自动控制-中英翻译

automatic controlAutomatic control is relatively artificial control terms ，which refers to correlate with no people directly involved in conditions, the additional equipments or devices to make the machine, equipment or the production process of a certain job of state or parameters automatically set to run the rule.Automatic control technology research will benefit mankind from complicated, risky, tedious work environment free of control and greatly improve the efficiency. Automatic control is a branch of engineering science. It involves using a feedback of dynamic system of the principle of automatic influence, in order to make the output value close with that we set value. From the theory of methods, the mathematical theory is a foundation of Automatic control. As we known today, as automatic control is in the middle of the twentieth century from the control of a branch. The conclusion is based by Norbert wiener, Rudolf kalman proposes.1.The first generation process Control System(PCS)The first generation process Control System is based on 5-13 psi Pneumaticrebefo signal standard ( Pneumatic Control System) PCS before 150 years ,which includes simple on-site operation mode, control theory preliminary form. There does not has been the concept of the control room.2.The second generation process Control System(ACS)The second generation process Control System (ACS or Analog Control System) Analog to produce stats are based on 0-10 mA or 4-20 mA's current Analog signals, the obvious progress of the Control System is that to rule the whole firmly automatic Control field in the whole 25 years. It represents the arrival of the era of electrical automatic control. Control theory has the significant development, the establishment of the three big cybernetics laid the foundation of modern control; The establishment of control function, control room separate model has been used today.3.The third generation of process Control System(CCS)The third generation of process Control System, Computer Control System (CCS) began in t he 70’s ,the application of digital Computer has a great technical advantage, people in measurement, simulation and logic Control field, whichpioneered the use of the third generation process Control System, Computer Control System (CCS). This is called the third generation process control system is automatic control a revolution in the field, it give full play to the computer specialty, so it is widely acknowledged that computer can do all things, naturally produced is called "the centralized control" of the central control computer system, it should be pointed out that the signal transmission system is still the most used with 4-20 mA analog signals, but soon after that, as people focus and reliability of the control aspects of the problem, the out of control risk also focused on, a little wrong will make the whole system to paralysis. So it was quickly developed into the distributed control system (DCS).4.The fourth generation process Control System(DCS)With the rapid development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, the microprocessor to the widespread use of computer technology greatly increased, the reliability of the currently used is the fourth generation process Control System (DCS, or Distributed digital Control System), it is the main features of the whole Control System that there is no longer only a computer, it is a Control System by a computer and some intelligent instruments and intelligent components comprise. So the way of distributed control became the most important characteristic. Another important development exception is the signal transmission among of them are not based on 4-20 mA analog signals, and gradually digital signal to replace analog signals.5.The fifth generation process Control System (FCS)The development of FCS from the DCS, like DCS from CCS over the development as, there is a qualitative leap, that is "Distributed control" developed to " focused control". The way of data transmission is "bus" way. The so-called field-bus is intelligent measurement and control equipment conect all the digital, two-way transmission, with many node of the structure of the branch communications link. Say simply traditional control is a loop, and FCS technology is modules such as controller, actuators, detector etc on a bus to hang up realize communication, of course, transmission is the digital signal. The main bus has Profibus, LonWorks, etc. But the real with DCS FCS difference is to have a more FCS wide development space. Because the traditional DCS technical level while continuously improved, but themost low-end only communication network to the control station level, the control station and the field measurement instrument, the contact between the actuators are still used one-to-one transmission of 4-20 mA analog signals, high cost, low efficiency, maintenance difficulties, can't play the field instruments, to realize the potential of the intelligent field device the work state of comprehensive monitoring and deep management..In the modern science and technology in many fields, automatic control technology is playing a more and more important role. Automatic control theory is the study of the automatic control of common laws technology science. Its initial development stage, is based on the theory of the feedback of automatic adjustment principle, mainly for industrial control, during world war two, in order to design and manufacture the plane and Marine autopilot, gun positioning system, radar tracking system based on feedback and other military equipment, the principle of further promote and perfect the development of the theory of automatic control. After the war, in order to form the full automatic control theory system, which is the transfer function is the foundation of classical control theory, it mainly studies single input and single output, the linear system analysis and set constant design problem.Automatic control of the development, from the start of the happen to form a control theory, the whole that process. Speak Automatic control is refers to such feedback control system, this is a controller object with a control of the control object, the output signal get it back, after come back for measuring with the signal are compared. According to the error tell controller, which is within the machine work. Let the controller to complete the control effect, make the deviation eliminate or make the controlled objects output tracking what I need to be requirements of the signal. The controlled objects output in general is a physical quantities, for example say me to control a machine speed, is need to come out, to measure the speed control.Saying to hear I have to mention is the "engineering cybernetics qian xuesen". Qian xuesen, written in 1954, when his book in the United States, we wrote the book here also can't get in English, but the former Soviet union very seriously, the former Soviet union immediately translate it into Russian. We see of the former Soviet union was in 1956 put his Russian, translation come out, we see at that time is the Russianversion of, this is in about twenty s the formation process of the main process, the experience is concluded.The robust leaves (Lurie) in the former Soviet union in 1944 about him out to everybody now make nonlinear may know, out to a robust leaves in question, this problem has been not solve, he later to write a book, is to keep the problem. The problem, start to when? I said something about this here two style, British and American of just everybody has to come out, make the person is engineering in make control, the former Soviet union is the application with mechanics in make home mathematician control, so two played the role is not the same. His 1951 book at that time is very hard to understand, hard to read. This work, he brought out the robust, Lurie), (until 1960, someone out to solve a solution, we may know, is that the absolute Popov) Popov (stability. Then out of the stability and is robust to solve this problem, Lurie (in). That is the book was 20 s, twenty century in the late '40 s, 50 s, some of the work has been influence of the twentieth century, but also affects the 60 s to present some nonlinear theory, is his work for the foundation. The twentieth century is in the 40 s, front of the development of the technology is a process, slowly forms a theory. I'm used to in such a schedule to said 50 s, most of the time, call classical control theory; 60 s call the state space method, is actually state space method, but you know, at that time, the name of the called it the modern control theory; Then in the 70 s is the modern the frequency domain method, such a process.The next now is to explain the state space method, finished that modern control theory. The state space method who first brought out? The third book is just of the former Soviet union, these scholars. They make applied mathematics and mechanics, they never get the is used is the state space method. In 1960, it introduced to kalman English world, so the world it is spending in English, that means the country want English country, because it was all don't know, kalman is a Slavic name. In 1960, he, he put the state space method introduced to the United States. But add people to this hype, modern control theory to hype seem very much as gods, was also some people expected is relatively large. This is the development of the ten years later, he found too, like the expected only so! Some problem you didn't also solved. So the time, and some people back to the frequency domain method, is the earliest 50 s is thefrequency domain method, 60 s, 70 s state space and back to the frequency domain method.Of course, this is the spiral, this time the frequency domain method and then add a name, so that the modern the frequency domain method. Think frequency domain to consider the design problems or more appropriate, consider some of the design requirements, I just have this frequency domain method. Just in the modern the frequency domain method development on this momentum, 1981, and wrote you this no said robust, we now everyone make control theory know to robust design. Say you this modern the frequency domain method not robustness, when people do not believe, after the 80 s, the arguments that dispute slowly forms. By 1991, is now of course is that you may be someone the term does not necessarily unification, someone called it the modern control theory, Postmodern after keep control. We now have to go back to see, why do you say that no robustness? One will say, we from the many variable system, it is actually much more variable system into the system. Many variables don't appropriate, there is a lot of input, output a. Many avariable a problem, called the coupling, is between input and output coupling each other. Control, intuitive request was for decoupling control, decoupling control later! Is this the 1 to 1 can form output feedback system, the 2! with the 2 of output can form feedback systems, and the design will be easier.自动控制自动控制（automatic control）是相对人工控制概念而言的，指的是在没有人直接参与的情况下，利用外加的设备或装置，使机器、设备或生产过程的某个工作状态或参数自动地按照预定的规律运行。