2020年职称英语综合类C级词汇选项历年真题及解析

2020年职称英语理工类C级真题及答案第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)：下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me.A. seizedB. threwC. brokeD. stretched2. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8：00 and 9：00 in the morning.A. borderB. goalC. peakD. level3. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already.A. rightB. obviousC. unbelievableD. unclear4. I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.A. bringB. separateC. putD. set5. We found shelter from the rain under the trees.A. defenseB. standingC. protectionD. room6. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack.A. openB. cruelC. suddenD. direct7. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.A. worriedB. sleepyC. offensiveD. anxious8. We have to change the public's perception that money is everything.A. sightB. beliefC. interestD. pressure9. The odd thing was that he didn't recognize me.A. realB. wholeC. strangeD. same10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.A. taughtB. keptC. attractedD. changed。

职称英语（综合类）C级模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词汇选项 2. 阅读判断 3. 概括大意与完成句子 4. 阅读理解 5. 补全短文6. 完形填空词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。

1．Cattle graze on the dry uplands of the island of Hawaii.A．wanderB．breedC．feedD．exercise正确答案：C解析：吃草2．I wonder what your aim in life is.A．attitudeB．symbolC．goalD．action正确答案：C3．It is ridiculous to dispute about such things.A．foolishB．shockingC．frighteningD．amusing正确答案：A4．Can you follow the plot so far?A．changeB．investigateC．writeD．understand正确答案：D5．The Klondike was the scene of one of the biggest gold rushes the world hasever known.A．locationB．viewC．eventD．landscape正确答案：A解析：scene是“现场，场面，情景，景色”；view是“景色，风景，观点，见解”；event是“事件”，landscape“风景，山水画，地形”。

从句意“克朗代克河地区是人们迄今为止所知道的最大淘金热发生地之一。

”来看scene的含义是“地点”，所以答案是A。

6．The city has decided to do away with all the old buildings in its center.A．get rid ofB．set upC．repairD．paint正确答案：A解析：划线短语是动词短语，对于该短语的语义有两种查找方法：1)利用动词do，直接在字典中查找do away with这个短语的语义。

2020年职称英语考试真题及答案综合类C阅读判断第2部分：阅读判断（第16——22题，每题1分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是准确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

Time to Stop Traveling by AirTwenty-five years ago a young British man called Mark Ellingham decided that he wanted a change of scenery. So he went to Australia, stopping off in many countries beween. Healso decided to write about the experience and produced a guide for other travelers making similar journeys.In 1970, British airports were used by 32 million people. In 2004, the figure was 216 million. In 2030, according to government forecasts, it will be around 500 million. It’s a growth driven by the emergence of low cost airlines, offering access to all parts of the world for less than ￡100.This has made ahuge contribution to global warming. One return flight from Britain to the US produces the same carbon dioxide (二氧化碳）as a year’s motoring (驾车). A return flight to Australia equals the emissions (排放）of three average cars for a year. And the pollution is released at a height where its effect on climate change is more than double that on the ground.Mark Ellingham built his business on helping people travel. Now he wants to help people stop –at least by air.He is calling fora ￡100 green tax on all flights to Europe and Africa, and ￡250 on flights to the rest of the world. He also wants investment to create a low-carbon economy,as well as a halt to airport expansion.Mark Ellingham’s commitmentis important because his readers aren’t just the sort of young and adventurous people who would happily jump on a plane to spend a weekend exploring a foreignculture. They are also the sort of people who say they care about the environment.It's a debate that splits people down the middle.The tourist industry has responded by offering offsetting (补偿) schemes. A small increase in the price of a ticket is used to plant trees.But critics say that it is not enough to just be carbon neutral. We should be actively cuttingback on putting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. And for the average person,making a plane journey will be his or her largest contribution to globalwarming. It may be good to repair the damage we do. But surely it is better notto do the damage in the first place.16. Mark Ellingham spent quite a few days in China on his way to Australia 25 years ago.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned17. Traveling from Britain to any other part of the world may cost you less than ￡100.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. A round trip flight from Britain to Australia produces the same amount of carbon dioxide as three average cars do in a year.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned19. Mark Ellingham has never hesitated toencourage people to travel byA. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned20. Mark Ellingham's readers are not interested inenvironmental protection.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Critics argue that the best way to protect ourenvironment is not to do any damage to it.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned22. Mark Ellingham will collaborate with thecritics in his efforts to fight global warming.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned。

2020职称英语考试综合C级补全短文真题答案US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)this week at the United Nations. (46)2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47)3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If currenttrends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)A Tobacco stocks also perked up as investions discouried fears ** of from the US.B So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.C The impact of the treaty could be huge.D Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.E The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs.F The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.参考答案：FDECB。

2020职称英语《综合类》词汇练习题及答案41. We also want to use the water to irrigate berren desert land.A.hairlessB.bareC. emptyD.bald2. Since the Great Depression ，the United States government has protected farmers from damaging drops in grain prices.A.slightB.surprisingC.suddenD.harmful3. Cement was seldom used in building during the Middle Ages.A.crudelyB.rarelyC. originallyD.symbolically4. Nerve signals may travel through nerve or musclefibers at speeds as high as two hundred miles per hour.A.velocitiesB.impulsesC.ratiosD.atrocities5. The poet William Carlos Williams was a New Jersey physician.A.doctorB.professorC.physicistD. resident6.Medicine depends on other fields for basic information ，particularly some of their specializedbranches.A.conventionalltyB.obviouslyC.especiallyD.inevitably7. We shall take the treasure away to a safe place.A.cleanB.prettyC.distantD.secure8. An important part of the national government is the Foreign Service , a branch of the Department of state.A.a unityB.a divisionC.an embassyD.an invasion9. The child's abnormal behavior puzzled the doctor.A.badB.frighteningC.repeatedD.unusual10. There is an abundant supply of cheap labor in this country.A.a steadyB.a plentifulC.an extraD.a meager11. In order to improve our standard of living ,we have to accelerate production.A.set upB.decreaseC.stop12. Gas does accumulete in the mines around here.A.increaseB.spreadC.collectD.grow13. Our plan is to allocate one member of staff to handle appointmants.A.assignB.persuadeC.askD.order14. Her bebavior is extremely childish.A.simpleB.immatureC.beautifulD.foolish15. Many fine cooks insist on ingredients of the highest quality.A.demandB.rely onC.prepare for答案： 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.A。

2020年职称英语卫生类C级概括大意专项练习及答案解析第一篇Music Used as a Healing Therapy1 Music has long been used to treat patients suffering from different problems. In 400BC, its healing properties were documented by the ancient Greeks. More recently, in both world wars in the last century, medical workers used music therapy (疗法) with people suffering from trauma (外伤). Currently, it is used as a treatment for many diseases, such as cancer, and it has also been used by patients with long-term pain and learning disabilities.2 There is growing evidence that music can cause physical changes to the body which can improve our health. In the Welcome Trust Study, which took place over three years at the Chelsea and Westminster hospital in London, patients were asked to listen to musical performances. As a result, it was found that stress levels were significantly reduced, recovery times were improved, and fewer drugs were needed.3 These very positive results are partly due to general well-being (良好的健康状况). It is already accepted that when people feel happy and have a positive approach to life. They are more likely to feel better and recover from disease quickly. Music increases this feeling of joy and adds to the recovery process.4 However, not all these benefits can be attributed to an increase in general well-being. Music has other effects which have not yet been understood. According to Professor Robertson, a scientist and musician, some effects of musicare mysterious and are, therefore, being investigated further. It has been suggested that the sounds and rhythms of musichelp stimulate the brain and send electrical messages to the muscles.5 Science, however, demands facts and hard evidence. Many in the medical profession have not yet recognized the healing benefits of music, since reports have been based mainly on various stories of evidence. These new studies could provide proof to doctors that music is a suitable treatment for many conditions. One day doctors may even "prescribe" (开处方) music, but that could be a long time in the future.1. Paragraph 1 __________2. Paragraph 2__________3. Paragraph 3 __________4. Paragraph 4 __________A. Potential dangers of music therapyB. Increase in general well-beingC. History of music therapyD. Other mysterious effects of musicE. Positive physical changes caused by musicF. Music and your body5. Researchers have found that patients' stress levels decrease when they __________.6. Music can treat patients partly because __________.7. Those who always look on the bright side of life are more likely to __________.8. Many doctors don't believe that music can treat diseases because __________.A. recover from disease quicklyB. there is not enough hard evidenceC. use their minds activelyD. it improves general well-beingE. listen to musical performancesF. it brings many other benefits第二篇Anti-Aging Secrets： Four Ways to Stay Young1 The aging process is not easy for anyone. While some people accept getting older and do everything within their power to keep the mind and body active, others adopt a negative attitude and give in to the effects of aging. However, the key to feeling young is maintaining a young mental state. Moreover, simple lifestyle changes can make you feel years younger.2 Keeping the mind active is the best medicine against aging. Studies have shown that persons who remain activefollowing retirement live longer. Brainpower and physical fitness go hand-in-hand. When minds are sharpened or active, we are more likely to be physically active.Even if aging results in slight memory loss or a little confusion, brain exercises such as crossword puzzles (填字字谜) can improve memory.3 Some persons are naturally introverted (内倾性格的) or shy, which can result in isolation. If you want to live a long life, avoid isolation. Maintaining healthy relationships has lasting benefits. Establishing strong relationships could lower blood pressure, promote relaxation,ease pain, and may even strengthen the immune system (免疫系统).4 Too much stress can quickly age people. Completely ridding (使摆脱) our lives of stress is impossible. On the other hand, we can adopt simple techniques for better coping with life's problems, including reducing chaos, setting realistic goals, and relaxing.5 If you think that you are old, you feel old. Try to be cheerful and avoid developing a negative attitude towards life. Sometimes, this involves changing our association.Surrounding yourself with complainers will start to influence your attitude to life. We all experience hardships. Rather than focusing on the unpleasant, reflect on the positive things about life.1. Paragraph 2__________2. Paragraph 3__________3. Paragraph 4 __________4. Paragraph 5 __________A. Avoid IsolationB. Adopt a Positive Attitude to LifeC. Keep Your Mind ActiveD. Maintain BalanceE. Accept FailureF. Reduce Stress5. There is no better medicine against aging than __________.6. Isolation may keep a person from __________.7. Relaxation is one of the techniques for better __________.8. It is wise of us to avoidA. dealing with life's problemsB. keeping the mind activeC. changing our associationD. living a long lifeE. setting realistic goalsF. focusing on the unpleasant第三篇The Drink Your Body Needs Most1 Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物)to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs.2 We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches,and constipation (便秘) A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow colorindicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst isall obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty.3 A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need.For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drinkat least 80 ounces of water per day.If you exercise youshould drink another 8-ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water.When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces ofwater for every hour you are on board the plane.4 It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit oflemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need.1. Paragraph 1 __________2. Paragraph 2 __________3. Paragraph 3 __________4. Paragraph 4 __________A. Ounces of water needed per dayB. Importance of waterC. Composition of waterD. Signs of dehydrationE. Supply of waterF. Necessity for bringing a bottle for water5. You can't live6. Dehydration may occur if there is a shortage ofwater__________.7. The amount of water your body needs per day is closely related __________.8. Don't forget to drink enough water evenA. in your bodyB. without waterC. before longD. for a changeE. on a busy dayF. to your weight答案与解析第一篇1． C。

2020年职称英语卫生类C级概括大意历年真题及解析2020年真题Ebola Outbreak1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are batting an Ebola Outbreak.Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contacted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carriers of the virus.2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak：Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries, your risk of contacting the virus isvirtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Spbcifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though, the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contacting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or aslate as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms includedisgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat.5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body.This causes an over-stimulation of the body's inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body's normal clotting mechanism(凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注), ultimately lead to organ failure and death.6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world's most fatal viral infections. Ebola's fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.23. Paragraph 2 __________24. Paragraph 3 __________25. Paragraph 4 __________26. Paragraph 5 __________A. Am I at risk of contacting the virus?B. Is the current outbreak the deadlines?C. How do I know ifI have contacted the virus?D. What areas are currently affected?E. What exactly does Ebola do to the body?F. What caused the Ebola outbreak?27. The initial Ebola outbreak was found in28. The difference between SARS and Ebola viruses liesin__________.29. The symptoms of the patients after being infected may first appear __________.30. The Ebola virus transmits by contact with __________.A. infected body fluidsB. against the outbreak severityC. the mode of transmissionD. the initial days of being infectedE. three countries in West AfricaF. within a wide range of days2020年真题Eye Problems1 Our eyes are under a great deal of strain these days as computer work, television viewing, night driving, and even sunshine are making exceptional demands. Sunlight, especially in the summer,is now regarded as one cause of cataracts ( 白内障).2 The thinning of the ozone (臭氧) layer means moreshort-wave ultraviolet (UV) rays (紫外线)are reaching the earth, and these are the biggest risk factor for clouding the lens of the eye.Ultraviolet rays increase the risk of changes to the cornea (角膜) causing clouded vision andeventually cataracts. The rays can be shielded only by anti-UV lenses. However, our eyes are not sufficiently protected by fashion sunglasses.3 “Poor night vision and eye fatigue are noticeably more common, and there has been a big increase in minor eye complaints in the over-40s," says Dr. M/re/lle Bonnet, who took part in recent research. She says that the six muscles controlling each eye move more than100,000 times a day and that everyone should learn to exercise their eye muscles and allow them to rest.4 It was traditionally thought that near-or far-sightedness were inherited from our parents and could not be influenced by environmental factors, but new research is challenging this assumption.5 Recent studies suggest that up to 80 percent of schoolchildren in the United States and western Europe are nearsighted. Years of focusing on close, two-dimensional work causes most children to become at least slightly nearsighted by the age of 10, say the researchers.6 Problems with night vision, which affect around 25 percent of people, are also on the increase because of computer use. Using computer screens means the eye must operate in electromagnetic fields (电磁场) that make it work harder. It is estimated that 25 to 30 percent of people have eye conditions, such as difficulty with night vision, which results from staring at a screen.23. Paragraph 2 __________24. Paragraph 3 __________25. Paragraph 5 __________26. Paragraph 6 __________A. The development of poor night visionB. The greatest threat to the eyesC. The function of sunglassesD. The reason for children's nearsightednessE. The effects of computer on the eyesF. The ways to reduce eve comolaints27. Sunlight in the summer is believed to be one cause of__________.28. We can wear anti-UV glasses to protect ___________.29. We used to believe that near-or far-sightedness were inherited from __________.30. Over 25% of people are estimated to have difficulty with night vision due to __________.A. our parentsB. clouded visionC. eye musclesD. our eyesE. computer useF. eye move2020年真题Traffic Jams--No End in Sight1 Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities acrossboth the developed and developing world. In the U. S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available,most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.2 The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seemsto work： Singapore, London and Stockholm have reducedtraffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.3 Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staffto telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars offthe road altogether.4 Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded "citystreets. But such techniques do not really keep cars offthe road; they only accommodate more of them.Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the$50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.23. Paragraph 1 __________24. Paragraph 2__________25. Paragraph 3 ___________26. Paragraph 4 __________A. Paying to get inB. Changing work practiceC. Not doing enoughD. A solution which is no solutionE. Closing city centres to trafficF. A global problem27. Most American drivers think it convenient to__________.28. If charged high enough, some drivers may __________to enter certain parts of town.29. Building more roads is not an effective way to__________.30. The U. S. government has planned to__________updating public-transport systems.A. reduce traffic jamsB. drive aroundC. go by busD. spend more moneyE. travel regularlyF. encourage more private cars答案与解析2020年真题23．D。

2020年职称英语考试真题及答案综合类C级补全短文(网友版)综合C补全短文US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)this week at the United Nations. (46)2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47)3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)A Tobacco stocks also perked up as investions discouried fears ** of from the US.B So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.C The impact of the treaty could be huge.D Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.E The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs.F The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.参考答案：FDECB。

2020 职称英语综合 C 级冲刺模拟题及答案第1部分：词汇选项（第1〜15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有 1 个词或者短语有下划线，请为每处下划线部分确定l 个意义最为接近的选项。

1 、It is difficult to comprehend, but everything you have ever seen, smelt, heard or felt,is merely your brain's interpretation of incoming stimuli.A. explanationB. evaluationC. recognitionD. interruption2、Romantic novels, as opposed to realistic ones, tend to present idealized versions of life, often with a happy ending.A. in contrast toB. in regard toC. in terms ofD. in light of3、When taken in large quantities some drugs can cause permanent brain damage.A. lastingB. seriousC. terribleD. temporary4、When a man knows that he will be put into prison if he usesa potentially deadly object to rob or do harm to another person, he will think twice about it.A. passiveB. lifelongC. unhappyD. fatal5、Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp..A. localB. unfamiliarC. goodD. unfavorable6、There are some things in the class the teachers will not put up with.A. tolerateB. contributeC. resistD. prohibit7、They believe that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation's economic independence.A. upholdB. minimizeC. weakenD. postpone8、Courageous people think quickly and act without hesitation.A. complaintB. considerationC. delayD. anxiety9、A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.A. freedomB. assistanceC. cluesD. funds10、Practically all animals communicate either through sounds or through soundless codes.A. CertainlyB. ProbablyC. AbsolutelyD. Almost11、Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the earthquake.。

2020年职称英语卫生类C级模拟试题及答案（6）第3篇：Some things we know about languageMany things about language are a mystery, and many will always remain SO．But somethings we do know．First，we know that all human beings have a language of some sort．There is no race of men anywhere on earth so backward that it has no language，no set of speech sounds by which the people communicate with one mother．Furthermore，in historical times，there has never been a race of men withouta language．Second，there is no such thing as a primitive language．There are many people whosecultures are undeveloped，who are，as we say，uncivilized, but the languages they speak are not primitive．In all known1anguages we can see complexities that must have been tens of thousands of years in developing．This has not always been well understood；indeed, thedirect contrary has often been stated．Popular ideas of the1anguage of the American Indians will illustrate．Many people have supposed that the Indians communicated in a veryprimitive system of noises．Study has proved this to be nonsense．There are，or were，hundreds of American Indian languages，and a11 of them turn out to be very complicatedand very old. They are certainly different from the languagesthat most of us are familiar with，but they are no more primitive five than English and Greek．A third thing we know about language is that alllanguages are perfectly adequate．That is, each one is a perfect means of expressing the culture of the people who speak the language．Finally, we know that language changes．It is natural and normal for language to change；the only languages which do not change are the dead ones．This is easy to understand if we look backward in time．Change goes on in all aspects of language．Grammatical features change as do speech sounds，and changes invocabulary are sometimes very extensive and may occur very rapidly．Vocabulary is the least stable part of any language．词汇：race／n．种族primitive／adj．原始的uncivilized／adj．不开化的，落后的complexity／n．复杂性，复杂现象nonsense／n．胡说，没有根据的话extensive／adj．广泛的vocabulary／n．词汇练习：1． In the second paragraph the author thinks thatA)some backward race doesn’t have a language of its own．B)some rac e in history didn’t possess a language of its own．C)any human race，whether backward or not，has a language．D)some races on earth call communicate without language．2． According to the author, people of undevelopedcultures can have___ languages.A)complicatedB)uncivilizedC)primitiveD)well—known3．The author has used American Indian languages as an example to show that they areA)just as old as some well-known languages．B)just as sophisticated as some well-known languages．C)more developed than some well-known languages．D)more complex than some well-known languages．4. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A)A language is a means of expressing a particular culture．B)All languages can well express their respective cultures．。