同济大学专业英语课后翻译

1、Many problems, by their very nature, can’t be fully described—even after the fact, much less

at the outset. Yet acceptable engineering solutions to these problems must be found which satisfy

the defined needs. Engineering, then, frequently concerns the determination of possible solutions

within a context of limited data. Intuition or judgment is a key factor in establishing possible

alternative strategies, processes, or solutions. And this, too, is all a part of engineering.很多的问题，就其本身的性质而言，不能完全被描述 — — 即使这一事实，在其开始之前。然而还必须找到对于这些问题可接受的工程解决方案，来满足预定的需求。直觉或判断是建立可能的替代策略、 流程或解决方案的关键因素。。而这也是工程的一部分。

2、In ancient Egypt the simplest mechanical principles and devices were used to construct many

temples and pyramids that are still standing, including the great pyramid at Giza and the temple of

Amon-Ra at Karnak. 古埃及人用最简单的机械原理和装置建造了许多至今仍矗立的庙宇和金字塔，包括吉萨大金字塔和在卡纳克的Amon-Ra的寺庙。

The term “civil engineer” did not come into use until about 1750, 直到大约1750年，人们才开始使用“土木工程师”这一术语。

3、Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time

by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. 直到那个时候，钢材才通过繁复的过程制造出来，基本上是铁合金，并含有少量的碳，因而被限制在一些特殊的用途如刀刃。

4、New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems,

such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress新的合金进一步提高了钢材的强度，并消除了一些缺点，如疲劳，即在连续的应力变化下导致强度减弱的趋势。

5、Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into （喷射成）all kinds

of shapes. 混凝土的用途很多，可以浇筑、泵送甚至喷射成各种形状。

6、They have become curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. 它们成为幕墙，将日晒风吹雨打阻挡在外，而让光线进入

7、A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screwwithout threads. It is heated, placed

in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering,it

to hold it in place铆钉是个有头的螺栓，看上去象个没有螺纹的圆头螺丝钉。铆钉加热后穿过钢构件之间的孔洞，并通过锤击另一端而形成第二个铆钉头，从而将其固定就位。

8、In the other (and more common) method, the prestressed steel rods are placed in the lower

part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured

around them. 另一种（更常用的）方法是将预应力钢筋置于按成品结构的形状设置的模板的较低部位，然后将混凝土倒入（模板）而包围着钢筋。

9、Prestressed concrete has made it possible to developbuildings with unusual shapes, like some

of the modern sports arenas, with large space unbroken by any obstructing supports. 预应力混凝土使建造独特形状的建筑物成为可能，象一些现代的运动场，它具有不受任何支撑物阻挡视线的大空间。

10、In some locations, some lightweight aggregates cost little more than the best dense

aggregates and a large number of floor slabs have therefore been built of lightweight aggregate

concrete purely for its weight saving, with no thought of its insulation value.

在某些地区，一些轻质骨料的费用几乎等于最致密的骨料，因此大量的楼面板采用轻骨料混凝土制作纯粹是节约重量，而没考虑它的绝热价值。

11、The lightweight aggregate reduces the floor dead load by about 20 per cent resulting in considerable savings in the floor steel in every floor and the roof, as well as in the column steel

and (less) in the foundations. 轻质骨料使楼面的恒载减少了约20%，因而大量的节约了每层楼面以及屋面的楼盖结构中的钢材和柱子与基础中（较少）的钢材使用量。

12、However, it may be very costly to produce parts that have nonstandard sizes, so it is usually

more economical to waste some material by selecting the nextlarger standard size above that

required by the allowable stress. 但是，生产非标准尺寸部件的成本可能很高，因此，通常人们会选择比按许用应力要求的尺寸大一些的标准尺寸部件，这样尽管浪费了一些材料，但总体上更经济。

13、However, becoming familiar with superposition was more important than finding solutions

to the problems because superposition has application in many areas of stress analysis and will be

used frequently in our future studies. 但是，熟悉叠加法远比找到问题的答案重要，因为叠加法已经用于应力分析的很多领域，而且，在我们今后的研究中还会经常使用。

14、However, it has already been pointed out that in most applications a member would be

unserviceable due to excessive distortion long before it actually ruptured但是，在多数应用中已经被指出，一个构件早在它实际断裂之前由于过分的变形而不再适用。

15、In engineering practice, if it becomes doubtful as to how to model a structure or transfer the

loads to the members, it is best to consider several idealized structures and loadings and then

design the actual structure so that it can resist the loadings in all the idealized models. 在工程实践中，如果就怎样模拟一个结构或将荷载传递给构件变得难以确定时，最好考虑几个理想的结构和荷载，然后设计实际的结构，使它在所有理想的模型中都能抵抗荷载。

16、As a general rule, a structure can be identified as being either statically determinate or

statically indeterminate by drawing free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts of its

members, and then comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and moment

components with the total number of available equilibrium equations. 作为一般的规律，一个结构可以通过画出所有构件或经选择的部分构件的隔离体图，然后比较未知的反力和弯矩的分量总数目与可用的平衡方程总数目是否相等来确定其是静定结构还是超静定结构。