oldest theatre in London.(范围)He is the tallest of the three.This is the best beer(that) I have ever drunk.(1)最高级(2)范围(3) in, ofcf: I want a strong rope.Which is the stronger(coll, strongest)rope of the two?(如后面有限制性定语，前要加the) 2)She knew that she looked at her best in his attire. (at+one’s+-est)The river is deepest here.The river is at its deepest here.The steps are at their steepest just here.The peony was at its best.3)Everybody has been most kind.I owed her deepest(=very deep) gratitude.The letter met with the warmest reception.the best friends(最好的朋友)the best of friends(很好的朋友)the best of the friends(在这些朋友中最好的)We parted the best of friends.(我们分开时是很好的朋友)She had the sweetest of smiles.(她笑的很甜)8.Tom is the tallest student in the class.Tom is taller than any other student in the class.No other student in the class is so tall as Tom.John is leverer than Bob(is).Bob is not so clever as John.Bob is less clever than John.He is as good a student as any teacher could wish for.(=He is the best student and teacher could wish for)He is not more diligent than you are.(1.他和你一样2.他不及你)He is no more diligent than you are.(他和你一样懒惰)凡是用no more than有一个前提:后面部分一定要很清楚A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.He is no more wounded than you are.(=You are not wounded, nor is he)Chapter 4、Adverb副词1.a. Long and a long time(p.49):Long is mainly used in negative and interrogative:How long will it take to get there?It won’t take long.A long time is used in the affirmative:It would take a long time.(cf. It would take too long)如long用于肯定句中，前面一定有too,so,quite等词，否则long用于否定疑问句b. position（副词的位置）1.They secretly decided to leave the town.They decided to leave the town secretly.You know well that I can’t drive.You know that I can’t drive well.They can’t possibly leave now.（不可能）They possibly can’t leave now.（可能不）He answered the questions foolishly.(放在句后,方式状语)He foolishly answered the questions.(不应该回答的还回答,他很蠢,回答了这些问题.=He was foolish to)He completely denied it.（他极力否认，否认的态度，加强词）He denied it completely.（他全盘否认，否认的方式）Bitterly, he buried his children.(=he wes bitter to buried his children他内心的痛苦)He spoke bitterly about the treatment he received.(方式状语，因后面太长所以提前)He bitterly regretted their departure.(=very much加强语气，非常的)The expedition wes planned scientifically.(这次探险以科学的方式来计划,方式状语) Scientifically, the expedition was a success.(从…方面来看,角度状语)You may answer the next question generally.(你可以总的回答下面的问题,回答方式)You generally answer questions in too much detail.(频度副词,通常)Generally, I think you have done very well.(角度状语)2.1) Tom is here.(=he is in this room,etc. p54)Here is tome.(= He has just come.or=we’ve just found him)2)Tom comes here. (用一般现在时表习惯=It is his habit to come to this place))Here comes Tom.3. yet and still p.56Is your brother here yet? (来了没有=Has he arrived?)Is your brother still here?(走了没有=Hasn’t he left?)Have you already seen him?(that is quick)Have you seen him yet?Do you still see him?4. surly and certainly p.59That certainly/surly plain-clothes policeman.(他肯定是个…)Surely that’s a plain-clothes policeman?(=he thinks it is, but wants assurance不肯定,希望加以确认)Surlely you could pay $10?You could pay$10, surely?Surely can express surprise:Surely that’s Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland!(哎呀,那不是…,我还以为…) “Tim failed his exam.” “Oh, no! Surely not!”(no在此处表惊讶,没有否定的意思, Surely not译为不会吧)5. only and just p.60a. He had only six apples.(只有6个)He only had ’ six apples.(口语中only放在动词前,然后重读所强调的词)b. He lent the car to me only.(仅,只)He only lent the car to ’ me.c. I believe only half of what he said.(只)I only believed ’ half of what he said.Just sign here.(=this is all you have to do)Sign just here.(=not in other place在这里签,别的地方不要签)6. fairly, rather, quite:a. used with adjectives and adverbs in favourable和褒义一起用:This film is fairly good.(还可以,如里以80分为标准,相当于60-70分)This film is quite good.(可以,还算好,72-78分之间)This film is rather good.(推荐值得一看,85分以上)He speaks english fairly well.(= He can communicate on everything subjects, but migh not able to take part in difficult discussion)b. When quite means somewhat, it strength on very, very much, according to the way it is stress: quite ’ good’quite ’ good’quite goodc. used with adjective: fast, slow, thin, thick, hot, cold, etc:This soup is fairly hot.(It suggests that the speaker likes hot soup)This soup is rather hot.(a little too hot for him)d. Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid.You did fairly well in your exam, but Ann did rather badly.He is fairly rich, but she is rather poor.e. Rather can be used before comparatives, and before alike, like, and similar. It means “a little”, or “slightly”. Fairly can not be so used:Tom is rather like his uncle in some ways.The weather was rather worse than I had expected.The bottle is quite (=completely) empty.You are quite wrong.It’s quite extraordinary, I can’t understand it at all.f. quite means “completely”. When it is used with a word or phrase which can express the idea of completeness: all right, certain, determined, empty, full, finished, ready, tight, wrong, sure. And when is is used with a very strong adjective, adverb such as amazing, perfect, extraordinary, horrible. P.161Chapter 5、Indefinite Pronoun（不定代词）1.Everyone started raising his or her hand.(very formal)Everyone started raising his hand.(formal)Everyone started raising their hands.(informal)Has everyone got their book?Everyone enjoys it, don’t they?No one saw Tom go out, did they?Would anyone lend me their scissors?Has anyone left their luggage on the train?Everything is ready, isn’t it?Neither of them could make up his mind.(formal)Neither of them could make us their mind.(colloquial)Neither of them knew the way, did they?(colloquial)2. one:This chair is too low, I’ll sit in that(one).Which do you like? I like this(one).I like this blue one/these blue ones.*I like fresh water better than boiled one.(水不可数,所以不应用one)*This butter is better than the one we got last week.*The bed is my own one.(有own就不需用one了)*Pen became expesive if you lost many ones.(基数词后不用one)3. some:1) in affirmative sentences:They took some honey.2) when use in questions “yes” is expected:Can I have some coffee?3) in offers and requests:Would you like some wine?Will you buy some stamps?Will you lend me some money?Somebody close the door, please.Please someone close the door.(祈使句中someone属第二人称)Oh, please, someone, go in and tell her.And, bring out my hat, somebody, will you?4. either:There were roses on either side of the door.There is a door at either end of the room.If seem impossiblefor either of us to remain.(=Neither could remain)5. one another/each other p.70The tow men shook hands with one another.The three gentleman looked at each other with blank faces when those words wew uttered.Chapter 6、Interrogative疑问词1. what/howWhat is he?(什么职业)Who is he?(他是谁)How is he?(身体状况)*How much is the price of rice?*How much is his income?*How many is his telephone number?*How many is his age?*How many is the population of GZ?How much/What does it cost to get to BJ?How old is he?What is his age?What age is he?How high is your room? P.73What is the height of your room?What height is your room?What is the depth of the lake?At what depth is the wreck lying?2. which, what, whoWhat will you have to?We have gin,whisky and sherry. Which will your have?Who do you want to speak to?I want to speak to Mr Smith.We have two Smith here: John and Joe, which (of them) do you want?Teacher(to a class):Who knows the formula?Which of you knows the formula?(“of you” is essential. which不能单独做主语,后一定要有范围)Chapter 7、Personal Pronoun人称代词1.They say(=people say) a storm is coming up.They want to make this a one-way street(the authority concerned). P.79We’ll(the editorial we) now explain the next point.2. you, one as indefinite pronouns:A parent must be patient with his children.One must be patient with owns children.(more impersonal an less ofter used)You must be patient with a children.(more friendly and implies that the speaker can imagine himself in such a position)3. reflexive pronoun:1) Tom himself went to London.(colloquial口语)Tom went to London himself.(written书面语)2) I did it myself. ( =It was done by me and not by someone else.是我干的,不是别人)I did it by myself(= I did it without any help是我一个人做的,没有其它帮助)3) He ’washed himself.( 他洗澡,可能是小孩,别人帮他洗.himself做宾语. reflexive pronoun) He ’washed ’himself.( 他自己亲自,不用别人.himself做状语, emphatic pronoun)I washed and dressed and sat by the fire waiting for him.She got out of bed and began to dress herself.4) He proved to be innocent.(没有说是不是本人自己去证明的)He proved himself to be innocent.( 他个人努力去证明自己是清白的.himself做proved后置宾语.)Chapter 8、Relatival Pronoun 关系代词1.The girls who serve in he shop are the owner’s daughters.Everyone who/that know him liked him.(That is a possible alternative after all, everybod, everyone, noe one, nobody and those)The man who/whom/that I saw told me to come back today.The friend who/whom/that was travelling with could speak French.The friendwith whom I was travelling could speak French.The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.2.The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.The car which/that I hired borke down.All the apples that fall down are eaten by the pigs.All that glitters is not gold.There’s not much that can be done.This is the same watch (that) I lost yesterday.This is the best hotel (that) I know.There’s nothing (that) I can do for you.Is there anything in this book that is worth reading?(which is hardly ever used after all, everything, little, much, more, no and compounds of no, or after superlative)The ladder (which/that) I was standing on began to slip.The laddrer on which I was standing began to slip.(formal)3.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.(一部分特指)The boys, who wanted to play footbal, were disappointed when it rained.(全部,是男孩不是女孩) 4. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.She introduce me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.(who is sometimes used in conversation)That block, which cost $10 million to build, has been empty for years.These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the informaion your need.The car, whose hand brake/(its hand brake) wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards.The car, the hand brake of which, wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards.(formal English)The car, of which the hand brake, wasn’t very reliable, began to side back towards. (formal English)Whoever gets home first starts cooking the supper.Whichever team gains the most points wins.All the book are here, you may borrow whchever you like.Whatever is to be doe must be done well.(they are both indefinite and emphatic)Chpater 9、Prepositions介词a. point点to at (away)from away from1.朝某一点去2.在某一点上3.离开某一点(动态)4.不在某个点上(静态)1.we went to Stratford/the hotel/the door.2.we stayed at home/the entrance.3.we came (away) from the theatre/ house/ bustop.4.we stayed away from home/England/the village.b. line线on/to on off off across,over along1.朝线去2.有接触3.离开4.未接触5.横过6.沿走1.The ball rolled on to the goal-line.2.Memphis is a town on the Mississippi.3.We turned off the main road.4.Zanzibar is an island off the coast of Africa.5.They drove across the frontier.6.we walked along the river bank.c. 平面on(to) on off off across,over1.去…2.在…里3. 离开…4.不在…5.横过…1.He fell on(to) the floor.2.There’s a green label on the bottle.3.He took the picture off the wall.4.That’s a place off the map.5.He took a walk across the fields.6.He looked through the window.onto = on tointo = in+tod. in type 范围in(to) in out of out of1.朝某个范围去2.在某个范围里3.离开某个范围4.在某个范围外5.穿过某个范围1.They crowded into the streets.2.I have a house in the city.3.They flew out of the country.4.He stayed out of the district.5.We went for a walk through the park.e. spacein(to) in out of out of1.朝某个范围去2.在某个范围里3.离开某个范围4.在某个范围外5.穿过某个范围1.He ran into the house.2.The food is in the cupboard.3.He climbed out of the water.4. He was out of room.5. The wind blew through the trees. f.·over1. The river is below the car.2. There are clouds above the car.3. The road is under(neath) the car.4. the roof frack is on top of the car.5. A bird hovered over us.6. A man is standing by/beside the car.out ofThe train sped towards/into/etc. the tunnel.1．I showed Bill the map.= I showed the map to Bill. I bought Janes a book.= I bought a book for Jane. We sent it to Georage.(*we sent Georage it) I sent it to him.(seldom used: I sent him it) 2．remind sb of sthHe reminded them that there were no trains after midnight.(如果一定要加的话，of the fact 放在 them 后. but,except 除外此句型)·above。
