Cytokines（细胞因子）Cytokines are proteins secreted by the cells of innate and adaptive immunity that mediat many of the functions of these cells. Cytokines are produced in response to microbes and other antigens. and different cytokines stimulate diverse responses of cells involved in imminity and inflammation. In the activation phase of adaptive immune responses, cytokines stimulate the growth and differentiation of lymphocytes, and in the effector phases of innate and adaptive immunity, they activate different effector cells to eliminate microbes and other antigens.Cytokincs also activate stimulate the development of hematopoictic cells. In clinical medicine cytokines are important as therapeutic agents and as targets for specific antagonists innumerous immune and inflammatory diseases,细胞因子是由多种细胞产生的，具有调节先天免疫与适应性免疫细胞功能作用的多肽分子。
医学免疫英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?A. Complement systemB. Phagocytic cellsC. Physical barriersD. Antibodies2. The primary function of the spleen in the immune system is:A. To produce antibodiesB. To filter bloodC. To store white blood cellsD. To synthesize cytokines3. What is the process by which the adaptive immune system recognizes and remembers pathogens?A. InflammationB. Immunological memoryC. HypersensitivityD. Autoimmunity4. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is involved in:A. Cell adhesionB. Antigen presentationC. Immune cell signalingD. All of the above5. Which type of T cell is responsible for cytotoxic activity?A. Helper T cellsB. Cytotoxic T cellsC. Regulatory T cellsD. Memory T cells二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. The first line of defense in the immune system includes physical barriers such as the _______ and the _______.7. The process of an antigen binding to a specific B cell receptor triggers the B cell to _______ and differentiateinto _______ or _______.8. Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are composed of four polypeptide chains: two identical _______ and twoidentical _______.9. The _______ is a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the adaptive immune response.10. Vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases by stimulating the production of _______ without causing the disease.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. Describe the role of cytokines in the immune response.12. Explain the concept of antigen presentation and its importance in the adaptive immune system.13. What are the differences between active and passive immunity?14. Discuss the potential risks and benefits of using immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）15. Discuss the mechanisms of the innate and adaptive immune responses and how they complement each other.16. Analyze the role of the immune system in autoimmune diseases and the strategies for their treatment.答案：一、选择题1. D. Antibodies2. B. To filter blood3. B. Immunological memory4. B. Antigen presentation5. B. Cytotoxic T cells二、填空题6. skin, mucous membranes7. proliferation, plasma cells, memory B cells8. heavy chains, light chains9. T lymphocyte10. antibodies三、简答题11. Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling and communication during the immune response. They can regulate inflammation, activate immune cells, and stimulate the production of other cytokines.12. Antigen presentation is the process by which antigens are displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by T cells. This is essential for initiatinga specific immune response against a pathogen.13. Active immunity is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or vaccination and leads to the development ofimmunological memory. Passive immunity is temporary and involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, often through injection.14. Immunosuppressive drugs can prevent organ rejection in transplant patients but also increase the risk of infections and malignancies due to their suppressive effect on the immune system.四、论述题15. The innate immune response is the first line of defense and acts quickly to limit the spread of pathogens. It includes physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cellular responses. The adaptive immune response is slower but more specific and can develop immunological memory. Both systems work together to provide a comprehensive defense against pathogens.16. The immune system in autoimmune diseases mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Treatment strategies include immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the immune response, targeted therapies to address specific immune cells or molecules, and symptom management to alleviate the effects of the disease.。
immune cell 免疫细胞immunecell免疫细胞掌握T、B细胞的分类和功能，掌握NK细胞的特性i免疫系统:总结tissuesandorganscellsmolecules适应性免疫系统抗原特异性免疫细胞（T、B细胞）抗原呈递细胞的免疫细胞类型cellsofinnateimmunesystemmononuclearphagocytes单核-巨噬细胞granulocyticcells粒细胞mastcells肥大细胞naturalkillercells自然杀伤细胞platelets血小板4造血干细胞（HSC）：所有血细胞的共同来源，表面标记物：CD34+、CD117+、CD59+、THY1/CD90+、cd38low/-、Lin。
功能特征：多潜能、多向分化潜能self-renewal自我更新造血干细胞的发育和分化lymphocytes淋巴细胞iicellsofadaptiveimmuneresponselymphocytestlymphocyte1).development发育2).surfacemarker表面标志3).classification分类blymphocyte1）。
发展2）。
表面标记3）。
分类tlymphocyte胸腺依赖性淋巴细胞(thymus-dependentlymphocyte)介导细胞免疫应答并协助B细胞参与TD抗原诱导的体液免疫应答2).t细胞的发育3个阶段:doublenegativestage双阴性阶段doublepositivestage双阳性阶段singlepositivestage单阳性阶段三个事件：TCR发展、积极选择、消极选择developmentoftcrTCR基因重排dncellsDPCELL阳性选择：mhc限制性阴性选择：自我耐受细胞spcells2). 表面标记物（受体和抗体）tcr-cd3复合物cd4andcd8分子costimulatoryreceptor协同刺激分子受体mitogenbindingreceptor丝裂原受体anothersurfacemolecules其他15tcrcd3tcrtcr(tt细胞受体）T细胞抗原受体细胞特异性表面标志结构TCR/TCR，异二聚体免疫球蛋白超家族成员apc范德瓦格function识别抗原肽-mhc复合物双重识别:识别mhc识别抗原表位跨膜tcell17细胞质structuretcr-cd3tcr-cd3function-传递活化信号Tcr-cd3复合物识别抗原肽MHC复合物t细胞活化第一信号CD4（gp120受体（HIV））CD8是CD4和CD8的分子辅助受体，可增强细胞间结合和信号转导tcrtcr免疫球蛋白样区cd8抗原肽cd4抗原肽三2非多肽区mhc-i非多肽区mhc-ii19共刺激分子受体T fine胞活化第2信号t细胞（受体）1234cd28orctla-4（CD152）CD40L（CD154）CD2/srbc-r/lfa-2lfa-1apc(配体)b7.1&b7.2(cd80&cd86)cd40lfa-3icam-1lfa:淋巴细胞功能相关抗原icam:细胞间粘附分子E-玫瑰花结形成试验②cd40l④①/ctla-4③cd40co-stimulatorymolecules。
