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The Women Live in the Monstrous Life--Reading the Novel Beloved of Toni Morrison 作者： 李明
作者机构： 解放军国际关系学院,江苏南京210039
出版物刊名： 枣庄学院学报
页码： 60-62页
主题词： 黑奴 母爱 畸形生活 走出自我
摘要：黑人也是人,但却因为特定的历史原因使得他们有了特定的称谓:奴隶.生活在奴隶制下的黑人,身心都饱受摧残,变得失去自我.赛丝,一个在白人机制欺压下存活的女黑奴,虽然她得以从奴隶制下的畸形黑暗生活中逃脱出来,但却始终没能逃脱出那种制度带给她的创伤以及精神上的折磨.她对宠儿的爱是深厚的,但却也是畸形的,带有愧疚心理的爱,一种令她无法走出自我的爱,令她堕落的爱.。
（最终稿）从芭芭拉____史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题南京晓庄学院本科生学士学位论文从芭芭拉·史密斯的黑人女性主义批评视角看《宠儿》的弑婴母题ON THE MOTIF OF INFANTICIDE IN BELOVED FROM PERSPECTIVE OF BARBARA SMITH’SBLACK FEMINIST CRITICISM所在院（系）：行知学院学生：张林枫指导老师：陈永研究起止日期：2010年6月至2011年4月二○一一年四月Abstract and Key WordsAbstract:Beloved by Toni Morrison is taken as the best of Morrison’s works. Based on the real story of Margaret Garner, a black woman, Morrison has presented a full picture of the miserable situation ofthe black women under the oppression of slavery. The present thesis attempts to make a tentative study on infanticide from perspective of Babara Smith’s black feminism theory. It mainly analyzes Sethe’s infanticide and presents what prompts her to kill her baby. Sethe is constantly exposed to the traumas under the oppression of slavery, racism and sexism, and her infanticide indicates her self-consciousness and resistance to these oppressions.Key words: infanticide; black feminism; Sethe摘要：托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》被誉为莫里森的最杰出的著作。
浅论《宠儿》中美国黑人女性独立人格的价值分析一、介绍莫里森为《宠儿》一书所选取的场景是辛辛那提城郊的蓝石路124 号凶宅。
虽然奴隶制已被废除 10 年了，但被杀婴儿---"宠儿"的冤魂一直在家中肆虐，家人中死的死，精神崩溃的精神奔溃。
最后，是成长起来的另一个女儿丹芙和黑人民众一起帮助她摆脱了宠儿，开始面对新生活。
《宠儿》是一部旨在揭示奴隶制精神贻害的小说，主人公赛丝通过自己的顽强斗志，逃离了控制其人身自由，迫害其身心的农场。
而这些男性黑奴们却没能做到。
为了不被奴隶主抓回，她万般无奈下亲手杀死自己的女儿。
虽然这种行为在白人眼里应该受到道义上的谴责，但赛丝暴烈的母爱将这种行为中的否定奴隶制倾向发挥到极致，其实是顺理成章的结果，其意义在于，一个奴隶第一次真正成为自己生命的主宰，她身上人性的高贵、丰盈和美丽全系于那挑战历史必然的非理性方式。
二、逃亡在美国历史上，奴隶制是人们不想再提及，刻意去遗忘的一段黑暗历史。
奴隶是奴隶主的合法财产，这就是奴隶制形成的基础。
换句话说，奴隶没有人权，所以可以被随意买卖，为奴隶主赚取利益。
在奴隶体制中，任何家庭中的孩子都可能随时被卖出，远离父母。
像其他孩子一样，小赛丝由一个叫做南的独臂奴隶妇女抚养。
她的生母只抚养她一个月的时间。
当她长到 13 岁时，她被卖给了加纳先生。
赛丝非常幸运，能在"甜蜜之家"中度过了"six years of happy marriage".加纳夫妇是最仁慈的奴隶主的典型代表。
莫里森试图唤醒奴隶，因为他们错误地认为奴隶主是仁慈的，有同情心的。
莫里森通过本书告知读者，所有奴隶主对奴隶的所作所为比起加纳夫妇对赛丝的所作所为有过之而无不及，进而揭露奴隶制的罪恶本性。
赛丝所生活的农场---"甜蜜之家",是一个半乌托邦的农场。
在奴隶制下，它不可能成为一个真正的家。
在农场的男性奴隶有权利"buy a mother, choose a horse, ora wife, handle guns, even learn reading if they wanted to". 但还是加纳夫妇的财产。
《宠儿》中塞丝的恼怒与美国非裔女性情感共同体建构
邵迓楠
【期刊名称】《英语广场（学术研究）》
【年(卷),期】2024()15
【摘要】托妮·莫里森的小说《宠儿》中塞丝的形象展现了情感的复杂性,呈现出美国奴隶制度下非裔女性所面临的生存困境和情感危机。
本文以塞丝的恼怒为切入点,深入探讨了20世纪初美国非裔女性所具备的情感特质,论证了她们在情感的驱动下联合抗争,建立起具有积极能动意义的非裔女性情感共同体的过程。
揭示了她们之间的情感联系和互助关系的重要性。
【总页数】4页(P44-47)
【作者】邵迓楠
【作者单位】南京邮电大学外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106
【相关文献】
1.黑人女性的凝聚之力——对《宠儿》中塞丝的女性主义解读
2.《诺顿美国非裔文学选集》与美国非裔文学经典建构
3.创伤理论视角下《宠儿》中美国黑人女性的心理创伤研究--以女主人公塞丝为例
4.恼怒的救赎:《唱吧!未安葬的魂灵》中美国黑人女性的恼怒情感
5.《紫颜色》中西丽的恼怒与美国非裔女性情感共同体建构
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“不能承受之重”：《宠儿》中黑人妇女的自我成长
罗毅
【期刊名称】《海外英语(上)》
【年(卷),期】2011(000)009
【摘要】《宠儿》是托尼·莫里森的代表作.小说借用多种叙事方式,为读者呈现奴隶制语境下奴隶们的生存状态.塞斯一家三代女人各自的悲剧式的生活经历揭示了黑人妇女在种族主义压迫之下的心理异化以及艰难出路.借奴隶叙事,作家为读者呈现了黑人妇女非凡的力量与艰难的自我成长.在历史中定格的苦难,已然成为美国黑人、白人记忆的阴霾.作家不是为写苦难而写苦难,作家希望由苦难凝结并撕裂的历史能够借《宠儿》完成重构,并获得与未来的桥接,艰难的自我成长因此有了涅槃的意义.
【总页数】3页(P31-33)
【作者】罗毅
【作者单位】阿坝师范高等专科学校外语系,四川成都,611741
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106
【相关文献】
1.不能承受之“轻”和必须承受之“重”--浅谈成本会计教学中问题及策略 [J], 周利
2.年轻干部成长过程中的不能承受之重 [J], 周锦狮;
3.年轻干部成长过程中的不能承受之重 [J], 周锦狮
4.教育不能承受之重——研究生推免政策中不合理现象解读 [J], 张宇恒;王小红;刘余;
5.不能承受之“轻”和必须承受之“重”——浅谈成本会计教学中问题及策略 [J], 周利
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
通过小说《宠儿》看美国的种族歧视通过小说《宠儿》看美国的种族歧视An Analysis of the Racial Discrimination inAmerica in BelovedAbstractBeloved is the masterpiece of Toni Morrison--the famous Afro-American woman writer. T oni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in 1993 which made her the first black woman to win this prize in the history of America. This novel is regarded as a milestone in American literature. Morrison is such a person who holds the firm national status, and has deep personal views on the racial contradictions. In Beloved, she stats a central story of Sethe killing her daughter Beloved. Through this novel she exposes the problem of racial discrimination in America.The author of the present thesis tries to see the racial discrimination in America through the analysis of the fate of Beloved. The fact that Beloved is not beloved could be displayed in many aspects, and through these facts, some racial problems could be exposed. What makes Beloved not beloved includes the social reasons, the family reasons and the personal reasons. Beloved’s trag edy is a epitome of the whole black people. At the end of the present thesis, the author tries to talk about the solution to the racial problem in America.Key words: Beloved；love；slavery system ；racial discrimination摘要《宠儿》是美国著名非洲裔女作家托尼·莫里森的代表作,于1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖,从而使莫里森成为第一个获此奖项的黑人女作家,而该部作品也成为了美国文学史上的一个里程碑。
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解析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女性主义思想在其婚姻中的体现50 英语长句的理解和翻译51 On Symbolism in Hemingway's Cat in the Rain52 从《傲慢与偏见》两个汉译本看翻译策略的选择53 英语教学如何促进学生智力的发展54 《动物农庄》的极权主义的研究55 中文旅游文本的英译研究56 论英语广告语中的双关应用及翻译57 从《道连•格雷的画像》谈唯美主义艺术观58 从电影《阿甘正传》分析委婉语的交际功能59 论《宠儿》中的美国黑人女性的悲剧成长60 《土生子》里的象征艺术61 量词“片”与“piece”的语法化对比研究62 对英文广告中模糊语言美学功能的理论探究63 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)探究数字化时代下的微电影营销64 Different Cultural Connotations of Animal glossaries in Chinese and English65 科学家的困惑——从生态伦理角度浅析《弗兰肯斯坦》66 汉英亲属称谓词的文化差异及翻译67 迷失的童年——从成长小说的角度解读伊恩•麦克尤恩的《蝴蝶》68 An Analysis of the Family Membership In Death of a Salesman69 从寂寞到超然—索尔•贝娄的《赫索格》中书信体的内心独白70 浅析《飘》中女性人物形象71 “理想化”和“反理想化”－－《不能承受的生命之轻》主题辩析72 从植物词看英汉文化差异73 从文化角度分析《论语》中特殊词语的翻译——以“仁”为个例74 中英文颜色词的非对应翻译75 《长日入夜行》中玛丽的悲剧和反抗76 试论商务英语与普通英语的异同——商务英语书面语的特点77 从生态女性主义角度解读《宠儿》78 英汉典故及文化内涵的比较分析79 A Comparison of the English Color Terms80 商标的特征及其翻译的分析81 论企业对员工过度压力的管理82 中西方酒店文化比较与探讨83 浅析跟单信用证软条款及其防范措施84 浅析中西方饮食文化差异—比较“春节”和“圣诞节”85 《麦田守望者》成长主题解析86 从跨文化交际角度看《贵妇画像》中的文化冲突87 英汉禁忌语对比分析88 不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》89 威廉·福克纳作品中的不称职母亲90 对大学课程中“旅游英语”的教材分析91 A Study of the Protagonist’s Pursuit of Identity in Invisible Man92 论英语称谓语中的性别歧视现象93 对《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观重新解读94 A Comparative Study of Inversion between English and Chinese95 《简爱》的女性主义视角解读96 理雅各与林语堂《道德经》英译本的比较97 论《简爱》中伯莎﹒梅森的象征意蕴和影响98 女性主义翻译研究——《简•爱》两种中文译本的比较99 从哈姆雷特心理变化轨迹浅析其性格发展阶段100 英汉天气词汇的隐喻用法101 从关联理论看鲁迅作品《孔乙己》中的反讽102 外国品牌中译的创新翻译研究103 大学校名的命名原则与翻译策略－－以中美两国的大学校名为例104 小学英语课堂互动式教学研究105 跨文化传播视角下中美动画片对比106 从《店员》解读作者双重身份的矛盾心理107 从中美文化差异看中国人创新能力的缺失与培养108 中西方新闻报道看道德观差异109 从译者的读者意识看童话英汉翻译110 浅析高中英语阅读教学中教师的角色111 论杜鲁门•卡波特《蒂凡尼的早餐》中霍莉的漂泊人生112 从《大卫科波菲尔》的女性人物塑造看现实主义与浪漫主义的结合113 从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识114 A Comparison of the English Color Terms115 论初中英语教学中的情景创设116 ESA理论在大学英语口语教学中的运用117 《女勇士》中美国华裔身份危机的探寻118 中学英语老师提问存在的问题及解决策略119 概念整合理论对幽默的阐释力120 自然观的演变——《自然》与《走出去思考》之对比分析121 论英语称谓语中的性别歧视122 论密西西比河对马克•吐温和《哈克贝利•费恩历险记》的影响123 A Comparison of the English Color Terms124 论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想125 威尔斯的对等翻译理论在商务翻译中的应用126 化妆品品牌名称翻译审美与选词127 论功能对等理论在中式菜名中的运用128 《晚安,妈妈》中公共汽车和洗衣机的象征寓意129 An Analysis of American and Chinese Culture in Kung Fu Panda130 中学英语口语教学中的互动131 英文影片名汉译中的文化多元性初探132 试析德莱塞对《嘉莉妹妹》女主人公的非道德描写133 论英语广告的语言特点134 论安东尼•特罗洛普的现实主义思想——以《巴赛特的最后纪事》为例135 《金色笔记》中女性主义的误读开题报告+论文( )136 中西方文化中颜色词的隐喻比较研究137 英汉称谓语对比及翻译138 威廉·斯泰伦《苏菲的选择》叙事策略分析139 苔丝悲剧中乌托邦情结的探析140 《哈姆雷特》中不言而喻的隐喻魅力(开题报告+论文+文献综述)141 On Translation Strategies of Animal Idioms between English and Chinese142 Views on Marriages in Pride and Prejudice in the Perspective of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs143 借代和提喻的对比研究144 浅谈英语教学中体态语的运用145 罗伯特弗罗斯特田园诗歌意象的象征意义146 从文化差异角度看中式菜单英译147 浅析《飘》中的女性意识148 从跨文化角度论谚语中的比喻与翻译149 从成长小说角度解读《马丁•伊登》150 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的创伤和治愈151 《道连葛雷的画像》之艺术的道德性152 An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting153 A Study on the Motivations of Korean Students in China: Impacts of Internationalization on Korean Higher Education154 从合作原则和礼貌原则的角度分析外贸函电中否定信息的传递155 论女同性恋成长小说－－简析珍妮特.温特森《橘子不是唯一的水果》156 从跨文化角度对商标翻译的研究157 论双性同体理论下的《达洛卫夫人》158 英语习语汉译的策略探讨159 《红字》的悲剧成因分析160 Exploration of Improper Criticism in Middle School Education161 A Pragmatic Analysis of Puns in English Advertisements under the Cooperative Principle 162 从《马拉喀什》和《射象》看乔治•奥威尔散文的艺术风格163 A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Euphemisms for Death from the Perspective of Culture164 高中学生英语词汇学习现状研究综述165 浅析英汉宗教死亡委婉语的异同166 论《宠儿》中社区与逃离的关系167 角色扮演活动在小学英语教学中的应用168 从《麦琪的礼物》看欧亨利的写作手法169 从主角与配角之间关系的角度探讨《老人与海》中的生存主题170 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《海浪》的叙事技巧分析171 情境教学法在初中英语课堂教学中的运用172 《诗经》中修饰性叠词的比较研究173 勃朗特两姐妹创作风格差异探究174 论宋词词牌名的翻译175 杰克的悲剧与海明威的世界观176 On the Manifold Functions of the Scene of Parties in The Great Gatsby 177 论学生角色在中学英语课堂中的转换178 浅议我国民营企业薪酬管理179 从新闻用语特点对比中西方文化差异180 中西方文化差异对广告翻译的影响181 论海勒《约塞连幸免于难》的黑色幽默的荒诞与反讽182 “师道尊严”对当代中国英语教学的负面影响183 从“信”“达”标准分析英译药品说明书中存在的误译184 从语境角度分析英语歧义185 中国春节与美国圣诞节的文化比较186 音意兼译—外来词中译之首选法187 艾伦金斯堡及其《嚎叫》之于二十世纪六十年代美国文化的影响188 《洛丽塔》男女主人公的悲惨命运分析189 浅析《蝇王》中的人性黑暗190 《儿子与情人》中扭曲的爱191 马斯洛需要层次理论下的《奥兰多》192 英汉色彩词的语用对比研究193 《沉默的羔羊》三部曲中汉尼拔博士性格探析194 论《黑夜中的旅人》中主人公的信仰冲突与融合195 跨文化交际中的中美幽默的比较196 论《小镇畸人》中人物的怪诞性197 论商务英语广告的语言特征198 《汤姆·索亚历险记》中所反映的社会问题199 傲慢与偏见中的婚姻观200 从《远离尘嚣》看托马斯哈代的生态自然观。
他者之痛--后殖民视角下再析《宠儿》李凡【期刊名称】《淮北职业技术学院学报》【年(卷),期】2014(000)004【摘要】Beloved is a classic work by Toni Morrison in contemporary American literature .In Beloved , Morrison discloses the black's suffering in the white-dominant society .This thesis aims to analyze the "othering"black who belongs to the "Other"with marginalized social position from the postcolonial per-spective .Owing to the slavery ,the blacks are not only sufferers of physical torment from the white ,but also victims of cultural hegemony which influences their ideology severely .The black fall into both physical and mental paralysis .%《宠儿》是当代美国文学史上一部经典著作。
在这部小说中，莫里森揭露出奴隶制废除前后，黑人在白人主导的美国社会的遭遇。
从后殖民视角下解读《宠儿》，可知黑人处于社会的边缘地位，是主流之外被他者化的群体。
赤裸裸的种族歧视不仅使黑人身体上遭受白人的迫害，思想意识也被白人的文化霸权严重侵蚀，黑人最终从肉体到精神完全麻木。
【总页数】2页(P42-43)【作者】李凡【作者单位】延安大学外国语学院，陕西延安 716000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106【相关文献】1.双重“他者”的逃离:后殖民女性主义视角下的《关于桑蓓莉卡女郎的日记》 [J], 汪佳;王美萍;2.“他者”视角下《宠儿》的情感解读 [J], 罗毅3.旅行叙事下的“他者”群像——后殖民生态批评视角下的《远航》 [J], 夏侯勤4.后殖民视角下的东方镜像——林丰民《东方文艺创作的他者化倾向》学术评述[J], 黎跃进; 吴鹏5.后殖民视角下琼斯双重“他者”的悲剧 [J], 程頔因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
国内图书分类号：H314国际图书分类号：801.5.563.1文学硕士学位论文托妮·莫里森小说《宠儿》、《柏油娃娃》和《最蓝的眼睛》中的互文性研究硕士研究生：聂铂导师：张瑾副教授申请学位：文学硕士学科、专业：英语语言文学所在单位：外国语学院答辩日期：2009年7月2日授予学位单位：哈尔滨工业大学Classified Index: H313.2U.D.C.: 802.0Graduation Thesis for the M. A. DegreeIntertextuality in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Tar Baby and The Bluest EyesCandidate:Nie BoSupervisor:Associate Prof. Zhang JinAcademic Degree Applied for:Master of ArtsSpecialty:English Language and LiteratureAffiliation:School of Foreign Languages Date of Oral Examination:July 2, 2009Degree Conferring Institution :Harbin Institute of TechnologyHIT Graduation Thesis for the MA Degree摘要本文以茱莉亚·克里斯蒂娃的广义互文性理论和热拉尔·热奈特的狭义互文性理论为理论框架，探讨托妮•莫里森的三部小说《宠儿》、《柏油娃娃》和《最蓝的眼睛》中的互文性特点。
莫里森是当代美国著名黑人女作家。
她凭借厚重的文化积淀，细腻的笔触和过人的才智创作出一部部令人叹为观止的小说作品，表现了非裔文化和整个黑人民族在主流社会中求生存求发展而进行的种种艰难探索。
她在创作中广泛吸收借鉴西方文化精华和价值观，同时又紧密结合本民族文化传统，因此作品中充满了深厚的文化内涵，这也正是本文对她的小说进行互文性研究的出发点。
天津外国语大学应用外语教学中心英语双学位英语阅读课学期论文中文题目：《宠儿》中美国黑人奴隶的生存英文题目：The Survival Of African AmericanSlaves in Beloved班级：姓名：学号：摘要《宠儿》（1987）是普利策奖得主托妮·莫里森的小说，一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
《宠儿》说的是一个看似荒唐诡异的残暴故事：黑人女奴塞丝在逃跑的过程中亲手扼杀了自己的女儿，为了不让她继续奴隶悲惨的命运。
十几年后，鬼婴还魂前来阳间索债。
《宠儿》的基调是苦的。
它像黑人音乐一样根植于悲伤。
在《宠儿》中，通过三代人不同的成长经历展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义的双重压迫下艰难的心路历程。
莫里森用她独特的视角讲述黑人妇女真实的处境，使人们可以强烈深刻地感受到黑人妇女的痛苦经历。
关键词：托尼•莫里森；《宠儿》；奴隶制；创伤；反抗；生存AbstractBeloved(1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Toni Morrison. It has been regarded as a classic of American literature. Beloved tells a brutal story seems absurd weird. Black woman Sethe throttled his daughter in the way of escape, for not letting her daughter continue the tragic fate of slaves. Ten years later, the ghost of the infant came back to ask for debt. The tone in Beloved is bitter. It is the same as black music which is rooted in sorrow.Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the difficult process of growth of three generations of the black women who are in a weak position and in both racist and sexist oppression. Morrison, with her unique perspective, tells about the real situation of black women so that people can feel the painful experiences of black women strongly and deeply.Key Words：Toni Morrison; Beloved; Slavery; Trauma; Resistance; SurvivalIntroductionIn February 18, 1931, Toni Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, near the town of Laurent. She is the second child in her family. She is the editor of The Black Book , which chronicles the history of African Americans of 300 years. From 1989, she worked as a professor at Princeton University and taught literature. Her main achievement is in the novel field. In 1993, the 62-year-old Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature.Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. She belongs to that era's best writers and is one of the most respected black women writers. She remains the same in modern era too. Her novel is famous for distinctive images, rich feelings and profound ideas. Her work has always represented the black women and filled with tragedy. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, there is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture. Swedish Academy‘s evaluation on her: "The novel gives the United States a very important aspect of the real dynamic with rich imagination and poetic expression.Beloved was recognized as Morrison's best work. In 2006, it was regarded as the best American novel in recent 25 years by "New Y ork Times".The novel Beloved is mainly about Sethe. When the black slave was pregnant, she went alone from the slave manor in Kentucky to Cincinnati in Ohio. The master chased her through the track. In order not let her children repeat their tragic fate of slaves, she resolutely killed his young daughter Beloved who could just crawl. 18 years later, Beloved resurrected back to earth and lived with Sethe, Sethe‘s daughter Dan Fu and the lover of Paul • D. She had not only obtained extra love of her mother but also had lured Paul • D. She did anything to disrupt and destroy the mother's life. The book is full of bitter poetry and tense suspense. Low status of blacks had been denied them even the right to bec ome God's subjects. However, they don‘t break anddon‘t t flex with the spirit of noble character who create their own God. Slavery and freedom, confinement and escape, this is all blacks‘ fate since slavery and racial discrimination has began. It is also the eternal theme of black literature. Beloved also reflects this theme.In 1998 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. The analyses and studies of Beloved in previous years mainly focus on the analysis of the theme, the analysis of slavery and the study of writing skills. Each generation makes its own opinions concerning what the novel is and what it offers. My paper illustrates Sethe‘s rebellion against the slavery from different aspects in great details. We can see the persecution of slavery on their lives and their struggling life. My paper chiefly makes up of three chapters. Chapter one discusses black slaves‘ low status in American society. Chapter two researches the twisted motherly love. Chapter three analyzes rebellion against the slavery.Chapter One Psychological Impact of SlaveryIn the novel we can see the slaves‘ tragic life. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked in and either been freed or run away from, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family move forward in time and leave the past behind.Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. In a way Beloved serves to open these characters up to their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ‗self that is no self.‘ To heal and humani ze, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painfulmemories. As a result of suffering, the ‗self‘, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ‗remake‘ their ‗selves‘ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'memories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'.Chapter Two Twisted Motherly LoveIn Beloved, Sethe has to kill he r daughter, and undoubtedly that‘s a big tragedy. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself. She forces herself to be the murder of her daughter under the slavery although she is painful. Beloved herself is a tragedy. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name.Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking forher, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Althoughshe has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl whowaited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for thechewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)In Sethe‘s mind, children are her most precious part of life. She could strongly feel her rights and obligations as a mother. She has a deeper understanding of slaves‘ life with her own painful experiences. In order to protect her children, she alone escaped from Cincinnati. As a mother, she don‘t want her little girl to experience slave life. The only thing she wants to do is to end thebaby‘s life. From beginning to the end, she thinks it‘s right. When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethe‘s killing matter, he accuses her ―Your love is too thick‖. But she answers, ―Love is or it ain‘t. Thin love ain‘t love at all.‖ (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds and characters from a woman.The maternal bonds that connect Sethe to her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own ―best self,‖ a nd the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her ―fantasy of the future,‖ her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver‘s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only reaches individuation after Beloved‘s exorc ism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely ―for her,‖ her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of her self that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe‘s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother‘s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time ―with the bit‖) so she wasn‘t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter.Chapter Three Rebellion Against the SlaveryMorrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is 1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethe‘s mind. There is a motto of Irish Revolution –―You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty‖ (詹妮特467)—that‘s fit for the black women absolutely. The black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black women‘s situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. That‘s their strength and growth.Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others‘ friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, the children of the slave mothers don‘t belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break into the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, in the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch otherswith them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face‘ cause they don‘tlove that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts thatthey‘d just as soon slop for hogs, you got to love them. The dark,dark—love it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. Morethan eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More thanyour life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now,love your heart. For this is the prize. (Morrison 89)In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethe‘s ―human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,‖ (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her child‘s characteristics to be put on the animal‘s side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixo‘s first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and then she does it. In this sense, Sethe‘s escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the society. When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself.And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is ―She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help‖ (Morrison 243) ―Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.‖(Morrison 244) With the encoura gement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, ―I have my own.‖(Morrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.ConclusionThrough Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the process of growth of threegenerations of the black women. The old generation realized their miseries, but they do not know how to change the situation, so they just accept them; the second generation is unwilling to be oppressed, so they try to find a way out. At the end of the fiction, the third generation finally finds their own identity, and then begins to build up a better future.However, they do not and will not stop their resistance if there is still unequal treatment or discrimination. It is safe to say that the revolution of the black women is like a ―glass ceiling‖. They can see their prospect clea rly but they still have a long-time fight and need to make great efforts. Fortunately, they gradually grow up and build very strong strength to make themselves accepted by others. In fact, the black women have great strength and are full of hope, and they are following the way of Baby Suggs, Sethe, and Denver, and making their future more wonderful.When Martin Luther King Jr. said that he had a dream that his children would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character, it was understood that equal rights for African-Americans would be good for all Americans. Likewise, when the black women have equal rights with others and when laws support the practice of that equality, people will live in a better America, and also in a better world. That is, undoubtedly, the reason why Toni Morrison deliberately demonstrates the tragedy and growth of the black women through the story of Beloved.Works Cited1. ―What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?‖TheNew York Times .May 21, 2006.2.韩昱馨.《宠儿》中塞丝重获自我的实现 [J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报，2006.3.屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚力 [J]. 四川外国语学院学报，2005.4.王守仁，吴新云. 性别•种族•文化―托尼•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.。
天津外国语大学应用外语教学中心英语双学位英语阅读课学期论文中文题目：《宠儿》中美国黑人奴隶的生存英文题目：The Survival Of African AmericanSlaves in Beloved班级：姓名：学号：摘要《宠儿》（1987）是普利策奖得主托妮·莫里森的小说，一直被视为一部美国文学经典。
《宠儿》说的是一个看似荒唐诡异的残暴故事：黑人女奴塞丝在逃跑的过程中亲手扼杀了自己的女儿，为了不让她继续奴隶悲惨的命运。
十几年后，鬼婴还魂前来阳间索债。
《宠儿》的基调是苦的。
它像黑人音乐一样根植于悲伤。
在《宠儿》中，通过三代人不同的成长经历展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义的双重压迫下艰难的心路历程。
莫里森用她独特的视角讲述黑人妇女真实的处境，使人们可以强烈深刻地感受到黑人妇女的痛苦经历。
关键词：托尼•莫里森；《宠儿》；奴隶制；创伤；反抗；生存AbstractBeloved(1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Toni Morrison. It has been regarded as a classic of American literature. Beloved tells a brutal story seems absurd weird. Black woman Sethe throttled his daughter in the way of escape, for not letting her daughter continue the tragic fate of slaves. Ten years later, the ghost of the infant came back to ask for debt. The tone in Beloved is bitter. It is the same as black music which is rooted in sorrow.Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the difficult process of growth of three generations of the black women who are in a weak position and in both racist and sexist oppression. Morrison, with her unique perspective, tells about the real situation of black women so that people can feel the painful experiences of black women strongly and deeply.Key Words：Toni Morrison; Beloved; Slavery; Trauma; Resistance; SurvivalIntroductionIn February 18, 1931, Toni Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, near the town of Laurent. She is the second child in her family. She is the editor of The Black Book , which chronicles the history of African Americans of 300 years. From 1989, she worked as a professor at Princeton University and taught literature. Her main achievement is in the novel field. In 1993, the 62-year-old Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature.Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. She belongs to that era's best writers and is one of the most respected black women writers. She remains the same in modern era too. Her novel is famous for distinctive images, rich feelings and profound ideas. Her work has always represented the black women and filled with tragedy. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, there is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture. Swedish Academy‘s evaluation on her: "The novel gives the United States a very important aspect of the real dynamic with rich imagination and poetic expression.Beloved was recognized as Morrison's best work. In 2006, it was regarded as the best American novel in recent 25 years by "New Y ork Times".The novel Beloved is mainly about Sethe. When the black slave was pregnant, she went alone from the slave manor in Kentucky to Cincinnati in Ohio. The master chased her through the track. In order not let her children repeat their tragic fate of slaves, she resolutely killed his young daughter Beloved who could just crawl. 18 years later, Beloved resurrected back to earth and lived with Sethe, Sethe‘s daughter Dan Fu and the lover of Paul • D. She had not only obtained extra love of her mother but also had lured Paul • D. She did anything to disrupt and destroy the mother's life. The book is full of bitter poetry and tense suspense. Low status of blacks had been denied them even the right to bec ome God's subjects. However, they don‘t break anddon‘t t flex with the spirit of noble character who create their own God. Slavery and freedom, confinement and escape, this is all blacks‘ fate since slavery and racial discrimination has began. It is also the eternal theme of black literature. Beloved also reflects this theme.In 1998 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. The analyses and studies of Beloved in previous years mainly focus on the analysis of the theme, the analysis of slavery and the study of writing skills. Each generation makes its own opinions concerning what the novel is and what it offers. My paper illustrates Sethe‘s rebellion against the slavery from different aspects in great details. We can see the persecution of slavery on their lives and their struggling life. My paper chiefly makes up of three chapters. Chapter one discusses black slaves‘ low status in American society. Chapter two researches the twisted motherly love. Chapter three analyzes rebellion against the slavery.Chapter One Psychological Impact of SlaveryIn the novel we can see the slaves‘ tragic life. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked in and either been freed or run away from, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family move forward in time and leave the past behind.Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. In a way Beloved serves to open these characters up to their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ‗self that is no self.‘ To heal and humani ze, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painfulmemories. As a result of suffering, the ‗self‘, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ‗remake‘ their ‗selves‘ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'memories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'.Chapter Two Twisted Motherly LoveIn Beloved, Sethe has to kill he r daughter, and undoubtedly that‘s a big tragedy. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself. She forces herself to be the murder of her daughter under the slavery although she is painful. Beloved herself is a tragedy. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name.Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking forher, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Althoughshe has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl whowaited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for thechewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)In Sethe‘s mind, children are her most precious part of life. She could strongly feel her rights and obligations as a mother. She has a deeper understanding of slaves‘ life with her own painful experiences. In order to protect her children, she alone escaped from Cincinnati. As a mother, she don‘t want her little girl to experience slave life. The only thing she wants to do is to end thebaby‘s life. From beginning to the end, she thinks it‘s right. When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethe‘s killing matter, he accuses her ―Your love is too thick‖. But she answers, ―Love is or it ain‘t. Thin love ain‘t love at all.‖ (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds and characters from a woman.The maternal bonds that connect Sethe to her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own ―best self,‖ a nd the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her ―fantasy of the future,‖ her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver‘s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only reaches individuation after Beloved‘s exorc ism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely ―for her,‖ her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of her self that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe‘s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother‘s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time ―with the bit‖) so she wasn‘t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter.Chapter Three Rebellion Against the SlaveryMorrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is 1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethe‘s mind. There is a motto of Irish Revolution –―You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty‖ (詹妮特467)—that‘s fit for the black women absolutely. The black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black women‘s situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. That‘s their strength and growth.Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others‘ friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, the children of the slave mothers don‘t belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break into the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, in the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch otherswith them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face‘ cause they don‘tlove that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts thatthey‘d just as soon slop for hogs, you got to love them. The dark,dark—love it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. Morethan eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More thanyour life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now,love your heart. For this is the prize. (Morrison 89)In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethe‘s ―human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,‖ (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her child‘s characteristics to be put on the animal‘s side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixo‘s first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and then she does it. In this sense, Sethe‘s escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the society. When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself.And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is ―She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help‖ (Morrison 243) ―Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.‖(Morrison 244) With the encoura gement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, ―I have my own.‖(Morrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.ConclusionThrough Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the process of growth of threegenerations of the black women. The old generation realized their miseries, but they do not know how to change the situation, so they just accept them; the second generation is unwilling to be oppressed, so they try to find a way out. At the end of the fiction, the third generation finally finds their own identity, and then begins to build up a better future.However, they do not and will not stop their resistance if there is still unequal treatment or discrimination. It is safe to say that the revolution of the black women is like a ―glass ceiling‖. They can see their prospect clea rly but they still have a long-time fight and need to make great efforts. Fortunately, they gradually grow up and build very strong strength to make themselves accepted by others. In fact, the black women have great strength and are full of hope, and they are following the way of Baby Suggs, Sethe, and Denver, and making their future more wonderful.When Martin Luther King Jr. said that he had a dream that his children would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character, it was understood that equal rights for African-Americans would be good for all Americans. Likewise, when the black women have equal rights with others and when laws support the practice of that equality, people will live in a better America, and also in a better world. That is, undoubtedly, the reason why Toni Morrison deliberately demonstrates the tragedy and growth of the black women through the story of Beloved.Works Cited1. ―What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?‖TheNew York Times .May 21, 2006.2.韩昱馨.《宠儿》中塞丝重获自我的实现 [J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报，2006.3.屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚力 [J]. 四川外国语学院学报，2005.4.王守仁，吴新云. 性别•种族•文化―托尼•莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1999.。
