Chapter 4 Test questions with answers

Before You ReadI. T hink about the title of the book and read theintroduction. Fill in the Questions and Predictions chart.(Answers may vary, and sample answers are given.) QuestionsW ho is Black Beauty?What does he do?Where does he live?PredictionsI think Black Beauty will be a fast horse.I think Black Beauty will have many adventures.I think Black Beauty will be a happy horse.I I. S can through the book and match the names withthe correct pictures.1. b2. d3.c4. f5. e6. aI I I.D raw a line through the word that does not belongin the group. Then fill in the blank.1.John, horses2.Max, Black Beauty’s owners3.reins, places4.man, vehicles/things Black Beauty pulled[ Chapter 1 ] B lack Beauty Gets His NameI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.T2.F3.F4.F5. TI I.C hoose the best answer.1.b2.c3.a4. dI I I.W rite the correct word in each blank.1.master2. coat3.coach4. bully5.mouth6. care7.stable 8. pipe9. weather 10. highI V.W rite the sentences in the correct order.1.Black Beauty talked about his happy early life.2.He met his friends Ginger and Merrylegs.3.G inger talked about her unkind owner.4.B lack Beauty learned how to carry people andpull a cart.5.J ames saved the horses from a stable fire.[ Chapter 2 ] Sold!I.P ut the sentences in order from 1 (first) to 5 (last).3, 4, 5, 1, 2I I.Choose the best answer.1.b2.a3.c4. aI I I.M atch the word with the meaning used in thechapter.1.c2. h3. g4. j5. b6. i7. f8. e9.a 10. dI V.C omplete the summary by writing the correct wordin each blank.1.Beauty2. run3.rest4. place5.tight[ Chapter 3 ] A nne Is SavedI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.T2.T3.F4.T5. FI I.Choose the best answer.1.a2.b3.c4. dI I I.C ircle the correct word.1. daughters2. gentle3. shop4. wild5. stone6. shoe7. promised 8. nearby9.strong 10. leadingI V.W rite the sentences in the correct order.1.A nne rode a new horse and had an accident, soBlack Beauty ran to get the doctor.2.R euben, the stableman, got drunk and rodeBlack Beauty.3.B lack Beauty lost his horseshoe.4.Reuben fell off Black Beauty and died.1[ Chapter 4 ] Bad TimesI.P ut the sentences in order from 1 (first) to 5 (last).3, 4, 1, 5, 2I I.Choose the best answer.1.a2. b3. c4. cI I I.W rite the correct word in each blank.1.thin2. strangely3. lazy4. smell5. rest6. grass7. field 8. watched9.sound 10. breatheI V.C omplete the summary by writing the correct wordin each blank.1.sell2. sad3. new4. Smirk5. clean[ Chapter 5 ] B lack Beauty Works for a Cab Driver I.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.T2.F3.T4.F5. FI I.Choose the best answer.1.a2. b3. c4. dI I I.M atch the word with the meaning used in thechapter.1.c2. d3. e4. b5. a6. f7. h8. g9.j 10. iI V.W rite the sentences in the correct order.1.B lack Beauty went to work for a cab drivernamed Jerry Barker.2.T he work was hard, but he was happy with theBarker family.3.J erry Barker wanted his horse to rest onSundays.4.T hey took a neighbor to her mother.[ Chapter 6 ] Hard Work for HorsesI.P ut the sentences in order from 1 (first) to 5 (last).4, 2, 3, 5, 1I I.Choose the best answer.1.b2. d3.c4. cI I I.C ircle the correct word.1.butcher2. weak3. wet4. sale5. fine6. hospital7. heavy 8. warm soup9. able 10. differentI V.C omplete the summary by writing the correct wordin each blank.1.drivers2. nice3. beaten4. sold5. worked[ Chapter 7 ] T he Last Homes of Black BeautyI.A re these sentences correct? Write “T” for true and“F” for false.1.F2.T3.T4.F5. TI I.Choose the best answer.1.c2. d3. a4. aI I I.W rite the correct word in each blank.1.groom2. carefully3. forehead4. bones5. ladies6. gentle7. meat 8. promise9. peace 10. rideI V.W rite the sentences in the correct order.1.B lack Beauty was weak but was bought by anold man and a boy.2. He got stronger on the farm.3.H e was later bought by two ladies.4.T heir groom remembered Black Beauty.5.B lack Beauty now lives in peace at their farm.After You ReadI. R ead and put the names in order of appearancefrom 1 to 6.a. 2b. 1c. 6d. 4e. 3f. 52。

Entrance Examination for New ComersThe Examination for Old Students of the Advanced English Class, Grade 2TEST PAPER1. Test Time: 90 Minutes Total Score: 150 Points Pages Amount: 6 Pages2. Write your answers on the answer sheet. You can take your test paper after test.3. Each correct answer counts for one point except where noted.4. Read the title carefully before you do the test. Check your answers after finishing the test.A. Listening Comprehension. (25 Points) Listen to the record (Chapter 4 of The Merchant of V enice by William Shakespeare, rewritten by David O‟Flaherty) and answer the following questions. We play the record t hree times. Part 1. Choose T (for true) or F (for false) to each statement. 1. Bassanio realized that Balthasar was his wife. 2. Shylock wanted Antonio to bleed to death. 3. Balthasar used the terms of the contracts to save Antonio ‟s life. 4. Shylock must be thrown in jail forever. 1. The Duke didn ‟t mind that Balthasar would Antonio. 2. Mercy the person who gives it and the person who takes it. 3. Shylock began his long knife. 4. If Antonio loses a drop of blood, you will the law. 5. You also could be killed. You have tried to someone. Part 3. Who said the following sentences? Link the sentences with the person who said it. 1. You should choose to be merciful. ○a The Duke 2. Don ‟t blame yourself for my death. ○b Shylock 3. The contract says nothing about a doctor. ○c Antonio 4. I don ‟t think that anyone should have a beg for their life. ○d Balthasar Part 4. Link the statements to make four correct sentences according to the record. 1. The Duke wondered ○A you can take a pound of flesh from Antonio. 2. According to the law ○B and let me tear up the loan contract. 3. You have the power ○C to give Antonio his life. 4. Take this money ○D if Balthasar was experienced enough. Part 5. Rewrite the story in 70 words. (8 Points)B. Vocabulary and Grammar. (35 Points)Part 1. Translate the following phrases into English.1．财政部 2. 微波炉 3. 治疗疾病 4. 液氮 5. 一个公平的价格 6. 淡水7. 用完8. 躺下9. 穿衣服10. 生日卡11. 下流的手势12. 通常13. 文化震惊14. 目的15. 虽然16. 点火Part 2. In Lesson 1 (Brats), do you remember the brat Lizzie? Translate the sentences of the things she did. Each correct answer counts for 2 points.1. 她把一根花园的水管放进她父亲的车的油箱里。

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饭店英语作业Test Paper for Chapter 1-Hotel History and Hotel OrganizationI.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F) according to the text.1.The introduction of passenger-carrying stagecoaches in France in1658 sparked a new age for the lodging industry.2.Air travel is the latest in faster transportation, enabling masses ofpeople who are willing and financially able to travel to a variety of places.3.American hotel tycoon, Ellsworth Statler entered the field in 1901.By the time of his death in 1928, he had built Statler Hotels in six major cities, as well as 2,200-room Pennsylvania Hotel in New York.4.Conrad Hilton founded Holiday Inns in 1952.5.The concept of time-sharing began in Asia in the 1960s when aSwiss-based company began offering its shares for sale.6.Today’s hospitality industry contributes significantly to the economicclout of the worldwide travel and tourism industry.7.Travel and tourism is among the top five revenue and foreignexchange generators in many countries around the globe.8.A motel is usually located along highways, motorists canconveniently drive up to one for a rest.9.Hotels are organized into large divisions and smaller departments.10.E ach department does not have influence over others.II.Explain the following terms.1.All-suite hotel2.Boutique hotel3.Front Office4.Engineering Department5.Human Resources ManagerIII.Choose the best answer to complete each sentence according to the text.1.__________later replaced stagecoaches, only to be replacedthemselves by cars zooming down interstate highways.A BusesB TrainsC PlanesD Ships2. Although North America had its first lodging “chain”in 1769, development ofthe multi-unit lodging chain, in which each hotel or motel operated under the same brand name, did not really begin until ___________.A 20th centuryB 19th centuryC 21st centuryD 18th century3. Rapid expansion of destination spots not only means more opportunities for_______but creates the training ground for hotel management graduates as well.A food industryB automobile industryC travel and tourismD building industry4. __________is usually located in central business district.A Resort hotelB Deluxe hotelC ResortsD Downtown hotel5. A _______ is usually located along highways, motorists can conveniently drive up to one for a rest.A airport hotelB casino hotelC innsD motel6. Most large properties have a Rooms Division, which normally include Front Office and ___________.A SecurityB HousekeepingC EngineeringD Accounting7. Front Office can be subdivided into Front Desk, Business Center and__________ etc.A FloorB LaundryC ConciergeD Account Receivable8. __________ is a place in a hotel where guests could do some exercises and relax themselves by applying some facilities such as running machines, tennis courts, swimming pools etc.A Health ClubB PABXC SecurityD Transportation9. _____________ensures the smooth operation of all equipment and machinery in the hotel.A Human Resources ManagerB Chief EngineerC General ManagerD Security Manager10. __________are the backbone of any property. They do most of the basic work that must be done each day. Most of them have direct contact with guests.A Team LeadersB SupervisorsC Front LinersD ManagersIV.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Upscale hotel2.Economy / limited service hotel3.Inns4.Food and Beverage Manager5.What are the popular ways of categorizing hotels according to thetext?Critical thinking questions.How many departments are there in a mid-tier or a large hotel? Briefly describe the functions of each department. Test Paper for Chapter 2-Front Office DepartmentV.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F) according to the text.1.The receptionist should fill in the information such as guest’s name,sex, date of birth, the valid card number, type of visa, permanent address etc. on the registration card.2.Safe box provided at the Front Desk or in the guest room is availablefor guests to use free of charge.3.There is no need for guest to sign on the registration card.4.For group check-in, room assignment should be completed at least oneday in advance.5.When a group checks out, the Front Desk should not informHousekeeping to look in the rooms for mini-bar consumption and forgotten items.6.When a guest settles his accounts by check, the Receptionist shouldpay attention to the details like validity of the check, the amount owing, the authenticity of the check, the company seal etc.7.The Business Center staff usually goes to the airport to pick theguests.8.When a bellboy escorts the guest to enter his room, he should pressthe doorbell first and then knock on the door.9.The hotel has full legal right, three months after the date shown on thestorage tag, to dispose of any stored items not claimed.10.B usiness Center offers many services for the guests, which includephotocopying, sending faxes, typing documents, meeting room rental, printing name cards etc.VI.Choose the best answer to complete each sentence according to the text.1. Who is responsible for checking in and out guests?A Business CenterB ConciergeC PABXD Front DeskClerk2. There are _______ways of making wake-up calls.A threeB fourC twoD five3. Which section does not belong to the Front Office Department？A SwitchboardB Front DeskC TransportationD Laundry4. The staff should answer the telephone within _____rings.A threeB twoC fourD five5. Which section provides wake-up call service for the hotel guest?A Front DeskB PABXC Executive FloorD Business Center6. When a group intends to check out next morning, __________staffshould confirm luggage pick-up time with Front Desk and fill in the group luggage handling sheet.A morning shiftB night shiftC afternoon shiftD split shift7. Prior arrangement in writing is required to keep storage items beyond_____months.A threeB twoC fourD six8. Which section usually provides guests with service of foreign currency exchange?A TransportationB KioskC Front DeskD Concierge9. The most common guest requests a _______responds to are making dinnerreservations, confirming and reissuing airline tickets, making limousine arrangements or car rentals, providing maps, giving directions to local attractions etc.A driverB operatorC front desk clerkD concierge10. It was in the mid-______________that several San Francisco hotels brought theconcierge concept to America.A 1980sB 1950sC 1970sD 1960sVII.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. How many sections are there in a Front Office Department? And what are they?2. What information is usually printed on the welcome card?3. What are the methods of payment when guests settle their accounts in the hotel?4. What services do the Business Center usually provide for the guests?5. What jobs do the PABX Staff usually perform in the hotel?6. What does Les Clefs d’ Or mean?7. What does the guest history refer to?8. What does the walk-in mean?9. What is the difference between confidential service and screen call service?10. If a hotel guest wants to rent the meeting room in the Business Center, what information should the staff obtain from the guest?VIII.Critical thinking questions.a)Describe what tasks a Front Desk clerk usually does in atypical day.b)How do you think of a concierge’s job? And Why?Test Paper for Chapter 3-House Keeping Department (1)IX.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding English or Chinese equivalentsX.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F) according to the text.1.When a room attendant makes a bed, she or he should strip the bedfirst.2.The items required for cleaning the bathroom are: all-purpose cleaner, sponge, dry and damp cloths, brush, basket and scrubbing pad etc.3.The first step for cleaning the guest bathroom is to clean the bath roomfloor.4.To reduce the working time in each guest room, the room attendantshould clean it in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise to eliminate criss-cross the room, wasting both time and energy.5.When a room attendant does self-check of safety box, the staff shouldcheck the following details about it: whether the safety box functions properly, is free from dust, instruction manual is present or not.6.When the PA staff does cleaning in the public area, she or he candisturb guests, visitors or employees working.7.When the PA staff cleaning elevators and escalators, they should payattention to the floor carpets, glass, balustrades, and metal surfaces. 8.The grooming standard only applies to staff in housekeepingdepartment.9.Female staff are allowed to wear large or hanging earrings.10.I f the name tag looks old or breaks, it cannot be changed in HumanResources Department.XI.Choose the best answer to complete each sentence according to the text.1.There are _________steps in cleaning the guest bathroom.A 5B 6C 4D 32. The distance between the room attendant and the door should be about ______cmso that the guest can see the staff’s face through cat’s view.A 25B 40C 10D 203. If the room attendant wants to clean the guest room, she or he should announce“__________”three times with an interval of 15 seconds while knocking on thedoor lightly before entering the guest room.A Front OfficeB Bell ServiceC HousekeepingD Laundry Department4. The Public Area usually includes two parts, one is for guest use and the otheris for ____________use.A clientsB staffC managerD VIP5. Carpet shampooing and pile lifting are usually done on a _____________basis.A yearlyB dailyC weeklyD monthly6. When removing stains on a piece of carpet, usually start cleaning from _______rim to ________with cloth and sponge etc.A outside…centerB outside…outsideC center…outsideD inside…inside7. No matter what stain you are removing, the last step is to comb the carpet using the hand brush or __________to raise the pile up to its normal height.A squeegeeB pile lifterC clothD vacuum cleaner8. __________staff are responsible for the back of the house cleaning, such as the staff entrance area, the staff passage, the staff elevator, the offices and the locker rooms.A Front OfficeB EngineeringC HousekeepingD Security9. _________is a place where staff change their clothes and take showers.A Public areaB OfficeC Guest roomD Locker10. When Housekeeping staff vacuum the floor, usually start from thefarthest cornerand move __________to the door.A backwardB forwardC westwardD eastwardXII.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Briefly describe the procedure of making a bed.2.How to clean the guest bathroom? Briefly describe about it.3.What is the procedure in cleaning the guest room?4.What parts does the Public Area usually include?5.What does Locker refer to?6.What is the criteria in selecting a pesticide?7.What items are required to clean the locker room?8.If the carpet gets spotted, how will you remove these stains accordingto the expert’s advice?XIII.Critical thinking questions.What are the advantages of rotating staff in cleaning different types of suites?VI. Case studySaving a LifeA supervisor recalls checking a Do Not Disturb room at the end of a shift, only to find the guest in a diabetic coma. She responded quickly and most likely saved the guest’s life. An executive housekeeper at a mountain resort was conducting room checks and found an elderly man unconscious on the bathroom floor. In this case, too, her prompt call for emergency help probably saved his life. Later, he thanked her and told her he had become disoriented after a strenuous hike and apparently fainted.What does the case imply?Test Paper for Chapter 4-Housekeeping Department (2)XIV.Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding English or Chinese equivalentsXV.Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false(F) according to the text.1.The purpose of a questionnaire is to solicit guests’ feedback and ideasabout the service received so that the hotel can expand and improve its service for guests.2.Some hotels use the questionnaire prepared by relevant governmentagency.Other hotels use their own questionnaire so they can ask about facilities andservices available in that hotel./doc/4d5a1816be1e650e52ea99ab.html ually at 2:00 am staff on night shift will start to restock mini-bar items on eachfloor.4.Different hotels have the same items in their mini-bars.5.The purpose of checking room status again and again, every two hours,is to ensure actual room status conforms with the computer list.6.If a guest requests express service in laundry, he does not need to payextra money.7.Shirts will be folded and blouses will be on hanger unless otherwiserequested when they are returned to the guest after laundry.8.The challenge and reward of being a professional housekeeper is thatno two work days are the same.9.The executive housekeeper does not need to check rooms and publicarea at all.10.T he executive housekeeper conducts staff briefing on daily basis.XVI.Explain the following terms.1. the uniform principle of one for one2. VC3.VDXVII.Choose the best answer to complete each sentence according to the text.1.__________usually provide turn-down service for the hotel guests.A Front Desk staffB PA staffC Laundry staff DRoom attendants2. There are ____copies for a mini-bar check.A threeB fourC fiveD two3. Linen inventory is conducted on ________basis.A dailyB quarterlyC monthlyD weekly4. Duty Manager, and______________will check for a possible “sleeper”or an incorrectly up-dated room status from the previous day’s work.A Assistant Front Office ManagerB Executive HousekeeperC Assistant HousekeeperD Front Office Manager5. At about _________A.M., the room attendant usually checks all occupied rooms for laundry requests from guests.A 08:00B 10:00C 09:00D 11:006. All laundry/valet/dry cleaning is accepted by the hotel at owner’s risk. While theutmost care is exercised by the hotel. The liability of the Hotel is limited to ______times the value of the laundry /valet/dry cleaning charges.A eightB tenC sevenD six7. Should the laundry list be omitted or not itemized, the _________count will betaken as correct.A hotelB guestC staffD supervisor8. When a room attendant provides turn down service, she or he should fill icebucket ____________full.A 1/2B 1/3C 1/4D 1/5。

LISTENINGSECTION1Questions1-10Questions1and2Questions3-5Label the map.Choose your answers from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E on themap.Questions6-10 WriteNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.Gift for Susan Gift for babyWhat will they buy? 6.........................................7........................................ Where will they buy thegifts?8.........................................9........................................ Approximate prices?$1510$...................................Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.For the recommendation column,writeA You must buy this.B Maybe you should buy this.C You should never buy this.Name Advantage(s)Disadvantage(s)RecommendationUnbreakable Vacuum Flask •Contains no 11..........................•Steel guaranteedfor20years•Keeps warm for 12..........................•Expensive•Leaves13………………................BWhistle Key Holder •Press-button lightuseful for findingkeyhole •14..........................•Unpleasant noise•Doesn’t workthrough15..........................1616........................................Army Flashlight (squeeze light)•Useful for 17..........................•Works 18..........................•Has19..................CDecoy Camera(to trick burglars)•Realistic 20..........................•Difficult to fixonto wallAQuestions21-23Choose the correct letters A—C.21Amina’s project is about a localA school.B hospital.C factory.22Dr Bryson particularly likedA the introduction.B the first chapter.C the middle section.23Amina was surprised because sheA thought it was bad.B wrote it quickly.C found it difficult to do.Questions24-26What suggestions does Dr Bryson make?Complete the table as follows.Write A if he says KEEP UNCHANGEDWrite B if he says REWRITEWrite C if he says REMOVE COMPLETELY.................Information on housing2424..................................Interview data2525..................................Chronology2626.................Questions27-30Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.SECTION 4Questions 31-40Questions 31-34Write NUMBERS AND/OR NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each answer.31Between what times is the road traffic lightest?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....32Who will notice the noise most?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....33Which day of the week has the least traffic?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....34What will be the extra cost of modifying houses?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....Question 35Choose the correct letter A-D .The noise levels at the site can reachA45decibels.B 55decibels.C 67decibels.D70decibels.Questions 36-38Complete the table showing where devices used in reducing noise could befitted in the houses.Write:W for wallsD for doors C for ceilings36double thickness plaster board37mechanical ventilation 38air conditioningQuestions39and40Choose the correct letters A-D.39Which is the correct construction for acoustic double glazing?40What is the best layout for the houses?GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY1.____that they are fresh from university,the young people have done a good job.A)Given B)BecauseC)Giving D)As2.The trumpet player was certainly loud.But I wasn't bothered by his loudness____by his lack of talent.A)than B)more thanC)as D)so much as3.I understood you were third-year students____in English.A)who majors B)who major isC)have majored D)majoring4.Every means____been tried since then.A)has B)have C)are D)is5.I didn't send out my application form last week,but I____.A)had B)would doC)should have D)might have to6.The more we looked at the abstract painting，____.A)the less we liked it B)better we liked itC)we liked it less D)it looked better7.The situation today is obviously different from____it was about30years ago.A)what B)whenC)which D)such8.It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____it.A)mustn't have done B)wouldn't have doneC)mightn't have done D)didn't have to do9.____,call the police.A)If anyone will attempt to break in B)Would anyone attempt to break inC)Anyone should attempt to break in D)Should anyone attempt to break in10.When Edison died,it was proposed that the American people____all power in their homes,streets,and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.A)turn off B)turned offC)would turn off D)had turned off11.It’s beyond description.Nowhere else in the world____such a quiet,beautiful place.A)can there be B)you can findC)there can be D)can find you12.He____ice-cream on the beach if his father____last year,leaving nothing but debts.A)were to be selling…should die B)would not be selling…had diedC)would be selling…had not died D)would not be selling…had not died13.Not until all the fish died in the river____how serious the pollution was.A)did the villagers realize B)the villagers realizedC)the villagers did realize D)didn’t the villagers realize14.The young man who saw the car____into the river telephoned the police station.A)plunge B)plunged C)was plunging D)to plunge15.We will do our best to____your expectations.A)live up to B)live with C)live through D)live by16.The meaning of this poem is very____;I really do not understand it.A)conspicuous B)intelligibleC)obscure D)dim17.Because of his excellent administration,people lived in peace and____and all previously neglected matters were taken care of.A)conviction B)contestC)consent D)content18.The mayor____the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed in rescuing the earthquake victims.A)rewarded B)awarded C)credited D)prizedrmation and opinion gap exercises have to have some content____talking about.A)worthwhile B)worthily C)worth D)worthy20.Did you mean I should keep the receipt?I’m afraid I have____..A)run it over B)torn it upC)taken it apart D)shaken it off21.The hostess went to great____to make the child comfortable and feel at home.A)efforts B)lengthsC)heights D)details22.Mother____into the room and kissed her sleeping baby.A)crept B)staggered C)rushed D)marched23.Our TV license will____next month,so we shall then need a new one.A)abolish B)amend C)expire D)constrain24.We are quite sure that we can____our present difficulties and finish the task according to schedule.A)get across B)get overC)get away D)get off25.Jessica was____from the warehouse to the accounting office,which was considered a promotion.A)delivered B)exchangedC)transferred D)transformed26.You can hire a bicycle in many ually you’ll have to pay a____.A)deposit B)dealC)fare D)fond27.I must leave now.____,if you want that book I’ll bring it next time.A)Accidentally B)Incidentally C)Eventually D)Naturally28.The____of beer and alcohol in New Zealand is very high.A)consumption B)use C)drink D)absorption29.He was such a____speaker that he held our attention every minute of the three-hour lecture.A)specific B)dynamic C)heroic D)diplomatic30.The opening between the rocks was very narrow,but the boys managed to____through.A)press B)squeeze C)stretch D)leapREADINGREADING PASSAGE1You should spend about20minutes on Questions1-13which are based on Reading Passage 1Below.Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream ShoppingResearch in Britain has shown that green consumers'continue to flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers.This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday's issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel,the market research organisation,says that despite recession and financial pressures,more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a 'green wave'has swept through consumerism,taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns.The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with'ethical'concerns,involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of panies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel's survey,based on nearly1,000 consumers,found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from53per cent in1990to around60per cent in1994.On average, they will pay13per cent more for such products,although this percentage is higher among women,managerial and professional groups and those aged35to44.Between1990and1994the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from18to10per cent but the number of green spenders among older people and manual workers has risen substantially.Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel,the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared.The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes,said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market.She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not gone off the boil'.In fact,it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups,ages and occupations.Mintel's1994survey found that13per cent of consumers are'very dark green', nearly always buying environmentally friendly products,28per cent are'dark green',trying'as far as possible'to buy such products,and21per cent are'pale green'-tending to buy green products if they see them.Another26per cent are'armchair greens';they said they care services they buy,including the policies about environmental issues but their of the companies that provide them and concern does not affect their spending that this will require a greater degree of habits.Only10per cent say they do not honesty with consumers.care about green issues.Among green consumers,animalFour in ten people are'ethical testing is the top issue---48per cent said spenders',buying goods which do not,they would be deterred from buying afor example,involve dealings with product it if had been tested on animals---oppressive regimes.This figure is the followed by concerns regardingsame as in1990,although the number of irresponsible selling,the ozone layer,'armchair ethicals'has risen from28to river and sea pollution,forest destruction, 35per cent and only22per cent say they recycling and factory farming.However, are unconcerned now,against30per concern for specific issues is lower than cent in1990.Hughes claims that in the in1990,suggesting that manytwenty-first century,consumers will be consumers feel that Government and encouraged to think more about the business have taken on theentire history of the products and environmental agenda.Questions1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of Reading Passage1?In boxes1-6on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying'green'.3The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4Consumers'green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel's findings.5Mintel have limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.Questions7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes7-9on your answer sheet.7Politicians may have'misjudged the public mood'because________A they are pre-occupied with the recession and financial problems.B there is more widespread interest in the environment agenda than they anticipated.C consumer spending has increased significantly as a result of'green'pressure.D shoppers are displeased with government policies on a range of issues.8What is Mintel?A an environmentalist groupB a business survey organisationC an academic research teamD a political organisation9A consumer expressing concern for environmental issues without actively supporting such principles is________A an'ethical spender'.B a'very dark green'spender.C an'armchair green'.D a'pale green'spender.Questions10-13Complete the summary using words from the box below.Write your answers in boxes10-13on your answer sheet.NB There are more answers than spaces,so you will not use them all.The Mintel report suggests that in future companies will be forced to practise(10)......in their dealings because of the increased awareness amongstgreater (10)(11)......of ethical issues.This prediction is supported by the growth in the (11)(12)......identified in the most recent survey published.As anumber of (12)consequence,it is felt that companies will have to think more carefully about(13).......their (13)READING PASSAGE2You should spend about20minutes on Questions14-26which are based on Reading Passage2Below.A There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standardsof literacy in schools.In Britain,the fact that30per cent of16year olds have areading age of14or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes.The de-velopment of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all.So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy.The search so far has focused on socioeconomic factors,or the effectiveness of‘traditional’versus‘modern’teaching techniques.B The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of thesaying‘They can't see the wood for the trees’.When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without ques-tion.And for the past two decades,illustrations in reading primers have becomeincreasingly detailed and obtrusive,while language has become impoverished—some-times to the point of extinction.C Amazingly,there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrationsin teaching reading.On the contrary,a great deal of empirical evidence shows thatpictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspects of learning to read.Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes,the first books that many school children re-ceive are totally without text.D A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only theability to recognise words,but the skills necessary to understand what these wordsmean.Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently,he or she may not be able to un-derstand much of it:this is called‘barking at text’.The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom.But the adverse ef-fects of such things as television,video games,or limited language experiences athome,can be offset by experiencing‘rich’language at school.E Instead,it is not unusual for a book of30or more pages to have only one sentence fullof repetitive phrases.The artwork is often marvellous,but the pictures make the lan-guage redundant,and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books.Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image,and can make it difficult for older children.In order to learn how to comprehend,they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text.They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained.F As they grow older,many children turn aside from books without pictures,and it is asituation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual.It is hard to weanchildren off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their for-mative reading experiences,and when there is competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment.The least intelligent are most vulnerable,buttests show that even intelligent children are being affected.The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language,even atsenior levels.The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint confer-ences to discuss the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates.G Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful andeye-catching.But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story.Then,as they start to read,they have this experience to help them understand the language.If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills,then I think we are making a great mistake.H Academic journals ranging from educational research,psychology,language learning,psycholinguistics,and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pic-tures are for beginner readers.Here is a brief selection:I The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consis-tent:pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the child's reading became.She claims that when children come to a word they already know,then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting.If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand.J Jay Samuels,an American psychologist,found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures.He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture.When children were given words and pictures,those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures,but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes1i14Readers are said to'bark'at a text when________A they read too loudly.B there are too many repetitive words.C they are discouraged from using their imagination.D they have difficulty assessing its meaning.15The text suggests that________A pictures in books should be less detailed.B pictures can slow down reading progress.C picture books are best used with younger readers.D pictures make modern books too expensive.16University academics are concerned because________A young people are showing less interest in higher education.B students cannot understand modern academic texts.C academic books are too childish for their undergraduates.D there has been a significant change in student literacy.17The youngest readers will quickly develop good reading if they________A learn to associate the words in a text with pictures.B are exposed to modern teaching techniques.C are encouraged to ignore pictures in the text.D learn the art of telling stories.Questions18-21Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage2? In boxes18-21on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage18It is traditionally accepted that children's books should contain few pictures.19Teachers aim to teach both word recognition and word meaning.20Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pictures.21Literacy has improved as a result of recent academic conferences.Reading Passage2has ten paragraphs,A-J.Which paragraphs state the following information?Write the appropriate letters A-J in boxes22-25on your answer sheet.NB There are more paragraphs than summaries,so you will not use them all.22The decline of literacy is seen in groups of differing ages and abilities.23Reading methods currently in use go against research findings.24Readers able to ignore pictures are claimed to make greater progress.25Illustrations in books can give misleading information about word meaning.Question26From the list below choose the most suitable title for the whole of Reading Passage2. Write the appropriate letter A-E in box26on your answer sheet.(A)The global decline in reading levels(B)Concern about recent educational developments(C)The harm that picture books can cause(D)Research carried out on children's literature(E)An examination of modern reading stylesREADING PASSAGE3You should spend about26minutes on Questions27-40which are based on Reading Passage3below.IN SEARCH OF THE HOLY GRAILIt has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than£2billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo programme that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions,for it will not be complete until early next century.Even before it is finished,according to those involved,this project should open up new understanding of,and new treatments for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity.As a result of the Human Genome Project, there will be new hope of liberation from the shadows Of cancer,heart disease,auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,and some psychiatric illnesses. The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state,but audacious in scope:to map and analyse every single gene within the double helix of humanity's DNA1.The project will reveal a new human anatomy—not the bones,muscles and sinews,but the complete genetic blueprint for a humanbeing.Those working on theHuman Genome Projectclaim that the new geneticalanatomy will transformmedicine and reduce humansuffering in the twenty-firstcentury.But others see thefuture through a darker glass,and fear that the project mayopen the door to a worldpeopled by Frankenstein'smonsters and disfigured by anew eugenics2.The genetic inheritance ababy receives from its parentsat the moment of conceptionfixes much of its laterdevelopment,determiningcharacteristics as varied aswhether it will have blue eyesor suffer from a life-Threatening illness such ascystic fibrosis.The humangenome is the compendiumof all these inherited geneticinstructions.Written outalong the double helix ofDNA are the chemical lettersof the genetic text.It is anextremely long text,for thehuman genome containsmore than3billion letters:On the printed page it wouldfill about7,000volumes.Yet,within little more than adecade,the position of everyletter and its relation to itsneighbours will have beentracked down,analysed andrecorded.Considering how manyletters there are in the humangenome,nature is anexcellent proof-reader.Butsometimes there are mistakes.An error in a single'word'—agene-can give rise to thecrippling condition of cysticfibrosis,the commonestgenetic disorder amongCaucasians.Errors in thegenetic recipe forhaemoglobin,the protein thatgives blood its characteristicred colour and which carriesoxygen from the lungs to therest of the body,give rise tothe most common singlegenedisorder in the world:thalassaemia.More than4,000such single-gene defects areknown to afflict humanity.The majority of them arefatal;the majority of thevictims are children.None of the single-genedisorders is a disease in theconventional sense,for whichit would be possible toadminister a curative drug: the defect is pre-programmed into every cell of the sufferer's body.But there is hope of progress.In1986, American researchers identified the genetic defect underlying one type of muscular dystrophy.In1989, a team of American and Canadian biologists announced that they had found the site of the gene which,when defective,gives rise to cystic fibrosis.Indeed, not only had they located the gene,they had analysed the sequence of letters within it and had identified the mistake responsible for the condition. At the least,these scientific advances may offer a way of screening parents who might be at risk of transmitting a single-gene defect to any children that they conceive. Foetuses can be tested while in the womb,and if found free of the genetic defect,the parents will be relieved of worry and stress,knowing that they will be delivered of a baby free from the disorder. In the mid-1980s,the idea gained currency within the scientific world that the techniques which were successfully deciphering disorder-related genes could be applied to a larger project:if science can learn thegenetic spelling of cysticfibrosis,why not attempt tofind out how to spell'human'?Momentum quickly built upbehind the Human GenomeProject and its objective of'sequencing'the entiregenome-writing out all theletters in their correct order.But the consequences ofthe Human Genome Projectgo far beyond a narrow focuson disease.Some of itssupporters have made claimsof great extravagance-thatthe Project will bring us tounderstand,at the mostfundamental level,what it isto be human.Yet manypeople are concerned thatsuch an emphasis onhumanity's geneticconstitution may distort oursense of values,and lead usto forget that human life ismore than just the expressionof a genetic program writtenin the chemistry of DNA.If properly applied,thenew knowledge generated bythe Human Genome Projectmay free humanity from theterrible scourge of diversediseases.But if the newknowledge is not used wisely,it also holds the threat ofcreating new forms ofdiscrimination and newmethods of oppression.Manycharacteristics,such as heightand intelligence,result notfrom the action of genesalone,but from subtleinteractions between genesand the environment.Whatwould be the implications ifhumanity were to understand,with precision,the geneticconstitution which,given thesame environment,willpredispose one persontowards a higher intelligencethan another individualwhose genes were differentlyshuffled?Once before in thiscentury,the relentlesscuriosity of scientificresearchers brought to lightforces of nature in the powerof the atom,the mastery ofwhich has shaped the destinyof nations and overshadowedall our lives.The HumanGenome Project holds thepromise that,ultimately,wemay be able to alter ourgenetic inheritance if we sochoose.But there is thecentral moral problem:howcan we ensure that when wechoose,we choose correctly?That such a potential is apromise and not a threat?Weneed only look at the past tounderstand the danger.Glossary1DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid,molecules responsible for the transference of genetic characteristics. 2eugenics The science of improving the qualities of the human race,especially the careful selection of parents.。

2024年中考复习指南英语电子版2024 Middle School Entrance Examination Review Guide English e-BookChapter 1: IntroductionWelcome to the 2024 Middle School Entrance Examination Review Guide! This e-Book is designed to help students prepare for the upcoming exam and achieve success. In this guide, you will find a comprehensive review of key English topics, practice questions, and test-taking strategies to help you excel in the exam. Let’s get started!Chapter 2: English Language Skills1. Reading Comprehension: This section tests your ability to understand and interpret written passages. Practice reading a variety of texts, such as articles, essays, and short stories, and answering questions based on them.2. Vocabulary: Expand your vocabulary by learning new words and their meanings. Practice using context clues to understand unfamiliar words and phrases.3. Grammar: Review grammar rules, such as subject-verb agreement, tenses, and sentence structure. Practice identifying and correcting errors in sentences.4. Writing: Practice writing essays, letters, and stories. Focus on organizing your ideas, using proper grammar and punctuation, and developing a strong thesis statement.Chapter 3: Practice Questions1. Reading Comprehension:Read the following passage and answer the questions below.“Many people believe that exercise is important for maintaining good health. Regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. It can also improve mental health by reducing stress and anxiety.”Question 1: Why do many people believe that exercise is important for maintaining good health?Question 2: How can regular physical activity benefit your health?Question 3: What is the main idea of the passage?2. Vocabulary:Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the list.1. The (a)_________ of the project was to improve access to clean water.2. She (b)_________ a cookbook to help beginners learn how to cook.3. He was (c)_________ for his dishonest behavior.(a) goal(b) authored(c) notorious3. Grammar:Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.1. The students is studying for the exam.2. She don’t like to eat vegetables.3. They’re going to the movies after school.Chapter 4: Test-Taking Strategies1. Read the instructions carefully before starting each section of the exam.2. Pace yourself and manage your time wisely. Don’t spend too much time on one question.3. Review your answers before submitting your test to check for any errors.4. Stay calm and focused during the exam. Take deep breaths if you feel anxious.Chapter 5: ConclusionCongratulations on completing the 2024 Middle School Entrance Examination Review Guide! By studying the key English topics, practicing with sample questions, and followingtest-taking strategies, you are well-prepared to excel in the exam. Good luck!。

international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。

课时提优计划作业本2024英语九下答案Title: Homework Answers for Class Improvement Plan Workbook 2024 English Ninth GradeIntroduction:The Class Improvement Plan is a comprehensive program designed to help students enhance their English language skills. One of the key components of this program is the homework assignments given in the workbook. These assignments are carefully curated to cover all aspects of the English language, including grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing skills. In this document, we will provide the answers for the homework assignments in the Class Improvement Plan Workbook for the year 2024 for ninth grade students.Chapter 1: Grammar1.1) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses:a) She (study) every day.b) They (play) basketball yesterday.c) We (go) to the beach last weekend.d) He (eat) lunch at 12 pm.e) I (read) a book right now.1.2) Choose the correct pronoun to complete the sentences:a) Are you bringing ___ camera to the party?b) She gave ___ a present for my birthday.c) __ are going to the park tomorrow.Chapter 2: Vocabulary2.1) Match the words with their definitions:a) diligent - hardworking and carefulb) enthusiastic - showing a lot of excitement and interestc) stubborn - refusing to change your opinion or course of action2.2) Fill in the blanks with the correct word:a) The __ of the book was fascinating.b) She __ her keys in the car.Chapter 3: Reading Comprehension3.1) Read the passage and answer the questions:Passage: The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous landmarks in the world. It stretches over 13,000 miles and wasbuilt over 2,000 years ago to protect the Chinese empire from invasions.Questions:a) What is the Great Wall of China?b) Why was the Great Wall built?Chapter 4: Writing Skills4.1) Write a short paragraph about your favorite book or movie.Conclusion:The homework answers provided in this document are intended to assist students in their learning journey. By completing these assignments and checking their answers, students can improve their English language skills and excel in their studies. We encourage students to use these answers as a reference and to seek help from their teachers if they have any questions or need further clarification.。