文学翻译unit 5《修辞格的翻译方法》

修辞格的翻译方法修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。

翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。

英译汉中常见的修辞格，包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等，本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法，包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等，并通过一些实例来阐述。

一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异，为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。

总的来说，英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。

（一）直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。

直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达能力。

His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。

（二）加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。

它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到比较好的效果。

Christ，to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths，you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。

（注：诺克斯堡是美国一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。

）（三）意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的，如保留其形象就会危害其义。

如英语的头韵法，其搭配可以千变万化，很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配，即使勉强凑韵，也不一定能表达原文的意思。

在这种情况下，必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。

safe and sound安然无恙now and never机不可失（1）He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。

3.5.1
明喻与隐喻 （simile and metaphor）（续2）
Will the Houston Rockets’ courtship of 7-5 Chinese center Yao Ming become a marriage, or will there be a breakup before Wednesday’s NBA draft? 休斯顿火箭队对7英尺5的中国中锋姚明的求爱是会 变成一场婚姻，还是他们在星期三的NBA选秀初选之 前分手？
认知语言学家George Lakoff Mark Johnson在 Metaphors We Live By一书中指出，隐喻是人类生存主要 的和基本的方式，人类隐喻认知结构是语言和社会文化 产生发展的基础。而语言是文化的载体，一种语言的比 喻折射出以这种语言为母语的人的思维方式和社会文化 特征。不管是明喻还是暗喻，翻译时首先要判断这种思 维方式或文化特征能否被译文读者所接受，然后依此进 行处理。请看下列例句：
3.5.1
明喻与隐喻 （simile and metaphor）（续5）
He was so fond of talking that his comrades nicknamed him "magpie". 他如此唠叨，同伴们给他起了个"麻雀"的外号。（汉 语中"喜鹊"喻义喜事、吉利、运气，而英语中喻义却是唠 叨、饶舌，于是取汉语中联想效果对应的比喻） "Don't be scared, chickens!" came her voice with teasing gaiety. " 别害怕， 你们这些胆小如鼠的东西！"只听得她用戏 谑的口气说道。（英语中鸡是懦弱、胆怯的代名词，而汉 语中的鸡却无法引起人们的这种联想，于是换成老鼠形象）

2) Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
(Great people think alike. “伟大的脑袋所见略同”)
3) Gray hair should be respected. 老年人应受到尊敬。 (gray hair = the aged; “灰头发应受到尊敬”)
charcoal fire in the snowy weather, and timely
rainfall in a severe drought. 2) I came, I saw, I conquered.
我来了！我看见了！我征服了！ （我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗开得胜）
3) We laughed, we sang, we danced.
Lecture Five
英语中修辞手法和翻译技巧 Figures of Speech in Translation
一、引言
修辞格：为了使说话增强表达效果而运用的一些修 饰描摹的特殊方法。又称辞格、辞式。修辞格就是 语言在长期运用过程形成的具有特定形式和表达功 能的修辞格式。有的修辞格有鲜明的形式特征，有 的则在表达功能上独具特色。 修辞格在翻译中是一个最为棘手的问题。
2) His daughter is rather weak in the head.
他的女儿脑子不太好使.
(原文用 “weak in the head “ 来回避 “stupid “ 或 “foolish ”这个词, 译文也用 “脑子不太好使” 来代替 “笨” 或 “2）我从乡下跑到京城里, 一转眼已经六年了.
Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside.

• 他（指索罗）说：“如果一个人要说什 么，就应像竹筒倒豆子那样直截了当地 说出来。”
• Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster. • 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守 口如瓶。
• as cunning as a dead pig • as happy as a cow • a fly in the ointment(药膏 ) • you can’t make bricks without straw
• Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back. • 劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的(不起作用)。
2.
替换比喻，去异求同
• 比喻形象在中英民族中概念不同 • 比喻的事物是各民族特有的成语典故
• 当差异不利于理解，而汉语里恰有相对应 的固定比喻，可用中国特有比喻来替换
• 英语比喻美感的再现应以比喻内容为基 础，发掘比喻美的真正所在，同时致力 于形式的表现，尽可能用“形神兼备” 的翻译来传神达意。在实在不可能“形 似”时，要在“神似”的条件下，竭力 用其它方法和手段表现出原比喻的意之 真谛、美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采 用以下方法：
1.
保留差异，等值再现
• Passion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit)
as brave as lion as black as crow

文学中几种常见的英语修辞手法及其翻译several common english figures of speech and their translating in literatureauthor: liu baijingabstract: english figures of speech are the artistic nature of language. as special signs of the language, they are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. by briefly analyzing several common english figures of speech, this paper makes readers understand what figures of speech are and how to apply them, and suggests some methods of translating them.摘要：修辞是语言表达的艺术。

作为积极修辞的英语修辞格广泛运用于文学作品。

从语言学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种特殊的符号。

从翻译学的观点看，英语修辞格是一种不同文化背景下独特的意境。

本文通过对几种常见修辞的粗略分析，来体会其中翻译的韵味，并掌握其翻译技巧。

key words: figures of speech, translation, method关键词：修辞，翻译，方法introduction:different countries and different cultures carrydifferent histories, but it makes us get together at the same time. language is a tool for people to convey their feelings and thoughts. in order to improve the effects of expression and strengthen the persuasion, people apply many varieties of methods. m.a.k halliday said: “each language has its own logic, own figures of speech, and own value of aesthetics.”so we find, figures of speech are the artistic nature of language.as special signs of the language, figures of speech are widely used in literary works; as unique contexts of mind, they are widely used in different cultural backgrounds. the categories of english figures of speech (feng cuihua. english figures of speech): simile, metaphor, analogy, personification, hyperbole, understatement, euphemism, metonymy, synecdoche, antonomasia, pun, zeugma, irony, innuendo, sarcasm, paradox, oxymoron, antithesis, epigram, climax, anti-climax, apostrophe, transferred-epithet, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and repetition.the charm of figures of speech in literature lies in its beauty of relation, beauty of change, beauty of harmony, and beauty of sound and color. now, let us analyze several commonenglish figures of speech in literature, and try to summarize the methods of translating them.1. simileit is a figure of speech, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. to make the comparison words like as ,as…as, as if, and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.e.g. ①sore-eyed children clouds cluster of everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.(“marrakech” ae1) 眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多的像一群群的苍蝇,数也数不清。

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30、风俗可以造就法律，也可以废除 法律。 ——塞·约翰逊
英语修辞格的译法.
谢谢
11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。——邓拓 12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。——爱尔兰 13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。——老子 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。——歌德 15、最具挑战性的挑ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้莫过于提升自我。——迈克尔·F·斯特利
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26、我们像鹰一样，生来就是自由的 ，但是 为了生 存，我 们不得 不为自 己编织 一个笼 子，然 后把自 己关在 里面。 ——博 莱索
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27、法律如果不讲道理，即使延续时 间再长 ，也还 是没有 制约力 的。— —爱·科 克
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28、好法律是由坏风俗创造出来的。 ——马 克罗维 乌斯
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29、在一切能够接受法律支配的人类 的状态 中，哪 里没有 法律， 那里就 没有自 由。— —洛克

高级英语第五册修辞方法（Rhetorical Device）1. Simile:L1-17: It is something like… behind bars.L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall… a mighty stream.(justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream)L5-5: Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (dumb as an ox)L5-50: First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (comparing his longing for the raccoon coat with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window.)L5-123: It was like digging a tunnel. (comparing his teaching to the hard work of digging a tunnel.)L5-147: I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (comparing his angry shouts to the bellowing ofa bull)L7-2: …united with others of our country in everything…like the fingers of the hand.(comparing the relationship between black and white to fingers of the hand)L7-10: Yet even then I had been going over my speech...as bright as flame. (comparing each word of his speech to bright flame)L7-16: For in those days I was what they called ginger—colored...like a crisp ginger cookie.(comparing the narrator to a cookie)L7-20: My saliva became like hot bitter glue.L7-21: The boys groped about like blind, cautious crabs... hypersensitive snails. (comparing the black boys to animals)L7-27: A blow to my head as I danced about sent my right eye popping... my dilemma.L7-45: I roiled away as a fumbled football rolls off the receiver’s fingertips...L7-46: 1 was limp as a dish rag.2. Metaphor:L1-5: Psychological freedom. . . physical slavery. (the long night of physical slavery)L1-5: The Negro. . . his own emancipation proclamation. (“signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own emancipation proclamation”)L1-14: … when the unjust… is eliminated. (measurement, a scale of dollars)L1-20: He who hates… ultimate reality. （owning a key to open a door）L1-25: the battering rams of the forces of justice;the junk heaps of historyLet us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls… the forces of justice. (“the tragic walls” and “the battering rams”)L1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow. (low-hovering clouds of despair; gigantic mountains of evil)L4-3: Killing the Angel in the HouseL4-5: The image of a fishermanL4-7: A room of one’s ownL5-1: There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier. (comparing the limitation set by Lamb to a frontier)L5-20: My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Mixed metaphor, comparing at the same time the narrator’s brain to a precision instrument and also to a machine that has gears.)L5-34: In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (comparing the competing for friendship to an athletic event)L5-98: Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. (comparing Polly’s mind to the extinct crater of a volcano)L5-115: Poisoning the well: (comparing “the personal attack on a person holding some thesis” to “poisoning the well”)L5-151: The rat. (comparing Petey to a rat)L6-41: I’ve never met anyone… the second time around. (The metaphor of record player is used.)3. Allusion:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until that day… none shall be afraid. (a biblical allusion: the 1ion and the lamb shall lie down together; every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid)L5-64: We went to the Knoll, the campus trysting place, and we sat down under an old oak… (An implied allusion to Robin Hood, whose trysting place was under a huge oak tree in Sherwood Forest.)L5-138: I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.L10-8: Overnight… surreal episodes…（a sword of Damocles）4. Parody:L10-25: Is our democracy… of liberty? (This is a parody of a line in Patrick Henry’s speech: “Is life so dear or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?”)5. Metonymy:L4-1: No demand was made upon the family purse. (“purse” stands for money)L4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. (Butcher’s bills stand for meat bought from a butcher. )L5-23: She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions. But 1 was not one to let my heart rule my head. (to let my heart rule my head: Metonymy. “Heart”stands for “feelings and emotions” and “head” for “reason and good sense”.)L5-105: …surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation. (X-rays stand for X-rays photographs)L10-2: Anthrax panic… chambers (“Congress” stands for its members)6. Synecdoche:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall… a mighty stream.city hall (the naming of a part to mean the whole. Here, the naming of the building for the government)L4-2: But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman…with my neighbors. (bread and butter: This set phrase means food and the most important and basic things. )7. Transferred epithet:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls… the forces of justice. (the tragic walls)L5-40: I said with a mysterious wink… (the wink was not mysterious)L7-6: our bare upper bodies touching and shining with anticipatory sweat (In “anticipatory sweat”, the adjective “anticipatory “ is a transferred epithet.)L7-25: He kept coming, bringing the rank sharp violence of stale sweat. (the rank sharp violence: Logically rank and sharp modify “stale sweat”, not “violence”.)8. Oxymoron:9. Hyperbole:L5-5: It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (exaggerating for effect)L5-50: … he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (It’s an exaggeration to describe his longing for the coat as “mad lust”)L5-135: You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space.L5-135: I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.10. Understatement or litotes:L5-61: This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first 1 was tempted to give her back to Petey. (no small dimensions)11. Contrast:L3-22: A contrast is made between old Shanghai and Shanghai in the 1990s.L8-3: While Oppenheimer was interrupting…. had invented the subject. (an implied contrast)L10-25: How do we… poise? (paranoia vs. poise)12. Antithesis:L1-5: As long as. . . can never be free. (mind vs. body, enslaved vs. free)L1-5: Psychological freedom. . . physical slavery. (psychological freedom vs. physical slavery)L1-7: …love is identified… denial of love (1ove vs. power, a resignation of power vs. denial of love)L1-19: For through violence… but you can’t murder hate. (You may murder a murderer but you can’t murder murder.)L1-25: outer city of wealth and comfort vs. inner city of poverty and despair;wealth vs. poverty (economic);comfort vs. despair(mood, psychology)dark yesterdays vs. bright tomorrows;segregated schools vs. integrated educationon the basis of the content of their character vs. on the basis of the color of their skincontent(substance) vs. color (superficial)character(fundamental) vs. skin (outward appearance)L1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow.dark yesterday VS. bright tomorrowL5-27: It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.beautiful dumb vs. ugly smartL5-50: Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.Desire waxing vs. resolution waningL5-153: Look at me—a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future.Look at Petey—a knot-head, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.Brilliant, intellectual and assured vs. knot-head, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from”13. Parallelism:L1-6: … confrontation of the forces… the status quo.forces of power demanding change(present participle)forces of power dedicated to the preserving of the(past participle) status quoL1-8: What is needed… and anemic.power without love is reckless and abusivelove without power is sentimental and anemicL1-8: Power at its best… against love.power at its best love implementing demands of justicejustice at its best power correcting against loveL1-10: And, in the thinking of that day…moral fiber.the absence of vs. a want ofworldly goods vs. (qualities)L1-19: For through violence… but you can’t murder hate.Three sentences “T hrough violence you may murder… but you can’t murder…”L1-20: And I have seen too much hate…. too great a burden to bear.I have seen too much hateI’ve seen too much hate onI’ve seen hate on…too many Klansmen…L1-25: There are 11 sentences beginning with “let us be dissatisfied until” and two short sentences of “let us be dissatisfied”.L12-5: The armies of… The legions of…The armies of… are marshaled against it.The legions of… will march against it.L12-16: A novelist’s characters… celebrity.a novelist’s characters hope for immortalitya pro’s for celebrityL12-24: It is the disrespect… to preserve.(disrespect) for powerorthodoxiesparty linesideologies…;that I would like to celebratethat I urge all to preserve14. Epigram:L1-20: He who hates… ultimate reality.15. Paradox:L1-18: Without recognizing this…that don’t explain.paralleled paradoxes: solutions that don’t solveanswers that don’t answerexplanations that don’t explainL1-27: When our days…into bright tomorrow. (to make a way out of no way)16. Chiasmus:L1-9: It is precisely this collision… of our times. (immoral power vs. powerless morality)L6-6: Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.17. Anaphora:L1-25: let us be dissatisfied…18. Alliteration:L1-25: Let us be dissatisfied until that day… none shall be afraid. ( lion, lamb, lie)L7-2: Live with your head in the lion’s mouth...or bust wide open. (death and destruction)L7-9: Some of the others tried to stop them…slipping and sliding over the polished floor.(slipping and sliding)19. Onomatopoeia:L3-14: clickRhetorical Devices一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。

翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。

一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。

要做到这一点有时可以采取直译，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处；但有时仅靠直译是不行的，因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。

无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵，反而会歪曲原作的意思，造成译文语言晦涩难懂。

这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧，根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法，使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。

总的说来，英语辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、释义、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。

A. 直译在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。

直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达力。

例如：（1）They were only crying crocodile tears at the old man's funeral because nobody had really liked him.在老头子的葬礼上，他们只不过挤了几滴鳄鱼的眼泪，因为老头子在世时他们都不喜欢他。

（2）The book set off a firestorm of reaction.这本书引起风暴般的反应。

（3）Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下姑娘颇有如鱼离水之感。

（4）I would my horse had the speed of your tongue.但愿我的马有你的嘴那样快。

（5）I deserve neither such praise nor such censure.这样的夸奖我担当不起，这样的责备我也担待不起。

第二节修辞格的翻译英汉翻译中，修辞格的翻译往往比较棘手。

原因是英语修辞格一般都具有形式独特新异、内容形象丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。

用汉语把所有这些要素都翻译出来自然比较困难。

这时就要坚持首先保证内容、其次尽量保留原文效果、最后力争形式妥贴的原则。

根据这一原则，修辞格的翻译一般有直译法、解释法、意译法、替换法等。

6．2．1直译法修辞格的翻译直译法应为首选。

例如下面一些句子：1. His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。

2. Of me, my mother would say, with characteristic restraint, "This bandit. He doesn't even have to open a book---'A' in everything. Albert Einstein the Second."至于我，母亲总是以特有的矜持说："这小鬼头，他甚至连书本都不消打开──门门都是优秀，真是个活脱脱的爱因斯坦。

"3. The Dutchman was six-foot, a great, red-faced,hot-tempered trek-ox of a man.那荷兰人身高六英尺，大块头，红脸膛，暴脾气，简直是一头拉车的公牛。

4. The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.父母的惩戒可以说是残酷的仁慈。

5. Safety will be the sturdy child of terror, and survival the twin brother of annihilation.安全是恐怖的健壮婴儿，生存是毁灭的孪生兄弟。

6. The plays adapted from Greek tragedies and Shakespearean drama by Suzuki, although performed in Japanese, caused a big stir among the western audience with their strange and cruel beauty.铃木正改编自希腊悲剧和莎士比亚戏剧的剧作，虽然以日语演出，但那种奇异而残酷的美，却在西方观众中引起了轰动。

Hyperbole
It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.
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“He is really strange,” his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife.
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、谚语、 成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如： Grammar may be his heel of Achilles. 语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles是希腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。） The project is an economic Albatross from the start. 这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross是英国诗人柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后， 全船陷入灾难中。)
这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的轨道上运行。
Simile
Metaphor兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描写。
（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。（隐喻） （2）She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻） （3） Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. 瞧着吧， 不管什么女人钓他， 他就会上钩。（拟物）

修辞格的翻译方法修辞格的翻译方法修辞格一般都具有形式独特新颖、内容丰富、功能生动鲜明等特点。

翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的精神和风格。

英译汉中常见的修辞格，包括音韵修辞格、词义修辞格、句法修辞格等，本文着重介绍了修辞格的翻译方法，包括直译、加注、意译法、替换法、归化、切分等，并通过一些实例来阐述。

一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法修辞格的翻译上存在许多差异，为了使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表达习惯。

总的来说，英语修辞格的译法主要有直译、加注、意译、归化、切分、数种译法并用等。

（一）直译法在英汉两种语言的修辞手法和比喻形象无甚差异的情况下，就可采用直译。

直译既可传达原文的意义，又可保持原文的修辞风格，丰富译文的语言表达能力。

His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.这会儿，他肚子里的饥饿又苏醒过来撕咬着他。

（二）加注法加注也是丰富译文语言表达的一种有效方法。

它既能传达原文的意思和神韵，又能扩展读者的知识面，尤其原文所用的典故在上下文中起比较重要的作用时，使用加注能收到比较好的效果。

Christ，to hear some of th ose sailor’s myths，you’dthink bloody Fort know was on every ship that sailed.天哪，要是听信有些水手的胡说八道，你会以为每条出海的船上都有该死的诺克斯堡哩。

（注：诺克斯堡是美国一个军事保留地，是美国黄金仓库的所在地。

）（三）意译法由于许多英语修辞手法或比喻形象本身是特有的，如保留其形象就会危害其义。

如英语的头韵法，其搭配可以千变万化，很难碰巧找到这样的汉语搭配，即使勉强凑韵，也不一定能表达原文的意思。

在这种情况下，必须首先保证译文能正确传达原文的思想内容，然后尽一切可能去表现原文的节奏和旋律。

safe and sound安然无恙now and never机不可失（1）He is the mouth of the House in its relations with the crown.他是议会对王室的发言人。

2. 意译法 如 B. 脚韵 rhyme 1)饭来张口，衣来伸手 have only to open one's mouth to be fed and hold out one's hands to be dressed -----to lead an easy life 2) health and wealth fair and squire low blow 健康与财富 正大光明的 不正大光明的行为
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如 F. 转喻 Metonymy e.g. 他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。 His wife spent all her life on the stage. Paper and ink cut the throats of men, and the sound of a breath may shake the world. 纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。 Some mute inglorious Shelley here may rest. 某个沉默的无名诗人也许在此长眠。 G. 移就 transferred epithet e.g. After a happy shemark had a sleepless night. 6） Anna was given day, a black last week for being late for work. 她在度过欢乐一天之后，却又熬过一个不眠之夜。 然而悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。 7）We are not going to let him bring shame on our team. Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eye-brows and round his mouth.

拟人；Personification
eg:每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚，上至岭 顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁也不孤峰突起， 盛气凌人。（老舍：《小花朵集》） 译文：All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance， though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
修辞与翻译

一.修辞格的分类 二.修辞格的翻译方法
一、什么是修辞格 修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表 达效果的语言艺术。英语修辞格种类很 多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、 词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
（一）词义上的修辞格lexical stylistic devices 词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等 特点创造出来的修辞手法。例如：


递升；Climax
把事物按由小到大、由短到长、由低到高、由轻到重、由近 到远、由易到难、由浅到深等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫 递升，英语里称作 climax。运用这一修辞手法，能够使要表 达的思想逐步加深、感情逐步强化，因而能增强语言的说服 力和感染力。 eg：事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。 消灭一点，舒服一点；消灭得多，舒服得多；彻底消灭，彻 底舒服。（ 毛泽东：《关于重庆谈判》） 译文：This is the way things are：if they attack and we wipe them out，they will have that satisfaction；wipe out some，some satisfaction；wipe out more，more satisfaction；wipe out the whole lot，complete satisfaction.

简述英语修辞格的运用及翻译简述英语修辞格的运用及翻译简述修辞格的运用及翻译摘要使用修辞格是为了使语言更加生动形象,鲜明突出,加强语言表现力和感染力。

本文从正确运用英语修辞格及对比分析英汉语言在修辞格式上的异同入手,浅谈如何在忠实表达原文的基础上,正确翻译和理解英语的修辞格,并介绍英语修辞格在翻译方面的基本原则及方法。

关键词英语修辞格翻译运用语言是表达思想的工具,修辞则是语言表达的艺术。

使用修辞格的目的是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出;或者使语言更加整齐匀称,音调铿锵,加强语言表现力和感染力,引起读者丰富联想的效果。

英语和汉语都有悠久的历史,也都具有非常丰富的修辞方式。

由于东、西方民族文化背景的不同,英汉语言在修辞格式上显然存在着既相一致又有区别的特点。

认识并了解英汉两种语言修辞格式的异同,找出二者各自的特点,有助于我们在英汉语言转换过程中正确理解原文的修辞手法,并在译文中正确使用,从而忠实地表达原文的思想和风格。

以下举例浅谈英语修辞格在翻译方面的基本原则及方法:一、直译法对于英汉两种语言中相类似的常用修辞格,~I1:simile(明喻),metaphor(隐喻),metonym(借代),personification(拟人),hyperbole(夸张),irony(反语),pun(双关),rhetoricquestion(设问)等。

在翻译中当然应当尽可能采用直译的方法,即在用词和修辞结构上都与原文保持一致,做到形神皆似。

举例如下:In his dream he saw the tiny figure fall as a fly(simile)在他的梦中他看见那小小的人影像苍蝇一般地落了下来。

Life is an isthmus between two eternities.(Metaphor)是永恒的生死两端之间的峡道。

Sometimes the pen may be mightier than the sword.(Metonymy)有时文人比武士更有力量。

第九章英语修辞格的译法（教学安排：2课时）修辞格(figure of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。

它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。

要翻译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这方面的异同，然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。

翻译英语修辞格力求译文能有效地再现原文的修辞效果，否则译文即使在大意上与原文差不多，也会使原文的精神和风格受损，削弱语言的表达力。

一般说来，修辞格的翻译原则是形似不如神似重要。

要做到这一点有时可以采取直译，因为英汉两种语言在修辞手法上存在某些惊人的相似之处；但有时仅靠直译是不行的，因为英汉两种语言还存在着许多差异。

无视这些差异而采用直译不但不能保持原文中修辞格的神韵，反而会歪曲原作的意思，造成译文语言晦涩难懂。

这时译者就得借助其他翻译技巧，根据具体情况灵活地改换原文的某些修辞手法，使译文符合译入语的语言规范和表述习惯。

大致说来修辞格的翻译法有三：直译法、意译法和直译加注法。

但是，不管采用什么方法，都应尽量保留原修辞格的语言文化特色，努力传递出各种辞格的结构美、意韵美和音韵美。

一、Simile（明喻）simile与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境，使其变抽象为具体、化深奥为浅显、化陌生为熟悉，使描写更加生动形象。

英语simile 的比喻词一般是like, as（……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是“好像”、“仿佛”、“一样”、“犹如”、“若”、“似”等。

例如：例1原文：They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.译文：1．直译当英语和汉语明喻中的喻义和喻体相对应时，可以采取直译。

例2原文：Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water.译文：例3原文：Mrs. Macbeth has a heart as hard as flint.译文：例4原文：Previously, if I had been really interested in a book, I would race from page to page, eager to know what came next. Now, I decide, I had to become a miser with words and stretch every sentence like a poor man spending his last dollar.译文：例5as cold as ice as light as feather as bold as a lionas rapid as lightening as hungry as a wolf applause like thundersas sly as a fox as slow as a turtle as busy as a bee as dirty and greedy as a pig 2．改变喻体当英汉明喻中的喻义相同而喻体不同时，翻译时需要改变喻体。

第五章修辞格的翻译方法研究汉英修辞格之间的比较与翻译，对我们进一步研究汉英两种修辞学和英汉互译,尤其是文学翻译,都有着十分积极的意义.原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。

因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。

为了对原文保持最大限度的忠实，我们对任何一种修辞都要采取一定的处理方法,尽一切可能把原文的修辞美传达给译文读者。

从翻译的角度,修辞可以划分为三类：可译、难译、不能译。

首先，对于可译的修辞格,尽可能直译.属于直译范围的修辞格是我们平时使用最为频繁的，在汉英两种语言里都有对应的修辞格，这类修辞格通常在在语义上做文章，因而容易翻译。

绝大多数英语修辞格都能找到与之相对应的汉语修辞格，它们在结构上和修辞作用上都彼此十分相似,因而是可译的。

一、可译：直译1. Simile， Metaphor, Hyperbole and personificationSimile 明喻英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，本体和喻体之间都出现喻词“像、好像、比如、仿佛、好比、像…一样、如…一般”或“Like, as, as if, as though，as…as”,所以一般情况下,可以照直翻译。

比如：“as busy as bee，as brave as lion， as cheerful as a lark,as black as crow,as sharp as knife”.Example 1:她的脸色苍白而带光泽，仿佛大理石似的；一双眼睛又黑又大,在暗淡的囚房中，宝石似的闪着晶莹的光.(杨沫,《青春之歌》）Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble， and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell。