有限元分析基础教程前言有限元分析已经在教学、科研以及工程应用中成为重要而又普及的数值分析方法和工具；该基础教程力求提供具备现代特色的实用教程。
在教材的内容体系上综合考虑有限元方法的力学分析原理、建模技巧、应用领域、软件平台、实例分析这几个方面，按照教科书的方式深入浅出地叙述有限元方法，并体现出有限元原理“在使用中学习，在学习中使用”的交互式特点，在介绍每一种单元的同时，提供完整的典型推导实例、MATLAB实际编程以及ANSYS应用数值算例，并且给出的各种类型的算例都具有较好的前后对应性，使学员在学习分析原理的同时，也进行实际编程和有限元分析软件的操作，经历实例建模、求解、分析和结果评判的全过程，在实践的基础上深刻理解和掌握有限元分析方法。
一本基础教材应该在培养学员掌握坚实的基础理论、系统的专业知识方面发挥作用，因此，教材不但要提供系统的、具有一定深度的基础理论，还要介绍相关的应用领域，以给学员进一步学习提供扩展空间，本教程正是按照这一思路进行设计的；全书的内容包括两个部分，共分9章；第一部分为有限元分析基本原理，包括第1章至第5章，内容有：绪论、有限元分析过程的概要、杆梁结构分析的有限元方法、连续体结构分析的有限元方法、有限元分析中的若干问题讨论；第二部分为有限元分析的典型应用领域，包括第6章至第9章，内容有：静力结构的有限元分析、结构振动的有限元分析、传热过程的有限元分析、弹塑性材料的有限元分析。
在基本原理方面，以基本变量、基本方程、求解原理、单元构建等一系列规范的方式进行介绍；在阐述有限元分析与应用方面，采用典型例题、MATLAB程序及算例、ANSYS算例的方式，以体现出分析建模的不同阶段和层次，引导学员领会有限元方法的实质，还提供有大量的练习题。
本教程的重点是强调有限元方法的实质理解和融会贯通，力求精而透，强调学员综合能力(掌握和应用有限元方法)的培养，为学员亲自参与建模、以及使用先进的有限元软件平台提供较好的素材；同时，给学员进一步学习提供新的空间。
型号资料名称 备注 4N35/4N36/4N37 光电耦合器AD7520/AD7521/AD7530/AD7521D/A 转换器 10-Bit,12-Bit,MultiplyingD/AConvertersAD7541 12位D/A 转换器12-Bit,MultiplyingD/AConverterADC0802/A DC0803/AD C0804 8位A/D 转换器8-Bit,Microprocessor-Compatibie,A/DConvertersADC0808/A DC0809 8位A/D 转换器8-BitμPCompatibieA/DConverterswith8-ChannelMultiplexerADC0831/ADC0832/ADC0834/ADC 08388位A/D 转换器8-BitSerialI/OA/DConverterswithMultiplexerOptionsCA3080/CA 3080A OTA 跨导运算放大器CA3140/CA 3140A BiMOS运算放大器DAC0830/DAC0832 8位D/A 转换器8-BitμPCompatibie,Double -BufferedDtoAConvertersICL7106,I CL7107 3位半A/D 转换器ICL7106,ICL7107,ICL7106S,ICL7107S3位半LCD/LED 显示A/D 转换器〔ICL7106,ICL7107,ICL7106S,ICL7107S,31/2Digit,LCD/LED Display,A/DConverters 〕ICL7116,ICL7117 3位半A/D 转换器 ICL7116,ICL71173位半LCD/LED 显示数据维持A/D 转换器〔ICL7116,ICL7117,31/2Digit,LCD/LEDDisplay,A/DConverterwithDisplayHold 〕ICL7650 载波稳零运算放大器ICL7660/MAX1044 CMOS 电源电压变换器ICL8038单片函数发生器 ICM7216 10MHz通用计数器 ICM7216A/ICM7216B/ICM7216D10MHz 通用计数器、数字频率计、计数器、周期测量仪等仪器的单片专用电路，只须少量的外围元件就能构成10MHz 的数字频率计等数字测量仪表。
Features• Low Power Consumption • Industry Standard Size• Industry Standard Pinout • Choice of Character Size7.6 mm (0.30 in), 10 mm (0.40 in), 10.9 mm (0.43 in), 14.2 mm (0.56 in), 20 mm (0.80 in)• Choice of ColorsAlGaAs Red, High Efficiency Red (HER), Yellow, Green• Excellent Appearance Evenly Lighted Segments±50° Viewing Angle• Design FlexibilityCommon Anode or Common CathodeSingle and Dual DigitLeft and Right Hand Decimal Points±1. Overflow Character• Categorized for Luminous IntensityYellow and Green Categorized for ColorUse of Like Categories Yields a Uniform Display• Excellent for Long Digit String Multiplexing DescriptionThese low current seven segment displays are designed for applica-tions requiring low power consumption. They are tested and selected for their excellent low current characteristics to ensure that the segments are matched at low currents. Drive currents as low as 1 mA per segment are available.Pin for pin equivalent displays are also available in a standard current or high light ambient design. The standard current displays are available in all colors and are ideal for most applica-tions. The high light ambient displays are ideal for sunlight ambients or long string lengths. For additional information see the 7.6 mm Micro Bright Seven Segment Displays, 10 mm Seven Segment Displays, 7.6 mm/10.9 mm Seven Segment Displays, 14.2 mm Seven Segment Displays, 20 mm Seven Segment Displays, or High Light Ambient Seven Segment Displays data sheets.Low Current Seven SegmentDisplays Technical Data HDSP-335x SeriesHDSP-555x SeriesHDSP-751x SeriesHDSP-A10x Series HDSP-A80x Series HDSP-A90x Series HDSP-E10x Series HDSP-F10x Series HDSP-G10x Series HDSP-H10x Series HDSP-K12x, K70x Series HDSP-N10x SeriesHDSP-N40x SeriesDevicesAlGaAs HER Yellow Green Package HDSP-HDSP-HDSP-HDSP-Description Drawing A1017511A801A9017.6 mm Common Anode Right Hand Decimal A A1037513A803A9037.6 mm Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal B A1077517A807A9077.6 mm Common Anode ±1. Overflow C A1087518A808A9087.6 mm Common Cathode ±1. Overflow D F10110 mm Common Anode Right Hand Decimal E F10310 mm Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal F F10710 mm Common Anode ±1. Overflow G F10810 mm Common Cathode ±1. Overflow H G10110 mm Two Digit Common Anode Right Hand Decimal X G10310 mm Two Digit Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal Y E100335010.9 mm Common Anode Left Hand Decimal I E101335110.9 mm Common Anode Right Hand Decimal J E103335310.9 mm Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal K E106335610.9 mm Universal ±1. Overflow[1]L H101555114.2 mm Common Anode Right Hand Decimal M H103555314.2 mm Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal N H107555714.2 mm Common Anode ±1. Overflow O H108555814.2 mm Common Cathode ±1. Overflow P K121K70114.2 mm Two Digit Common Anode Right Hand Decimal R K123K70314.2 mm Two Digit Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal S N10020 mm Common Anode Left Hand Decimal Q N101N40120 mm Common Anode Right Hand Decimal T N103N40320 mm Common Cathode Right Hand Decimal U N10520 mm Common Cathode Left Hand Decimal V N106N40620 mm Universal ±1. Overflow[1]W Note:1. Universal pinout brings the anode and cathode of each segment’s LED out to separate pins. See internal diagrams L or W.Part Numbering System5082-x xx x-x x x xxHDSP-x xx x-x x x xxMechanical Options[1]00: No mechanical optionColor Bin Options[1,2]0: No color bin limitationMaximum Intensity Bin[1,2]0: No maximum intensity bin limitationMinimum Intensity Bin[1,2]0: No minimum intensity bin limitationDevice Configuration/Color[1]G: GreenDevice Specific Configuration[1]Refer to respective datasheetPackage[1]Refer to Respective datasheetNotes:1. For codes not listed in the figure above, please refer to the respective datasheet or contact your nearest Agilent representative fordetails.2. Bin options refer to shippable bins for a part-number. Color and Intensity Bins are typically restricted to 1 bin per tube (excep-tions may apply). Please refer to respective datasheet for specific bin limit information.Package DimensionsPackage Dimensions (cont.)Package Dimensions (cont.)*The Side View of package indicates Country of Origin.Package Dimensions (cont.)Package Dimensions (cont.)Package Dimensions (cont.)Internal Circuit DiagramInternal Circuit Diagram (cont.)Absolute Maximum RatingsAlGaAs Red - HDSP-HERA10X/E10X/H10X HDSP-751X/Yellow GreenK12X/N10X/N40X335X/555X/HDSP-A80X HDSP-A90X Description F10X, G10X Series K70X Series Series Series Units Average Power per Segment or DP375264mW Peak Forward Current per 45mA Segment or DPDC Forward Current per15[1]15[2]mA Segment or DPOperating Temperature Range-20 to +100-40 to +100°C Storage Temperature Range -55 to +100°C Reverse Voltage per Segment 3.0V or DPWave Soldering Temperature for 3Seconds (1.60 mm [0.063 in.] below 250°C seating body)Notes:1. Derate above 91°C at 0.53 mA/°C.2. Derate HER/Yellow above 80°C at 0.38 mA/°C and Green above 71°C at 0.31 mA/°C.Electrical/Optical Characteristics at T A = 25°CAlGaAs RedDeviceSeriesHDSP-Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Test Conditions315600I F = 1 mA A10x3600I F = 5 mA330650I F = 1 mAF10x, G10x3900I F = 5 mA390650I F = 1 mA E10x Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2]I Vµcd(Digit Average)3900I F = 5 mA400700I F = 1 mAH10x, K12x4200I F = 5 mA270590I F = 1 mAN10x, N40x3500I F = 5 mA1.6I F = 1 mAForward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 1.7V I F = 5 mA1.82.2I F = 20 mA PkAll Devices Peak WavelengthλPEAK645nmDominant Wavelength[3]λd637nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP[4]V R 3.015V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of∆V F/°C-2 mV mV/°CV F/Segment or DPA10x255F10x, G10x320E10x340Thermal Resistance LED RθJ-PIN°C/W/SegH10x, K12x Junction-to-Pin400N10x, N40x430High Efficiency RedDeviceSeriesHDSP-Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Test Conditions160270I F = 2 mA 751x1050I F = 5 mA200300I F = 2 mA Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2]I V mcd(Digit Average)1200I F = 5 mA335x, 555x,K70x270370I F = 2 mA1480I F = 5 mA1.6I F = 2 mAForward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 1.7V I F = 5 mA2.1 2.5I F = 20 mA Pk All Devices Peak WavelengthλPEAK635nmDominant Wavelength[3]λd626nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP[4]V R 3.030V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of∆V F/°C-2mV/°CV F/Segment or DP751x200335x Thermal Resistance LED RθJ-PIN280°C/WJunction-to-Pin555x, K70x345YellowDeviceSeriesHDSP-Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Test Conditions Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2]250420I F = 4 mA(Digit Average)I V mcd1300I F = 10 mA1.7I F = 4 mAForward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 1.8V I F = 5 mA A80x2.1 2.5I F = 20 mA PkPeak WavelengthλPEAK583nmDominant Wavelength[3,5]λd581.5585592.5nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP[4]V R 3.030V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of∆V F/°C-2mV/°CV F/Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED RθJ-PIN200°C/WJunction-to-PinGreenDeviceSeriesHDSP-Parameter Symbol Min.Typ.Max.Units Test Conditions Luminous Intensity/Segment[1,2]250475I F = 4 mA(Digit Average)I V mcd1500I F = 10 mA1.9I F = 4 mAForward Voltage/Segment or DP V F 2.0V I F = 10 mA A90x2.1 2.5I F = 20 mA PkPeak WavelengthλPEAK566nmDominant Wavelength[3,5]λd571577nmReverse Voltage/Segment or DP[4]V R 3.030V I R = 100 µATemperature Coefficient of∆V F/°C-2mV/°CV F/Segment or DPThermal Resistance LED RθJ-PIN200°C/WJunction-to-PinNotes:1. Device case temperature is 25°C prior to the intensity measurement.2. The digits are categorized for luminous intensity. The intensity category is designated by a letter on the side of the package.3. The dominant wavelength, λd, is derived from the CIE chromaticity diagram and is the single wavelength which defines the color of thedevice.4. Typical specification for reference only. Do not exceed absolute maximum ratings.5. The yellow (HDSP-A800) and Green (HDSP-A900) displays are categorized for dominant wavelength. The category is designated by anumber adjacent to the luminous intensity category letter.AlGaAs RedIntensity Bin Limits (mcd)AlGaAs RedHDSP-A10xIV Bin Category Min.Max.E0.3150.520F0.4280.759G0.621 1.16H0.945 1.71I 1.40 2.56J 2.10 3.84K 3.14 5.75L 4.708.55HDSP-E10x/F10x/G10xIV Bin Category Min.Max.D0.3910.650E0.5320.923F0.755 1.39G 1.13 2.08H 1.70 3.14HDSP-H10x/K12xIV Bin Category Min.Max.C0.4150.690D0.5650.990E0.810 1.50F 1.20 2.20G 1.80 3.30H 2.73 5.00I 4.097.50HDSP-N10xIV Bin Category Min.Max.A0.2700.400B0.3250.500C0.4150.690D0.5650.990E0.810 1.50F 1.20 2.20G 1.80 3.30H 2.73 5.00I 4.097.50Intensity Bin Limits (mcd), continued HERHDSP-751xIV Bin Category Min.Max.B0.1600.240C0.2000.300D0.2500.385E0.3150.520F0.4280.759G0.621 1.16HDSP-751xIV Bin Category Min.Max.B0.2400.366C0.3000.477D0.3910.650E0.5320.923F0.755 1.39G 1.13 2.08H 1.70 3.14HDSP-555x/K70xIV Bin Category Min.Max.A0.2700.400B0.3250.500C0.4150.690D0.5650.990E0.810 1.50F 1.20 2.20G 1.80 3.30H 2.73 5.00I 4.097.50Intensity Bin Limits (mcd), continued YellowHDSP-A80xIV Bin Category Min.Max.D0.2500.385E0.3150.520F0.4250.760G0.625 1.14H0.940 1.70I 1.40 2.56J 2.10 3.84K 3.14 5.76L 4.718.64M7.0713.00N10.6019.40O15.9029.20P23.9043.80Q35.8065.60GreenHDSP-A90xIV Bin Category Min.Max.E0.3150.520F0.4250.760G0.625 1.14H0.940 1.70I 1.40 2.56J 2.10 3.84K 3.14 5.76L 4.718.64M7.0713.00N10.6019.40O15.9029.20P23.9043.80Q35.8065.60Electrical/OpticalFor more information on electrical/optical characteristics, please see Application Note 1005.Contrast Enhancement For information on contrast enhancement, please see Application Note 1015.Soldering/Cleaning Cleaning agents from the ketone family (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, etc.) and from the chorinated hydrocarbon family (methylene chloride, trichloro-ethylene, carbon tetrachloride, etc.) are not recommended for cleaning LED parts. All of these various solvents attack or dissolve the encapsulating epoxies used to form the package of plastic LED parts.For information on soldering LEDs, please refer to Application Note 1027.Note:All categories are established for classification of products. Productsmay not be available in all categories. Please contact your localAgilent representatives for further clarification/information.Color Categories/semiconductorsFor product information and a complete list ofdistributors, please go to our web site.For technical assistance call:Americas/Canada: +1 (800) 235-0312 or(916) 788 6763Europe: +49 (0) 6441 92460China: 10800 650 0017Hong Kong: (+65) 6271 2451India, Australia, New Zealand: (+65) 6271 2394Japan: (+81 3) 3335-8152(Domestic/International), or0120-61-1280(Domestic Only)Korea: (+65) 6271 2194Malaysia, Singapore: (+65) 6271 2054Taiwan: (+65) 6271 2654Data subject to change.Copyright © 2005 Agilent Technologies, Inc.Obsoletes 5988-8412ENJanuary 19, 20055989-0080EN。
PT2262/PT2272编码解码芯片中文资料PT2262/PT2272是台湾普城公司生产的一种CMOS工艺制造的低功耗低价位通用编解码电路，PT2262/PT2272最多可有12位(A0-A11)三态地址端管脚(悬空,接高电平,接低电平),任意组合可提供531441地址码,PT2262最多可有6位(D0-D5)数据端管脚,设定的地址码和数据码从17脚串行输出，可用于无线遥控发射电路。
编码芯片PT2262发出的编码信号由：地址码、数据码、同步码组成一个完整的码字，解码芯片PT2272接收到信号后，其地址码经过两次比较核对后，VT脚才输出高电平，与此同时相应的数据脚也输出高电平，如果发送端一直按住按键，编码芯片也会连续发射。
当发射机没有按键按下时，PT2262不接通电源，其17脚为低电平，所以315MHz的高频发射电路不工作，当有按键按下时，PT2262得电工作，其第17脚输出经调制的串行数据信号，当17脚为高电平期间315MHz的高频发射电路起振并发射等幅高频信号，当17脚为低平期间3 15MHz的高频发射电路停止振荡，所以高频发射电路完全收控于PT2262的17脚输出的数字信号，从而对高频电路完成幅度键控（ASK调制）相当于调制度为100％的调幅。
PT2262/PT2272特点l CMOS工艺制造，低功耗l 外部元器件少l RC振荡电阻l 工作电压范围宽：2.6-15vl 数据最多可达6位l 地址码最多可达531441种PT2262/PT2272应用范围l 车辆防盗系统l 家庭防盗系统l 遥控玩具l 其他电器遥控PT2262 引脚图：PT2262管脚说明：名称管脚说明A0-A11 1-8、10-13 地址管脚,用于进行地址编码,可置为“0”,“1”,“f”(悬空),D0-D5 7-8、10-13 数据输入端，有一个为“1”即有编码发出，内部下拉Vcc 18 电源正端（＋）Vss 9 电源负端（－）TE 14 编码启动端，用于多数据的编码发射，低电平有效；OSC1 16 振荡电阻输入端，与OSC2所接电阻决定振荡频率；OSC2 15 振荡电阻振荡器输出端；Dout 17 编码输出端（正常时为低电平）在具体的应用中，外接振荡电阻可根据需要进行适当的调节，阻值越大振荡频率越慢，编码的宽度越大，发码一帧的时间越长.PT2262参数PT2272 解码电路引脚图：名称管脚说明A0-A11 1-8、10-13 地址管脚,用于进行地址编码,可置为“0”,“1”,“f”(悬空),必须与2262一致,否则不解码D0-D5 7-8、10-13 地址或数据管脚,当做为数据管脚时,只有在地址码与2262一致,数据管脚才能输出与2262数据端对应的高电平,否则输出为低电平,锁存型只有在接收到下一数据才能转换Vcc 18 电源正端（＋）Vss 9 电源负端（－）DIN 14 数据信号输入端，来自接收模块输出端OSC1 16 振荡电阻输入端，与OSC2所接电阻决定振荡频率；OSC2 15 振荡电阻振荡器输出端；VT 17解码有效确认输出端（常低）解码有效变成高电平（瞬态）PT2272解码芯片有不同的后缀，表示不同的功能，有L4/M4/L6/M6之分，其中L表示锁存输出，数据只要成功接收就能一直保持对应的电平状态，直到下次遥控数据发生变化时改变。
