定语从句之关系代词用法

定语从句之关系代词用法（II）
引导定语从句的关系代词有：who、whom（指人）、which（指物）、that、whose （人物双指）。

其各自用法如下：
一、who、whom及whose
who、whom、whose作为关系代词既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词主要指人，其中whose也可指物。

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时用who，作宾语或表语时用whom或who，表示所属关系时用whose。

1．、．who和whom的区别：
不能用whom在从句中作主语，只能作宾语或表语。

而who作主语、宾语、表语均可。

例如：a) The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.
= The girl who , we supposed , was drowned came back.
b) The girl who/whom we supposed drowned came back.
(2)whom在作动词或介词宾语时，特别是在口语中，一般省去，或用who、that 代替。

而在以介词结尾的定语从句中最好不用whom。

例如：
a) I think you should stay faithful to the person whom you're married to . (×)
上面一句一般被认为是不正确的，宜改为：
b) I think you should stay faithful to the person who/that you’re married to .(口语中)
c) I think you should stay faithful to the person you’re married to .
d) I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom you’re married .(正式文体中)
（３）在非限制性定语从句中，最好whom用作宾语，且不能省略。

His mother , whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.
2．、．whose的用法
whose表示所属关系，与名词连用，可指人或物。

“whose＋名词”在从句中可作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语。

a)．．When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath
away.(whose beauty作主语，whose指人a girl)
b)．．It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.(whose
importance 作动词realize的宾语，whose指物a meeting)
c)．．Atlas (in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the
world rested.(whose shoulders作介词on 的宾语)
当whose用来指物时，可用of+which来替代，此时词序为：“限定词+名词+of+which”或“of +which+限定词+名词”。

a)．．I had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.
b)．．I had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear.
c)．．I had a meeting of which the purpose was completely unclear.
d)．．There are nations whose lack of contact with the outside world has resulted in
poverty.(注：此句中whose不宜用of which替换，lack of 是固定词组不
能分开)
注意：whose不能用于“whose+限定词+名词”这样的结构，如不能说whose the name。

但它可以用这样的结构：“whose+强调词+名词”，如：
I looked at a book yesterday whose very name I don’t remember.
二、which的用法
1、通常用来指物，可引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。

在从句中作主语或宾语等。

先行词可以是单个名词，主句的一部分或指前面整个句子。

a) He showed me a photo which upset me.(先行词是photo,which指单个名词)
b) He likes climbing mountains , which is a good exercise.(先行词是主句的一部分climbing mountains)
c) He tore up my photo, which upset me.(全句He tore up my photo作先行词)
d) She wore her swimming things (外衣)in the office , which shocked her boss a great deal.（用在非限制性定语从句中的which, 可相当于and this或and that或and it）
e) She wore her swimming things in the office ,and it shocked her boss a great deal.
2、除了上面which作主语、宾语外，还可以作限定词与名词连用，此时which 作定语。

a) He may be late , in which case we ought to wait for him.
b) He lost his temper , at which point I decided to go home.
c) They bribed the officials , which practice was very common there.
e) The tiger is at large , which circumstance (or fact) is very serious.
== The tiger is at large, a circumstance (or fact) which is very serious.
注意：这样使用的which被称作“关系形容词”，只能用于非限制性定语从句。

3．、．which与who的区别
当先行词是一个表示泛指“一类人”的名词时，我们用which来引导定语从句。

a)．．Anna is vegetarian, which no one else is in our family.
b)．．Anna is a vegetarian, which I don’t want to be.(这里vegetarian泛指一般的概念)
c)．．The vegetarian , who is my close friend , never eats meat.(这里的vegetarian具体
指一个人)
当指“人”的先行词是表明一种身份或一种职业时，用which来引导定语从句。

d)．．His brother had become a teacher, which he wanted to be.(a teacher这里指一种
职业)
e)．．He was often dressed like a policeman, which he wished to be . (这里的a
policeman指一种职业)
另外，有时关系代词指的是前面整个句子的意思，而不是指单一的先行词名词，此时尽管先行词名词指人，关系代词也要用which.。

f)．．He is an Englishman , which I know from his accent.(这里的which指的是He is
an Englishman.)
与which和who的区别相类似的，还有which（此时作限定词）和whose的区别：a)．．The doctor told me to take a few days’ rest, which advice I did not follow.(强调
“医生让我休息几天”这样一个建议我没有接受)
这里的先行词是前面整个句子，而不是the doctor，所以不能whose用。

b)．．The doctor, whose advice I did not follow, told me to take a few days’ rest.
这里的先行词应是the doctor，“尽管这个医生让我休息几天，但我没有接受他的建议”。