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托福阅读真题第2套

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第2套

ColonialAmericaandtheNavigationActs

Paragraph1

Intheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,theBritishparliamentenactedanumber

oflaws,calledNavigationActs,governingcommercebetweenBritainandits

overseascolonies.Forexample,theNavigationActsof1660and1663barredthe

empire’scolonialmerchantsfromexportingsuchcommoditiesassugarandtobacco

anywhereexcepttoEnglandandfromimportinggoodsinnon-Englishships.

Similarly,theMolassesActof1733taxedallforeignmolasses(athickliquiddrained

fromsugarcaneandusedtomakerum)enteringthemainlandAmericancoloniesat

sixpencepergallon.Thisactwasintendedlesstoraiserevenuethantoserveasa

protectivetariff(tax)thatwouldbenefitBritishWestIndiansugarproducersatthe

expenseoftheirFrenchrivals.By1750alongseriesofNavigationActswereinforce,

withseveraleffectsontheNorthAmericancolonialeconomy.

1.Accordingtoparagraph1,theNavigationActsof1660and1663didnotallow

importinggoodswithoutpayingtaxesonthem

importinggoodsmadeoutsidetheBritishEmpire

usingEnglishshipstotransportgoodstonon-Britishcolonies

usingnon-Englishshipstobringingoodsfromoutsidethecolonies

2.Whatwasthepurposeof“theMolassesActof1733”?

ToproducethefundsneededtoprotectBritishWestIndiansugarproducersfromattackbytheFrench

TogiveBritishsugarproducersintheWestIndiesanadvantageovertheirFrenchrivals

TopreventrumfrombeingmadeoutsideoftheBritishWestIndies

TodiscouragethemainlandAmericancoloniesfromimportingmolasses

Paragraph2

Foronething,thelawslimitedallimperialtradetoBritishships,definedasthose

withBritishownershipandcrewsthatwerethree-quartersBritish.Forpurposesofthe

legislation,ParliamentclassifiedallcolonistsasBritish.Thisrestrictionnotonly

contributedtoGreatBritain’sriseasEurope’sforemostshippingnationbutalsolaid

thefoundationsforanAmericanshipbuildingindustryandmerchantmarine.Bythe

1750sone-thirdofallimperialvesselswereAmerican-owned,mostlybymerchantsin

thenortheastandinmid-Atlanticcolonies.Theswiftgrowthofthismerchantmarine

diversifiedthenortherncolonialeconomyandmadeitmoreself-sufficient.The

expansionofcolonialshippinginturnacceleratedurbanizationbycreatinganeedfor

centralizeddocks,warehouses,andrepairshopsinthecolonies.By1770Philadelphia

andNewYorkCityhademergedastwooftheBritishEmpire’sbusiestports.3.Theword“swift”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

gradual

fast

protective

long-term

4.Accordingtoparagraph2,theNavigationActshadallofthefollowingeffectson

thenortherncoloniesinNorthAmericaEXCEPT:

Theregion’seconomicdependenceonBritaindeclined.

Theregion’sportsbecameincreasinglybusy.

Shipbuildingandrelatedindustriesgrewinstrength.

Ownershipofvesselsbymerchantsinthenortheastandmid-Atlanticcoloniesdeclined.

Paragraph 3

The Navigation Acts also barred the export of certain “enumerated goods” to foreign

nations unless those items first passed through England or Scotland. The American

mainland’s chief items of this sort were tobacco, rice, furs, indigo (a Carolina plant

that produced a blue dye), and naval supplies (such as masts and tar). Parliament

never restricted grain, livestock, fish, lumber, or rum, which altogether made up 60

percent of American colonial exports. Furthermore, Anglo-American exporters of

tobacco and rice—the chief commodities affected by enumeration—had their burdens

reduced by two significant concessions. First, Parliament gave tobacco growers a

monopoly over the British market by excluding foreign tobacco, even though this hurt

British consumers. (Rice planters enjoyed a natural monopoly because they had no

competitors.) Second, Parliament tried to minimize the added cost of landing tobacco

and rice in Britain (where customs officials collected duties on both) by refunding the

duties on all tobacco and rice that the colonists later shipped to other countries.

5.SelecttheTWOanswerchoicesthat,accordingtoparagraph3,indicatehowthe

NavigationActsaffectedriceandtobaccoexporters.Toreceivecredit,youmust

selectTWOanswerchoices.

TheyfirsthadtoshiptheirproductstoeitherEnglandorScotlandbeforeshippingthemelsewhere.

Theirexportswerereducedby60percent.

TheyreceivedspecialconcessionsbyParliament.

Theyhadtousetheirownshipstoexporttheirproducts.6.Theauthormentions“grain,livestock,fish,lumber,orrum”inthepassagein

orderto

indicatethecolonialexportsthatwereaffectedbyenumeration

provideexamplesofimportantcommoditiesthathadnotbeenallowedtobeexportedbeforetheNavigationActswereintroduced

explainwhyBritaindecidedtointroducetheNavigationActs

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【1】Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention

of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and

quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not

always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic

painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware

of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

【2】Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and

impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a

boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a

ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the

device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian

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The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the

particularproperties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and

gaseous states,water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,

transports, and precipitates manychemical compounds and is

constantly modifying the face of the Earth.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some

of which aretransported by wind over the continents.

Condensation from the clouds providesthe essential agent of

continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground,the water

trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting

whatare called the hydrographic network. This immense

polarized network channels thewater toward a single receptacle:

an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire stepin the cycle because

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There is a quality of cohesiveness aboutthe Roman worldthat applied

neither to Greece nor perhaps to any othercivilization, ancientor modern.

Like the stone of Roman wall, which were heldtogether both by

theregularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerfulRoman cement,

so thevarious parts of the Roman realm were bonded into amassive,

monolithic entityby physical, organizational, and psychologicalcontrols.

The physical bondsincluded the network of military garrisons, whichwere

stationed in everyprovince, and the network of stone-built roads

thatlinked the provinces withRome. The organizational bonds were based

on thecommon principles of law andadministration and on the universal

army ofofficials who enforced commonstandards of conduct. The

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1 0308托福试题

阅读（55minutes）

Question 1-11

If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material

is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these

bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth

century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous

(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving

matter.

The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French

chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures

present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did

(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After