alevel化学中前三章的相关练习题

第一章原子结构1（2008） Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. The graph represents the variation of a property of the Group II elements.What is this property?A ionic radiusB ionisation energyC neutron / proton ratioD rate of reaction with water2 （2008）In which pair do both atoms have one electron only in an s orbital in their ground states?A Ca, ScB Cu, BeC H, HeD Li, CrUse of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.Hard water contains calcium ions and hydrogencarbonate ions arising from dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2.How many electrons are present in the hydrogencarbonate anion?A 30B 31C 32D 333(2010) Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. What could be the proton number of an element that has three unpaired electrons in each of its atoms?A 5B 13C 15D 214（2008）（2010）(a) The diagram below represents the energy levels of the orbitals present in atoms of the second period (Li to Ne).(i) Label the energy levels to indicate the principal quantum number and the type of orbital at each energy level.(b)（2010）(i) Use the Data Booklet to state the value of the first ionisation energy of nitrogen and of oxygen.N ........................... kJ mol–1O ....................... kJ m–1(ii) Explain, with reference to your answer to (a)(iii), the relative values of these two ionisation energies.(a)On the axes below, sketch the shapes of a 1s, a 2s, and a 2px orbital.（2008）The Periodic Table we currently use is derived directly from that proposed by Mendeleev in 1869 after he had noticed patterns in the chemical properties of the elements he had studied.The diagram below shows the first ionisation energies of the first 18 elements of the Periodic Table as we know it today(a) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the first ionisation energy of fluorine. ...................................................................................................................... .(b) Explain why there is a general increase in first ionisation energies from sodium to argon. .......................................................................................................................(c) (i) Explain why the first ionisation energy of aluminium is less than that of magnesium.............................(ii) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is less than that of phosphorus................................第二章，原子分子和化学计量法（2009）2（2009）0.200 mol of a hydrocarbon undergo complete combustion to give 35.2 g of carbon dioxide and 14.4 g of water as the only products .What is the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon?A C2H4B C2H6C C4H4D C4H83（2008）Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. Titanium(IV) oxide, TiO2, is brilliantly white and much of theoxide produced is used in the manufacture of paint.What is the maximum amount of TiO2 obtainable from 19.0 tonnes of the ore ilmenite, FeTiO3?A 10.0 tonnesB 12.7 tonnesC 14.0 tonnesD 17.7 tonnes 4（2008）In the Basic Oxygen steel-making process the P4O10 impurity is removed by reacting it with calcium oxide. The only product of this reaction is the salt calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.In this reaction, how many moles of calcium oxide react with one mole of P4O10?A 1B 1.5C 3D 65（2008）Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.A typical solid fertiliser for use with household plants and shrubs contains the elements N, P, and K in the ratio of 15 g : 30 g :15 g per 100 g of fertiliser. The recommended usage of fertiliser is 14 g of fertiliser per 5 dm3 of water.What is the concentration of nitrogen atoms in this solution?A 0.03 mol dm–3B 0.05 mol dm–3C 0.42 mol dm–3–3D 0.75 mol dm(c) In a redox reaction, 0.83 g of lithium reacted with water toform 0.50 dm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide.2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium that reacted. …………………………………………………………(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen produced at room temperature and pressure………………(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the LiOH(aq) formed……………………第三章化学键和化学结构1（2007）This question is about the bonding of covalent compounds. (b) Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Covalent bonding may also be described in terms of orbital overlap with the formation of σbonds.(i) How are the two atoms in a covalent bond held together? In your answer, state which particles are attracted to one another and the nature of the force of attraction. ...................................................................................................................... .(ii) Draw sketches to show orbital overlap that produces the σbonding in the H2 and HCl molecules.(c) The bond in the HCl molecule is said to be ‘polar’.(i) What is meant by the term bond polarity?...................................................................................................................... (ii) Explain why the HCl molecule is polar.（2010）Copper, proton number 29, and argon, proton number 18, are elements which have different physical and chemical properties.In the solid state, each element has the same face-centred cubic crystal structure which is shown below.The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In thediagram above, the particles present are represented by .(a) Which types of particle are present in the copper and argon crystals?In each case, give their formula. element particle formulaCopper----------------------------------Argon------------------------------------[2]At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.(b) Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure.-----------------------------------------------------------------（2008）（2008）201（2010）1 Elements and compounds which have small molecules usually exist as gases or liquids.(a) Chlorine, Cl 2, is a gas at room temperature whereas bromine, Br 2, is a liquid under the same conditions.Explain these observations. (2)(b) The gases nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic,that is they have the same number of electrons in their molecules. Suggest why N2 has a lower boiling point than CO. (2)(c) A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a CO molecule is shown below. Only electrons from outer shells are representedIn the table below, there are three copies of this structure. On the structures, draw a circle round a pair of electrons that is associated with each of the following.(d) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a gas which is also isoelectronic with N2 and with CO.Each molecule contains a strong triple bond with the following bond energies.Although each compound contains the same number of electrons and a strong triple bond in its molecule, CO and HCN are both very reactive whereas N2 is not.Suggest a reason for this. ...................................................................................................。