Astrolog星象学软件使用指南

星历表计算软件PyEphem指南Mrstarlitsky(中国科学院植物研究所)jinlongzhang01@PyEphem是Python下的一个软件包，可以用来进行专业水平的星历表计算，用户可用其计算不同坐标系下太阳、月亮、行星、彗星及人造卫星的位置，亮度，出没时刻，中天时刻等等。

这为天文爱好者制作星历表提供了极大的方便。

但是初次接触该软件可能觉得无从下手，本文做简要介绍。

一下载和安装软件下载Python /download/下载SciPy /projects/scipy/files/下载NumPy /projects/numpy/files/下载PyEphem /pyephem/按照以上顺序，安装好。

二软件配置与计算实例1 Python的配置对于windows用户，在我的电脑>高级>环境变量>系统变量>ATH中，在原有的路径上加上;,并加入C:\python26（如果下载的Python2.6版本的话）。

开始>运行>cmd输入python,则可直接运行python即可。

2 Python脚本的准备参考PyEphem的Tutorial，将要计算的内容写入编辑器（如记事本）例如，python的脚本为#计算2010年1月16日天王星的位置和亮度#另存为uran.py文件import ephemu = ephem.Uranus()pute('2010/1/16')print u.ra, u.dec, u.magprint ephem.constellation(u)print rise_time，另存为.py文件，例如对于下文的第一个模块，本人另存为uran.py文件，并放入C:\astrocalc\文件夹下。

3 bat文件的准备bat文件中输入需要运行的DOS批处理命令，例如，要运行C:\astrocalc\uran.py文件，可直接打开记事本键入cd C:\astrocalc\uran.py>uran.results.txt并另存为.bat文件。

the starseed oracle 用法Seed oracle是一个非常有用的工具，它可以帮助我们更好地理解自己，提升自我意识，以及连接宇宙能量。

它不仅是一种工具，更是一种连接宇宙的桥梁。

本文将详细介绍如何使用the starseed oracle。

一、准备工作在使用the starseed oracle之前，我们需要确保以下几点：1. 准备一个安静的环境，关掉电视和手机，让自己的身体舒适放松。

2. 选择一本适合你的星座书籍或软件，如astrologgy software 等。

二、打开oracle在准备工作完成后，我们需要打开the starseed oracle。

通常，你可以通过在书中找到特定的页码或数字，或在星座软件中找到相应的页面。

当你找到对应的数字后，打开你的seed oracle页面。

三、理解宇宙能量当你打开the starseed oracle后，你需要首先理解它所传达的宇宙能量。

每个数字都代表着不同的宇宙能量和意义，例如：“6”通常代表着疗愈和治愈，“1”通常代表着新的开始和改变，“9”则代表着更高的意识和觉知。

理解这些数字可以帮助你更好地利用seed oracle。

四、种子字的产生种子字的产生是基于你提供的出生日期和时间，它是一个深层的、内在的声音，可以帮助你更好地了解自己和宇宙之间的连接。

你需要确保你在seed oracle页面上输入了正确的信息，并耐心等待结果的出现。

通常种子字会以图形或声音的形式出现。

五、使用种子字一旦你获得了种子字，你可以将它视为一个密码或指引，它可以用来帮助你更好地理解自己和周围的世界。

你可以将它视为一个提醒，让你知道何时需要做出改变或疗愈，何时需要保持警觉和开放的心态。

你也可以将它视为一个指导，帮助你找到新的机会和可能性。

最重要的是，你需要记住种子字是内在的声音，它并不需要被解释或理解。

它是通向你内在智慧的一个途径。

六、与其他行星能量相结合除了理解种子字本身之外，你也可以尝试将它与其他行星能量相结合，如金星、木星、冥王星等。

Stellarium入门（以0.10.2版为例）软件简介：Stellarium是一款免费开源的GPL（自由软件基金会GNU通用公共许可证）软件，它使用openGL技术对星空进行实时渲染。

软件可以真实地表现通过肉眼、双筒望远镜和小型天文望远镜所看到的天空。

不同编译版本的Stellarium可以在不同的操作系统下运行，目前支持的操作系统包括：Linux/Unix、Windows和MacOS X。

它可以根据观测者所处的时间和地点，计算天空中太阳、月球、行星和恒星的位置，并将其显示出来。

它还可以绘制星座、虚拟天文现象（如流星雨、日食和月食等)。

Stellarium可以用作学习夜空知识的教具，还可以作为天文爱好者星空观测的辅助工具，或者仅仅是满足一下好奇心。

由于其高质量的画质，一些天象馆将Stellarium用在了实际的天象放映中。

有些天文爱好者还使用Stellarium绘制他们文章中用到的星图。

——摘自百度百科初识stellarium：进入stellarium，我们将会看到如下首界面：我们可以看到左下角有横竖两条功能图标栏。

这里注意以下，这两条功能图标栏是会自动隐藏的，当你鼠标移到左下角边缘时，他们会自动弹出来。

先来说一下这些图标分别代表什么功能：1、左边缘栏（自上而下）：位置设置、时间设置、星空显示设置、天体搜寻、软件设置、说明2、下边缘栏（从左到右）：星座连线、星座名称、星座绘图（限西方88星座）、赤道坐标、地平坐标、地面、基点、大气、星云、行星标记、赤道—地平坐标转换、将选中天体居中、夜间模式、全屏、退出软件、（时间）慢速、正常速度、当前时间、加速对于这些功能，不用硬记，将鼠标移到上面就会显示出来，这里列出来这是为了后文叙述的方便。

第一次使用stellarium：第一次打开stellarium，你也许会发现，下边缘功能栏会显示你的观测地点是巴黎，这是软件默认的观测地点。

所以为了让我们在软件上能模拟出我们头上的星空，必须对观测地点进行设定。

App教你认星星！现代人几乎离不开手机，手机为我们带来了许多便利，现在手机还有另一个功能，教你认识星星！对初学者来说，认星星是件很困难的事，天空那么广，星星那么多，怎么知道哪一颗是哪一颗？明明前一阵子才认识的星星，今天再看怎么好像都不一样了？上次认星星时只有几颗亮星，现在天空中满天的星星，怎么找到之前认识的那几颗呢？天空中如果有行星就更让人迷惑了，行星在天空中没有固定的位置，会随着时间改变，而且行星相当亮，它的出现让原本熟悉的星座形状改变了，有时连观星老手也会被行星迷惑，又大幅增加辨识星星的难度！不过，智慧型手机可以帮你解决这个问题，现代的智慧型手机里配备了许多感测器，像是GPS、陀螺仪、重力仪和电子罗盘，可以提供手机目前的位置、时间、倾斜角度和指向，把这些感测器整合在一起，加上恒星和行星的资讯，就可以做成一个观星App。

这么耗费人力、物力和心血的App，绝大部份都有免费的版本，而且通常都有Android及iOS的版本，可以到Google Play或App Store搜寻就可以找到。

观星前的准备出发看星星之前，事先要做一些功课，其中最重要的就是选时间和地点。

时间可以选在下弦月到上弦月之间，也就是农历的22到初7。

靠近下弦的时间（农历22），月亮会在午夜以后升起，如果不想整夜看星星，下半夜月亮升起就收摊的话，这是个不错的选择；如果想熬夜看整晚，又不想受月亮打扰，还想看到银河，那就最好选在朔（农历初1）的前后；如果是初学者，有点月光也不错，可以选在上弦（农历初7）之前，月光会让一些暗星看不见，只留下亮星，让你在认星星的时候，不会因为太多的星星而感到迷惑。

时间日期的选择上，你可以用「日月计算历App」来帮你找到适合的时间，它可以让你知道某一天的月相，太阳与月亮升起和落下的时间，帮助你做好观星前的规划。

移除F1-1，F1-2做观星计画时，除了最想去的观星地点外，最好也列出几个备用地点，因为天气总是最不确定的因素。

星象学的应用利用天体力量实现个人目标星象学的应用：利用天体力量实现个人目标导言：星象学是一门古老的学问，通过观察和研究星象，人们可以获取宇宙中诸多力量对个人生活的影响。

在当代，许多人开始运用星象学原理，并结合个人目标，以实现自身的成就。

本文将探讨星象学如何应用于实现个人目标，并介绍一些有效的利用天体力量的方法。

第一章：星象学的基本原理在星象学中，人们通过观测和研究星体的位置、运行轨迹以及它们与地球的相互关系来获取信息。

根据星体对个人生活的影响，我们可以预测并把握宇宙中蕴藏的力量，从而实现个人目标。

第二章：确定个人目标在运用星象学之前，我们首先需要明确个人目标。

无论是事业上的突破、人际关系的提升还是身心健康的进步，明确目标是成功的关键。

只有明确了具体的目标，我们才能运用星象学为之助力。

第三章：了解自身星象每个人在出生时都会接纳天空中星球及它们的相对位置。

我们可以通过查询星象学资料或请教专家来了解自身的星象图，并据此分析个人性格特点、优势和劣势。

这样一来，我们便可以更好地应用星象学，将天体力量调整至最优状态。

第四章：寻找合适的天体时机根据个人目标和当前的星象组合，我们可以确定一些特定的天体时机，以更有效地利用天体力量。

例如，当太阳位于你的个人发展宫时，可以提高个人力量和自信心。

当金星进入生活宫时，可以加强人际关系和爱情运势。

寻找这些时机，并在此基础上做出行动安排，将有助于实现个人目标。

第五章：运用星象学方法根据个人目标和星象学原理，我们可以采取不同的方法来应用天体力量。

以下是几种常见且有效的方法：1. 星象调整：根据个人目标，了解不同星体的特点和能量，运用星象调整方法调整它们对个人目标的效应。

2. 星象转化：将不利的天体力量转化为有利的能量，通过积极的心态和行动来引导宇宙的力量为个人目标助力。

3. 星象对齐：根据个人目标，找到与之相关的有利天体位置，通过调整自己的行动、生活和思维方式，与这些天体形成共振，从而实现目标。

Seestar S50使用说明书目录前言 (2)温馨提示 (3)包装清单 (4)一、产品介绍 (5)二、性能参数 (6)三、使用方法 (8)3.1本体结构名称及功能 (8)3.2安装设备和Seestar App (10)3.3连接Seestar设备 (11)3.4Seestar App介绍 (14)3.5安装和拆卸 (21)3.6观星和观景 (22)3.7关机并收纳 (23)四、观测/拍摄技巧 (24)五、结构尺寸 (24)六、免责声明 (25)七、售后 (26)八、质保 (27)前言感谢您购买智能天文望远镜Seestar S50。

历经5年研发，整合前沿智能化技术及人性化设计，Seestar面向全球天文爱好者推出：集大众化、轻量化、智能化于一体的智能天文望远镜Seestar S50。

Seestar是ZWO旗下智能天文设备品牌，Seestar S50智能天文望远镜是一种一体式集成化智能天文摄影解决方案，将经纬仪、望远镜、相机、主控、图像后期处理等集成于一体，机身仅2.5kg，使用手机APP就能浏览望远镜镜头中的画面，并提供目标的介绍，方便用户快速地开展天文观测和天文科普的活动。

本说明书的编写目的是以文字说明和图例的方式为用户介绍智能天文望远镜的使用方法，提醒可能存在的不当操作或危险情况。

请确保在使用智能天文望远镜前，仔细阅读本说明书，并严格按照说明书的指示谨慎操作。

任何因不当操作而引起的设备损坏以及人身伤害均由使用者本人承担。

本说明书能够指导用户安全高效地使用本设备，在使用设备前，请确保仔细阅读以下温馨提示，并在实际使用过程中严格遵守本说明书的指导。

本说明书的内容可能会有更改。

有关如何使用本产品的最新说明，请参阅https:///提供的在线手册。

1、在未配备专门的太阳滤镜情况下，请勿直接观测太阳，会导致产品不可逆转的损坏。

2、未成年人需在成人监护下使用本产品。

3、请使用正规制造商制造的充电器给产品充电，Seestar不对因电源充电器造成的损坏负责（充电器规格：支持USB BC1.2。

怎么学习星图计划
一、了解星座和星星
学习星图计划的第一步是了解星座和星星。

星座是天空中的象限划分，通常用来代表一些特定的星星组合。

每个星座都有自己独特的名称和图案，掌握这些信息可以帮助你更好地辨认天空中的星座。

此外，你还需要了解一些常见的星星，包括它们的名称、位置和亮度等信息。

二、使用天文望远镜
学习星图计划的第二步是掌握如何使用天文望远镜。

天文望远镜可以帮助你更清晰地观察天空中的星星和星座，从而更好地理解它们的位置和运动。

当使用天文望远镜时，你需要注意望远镜的调节和使用方法，以及天空中不同星座的观察时间和位置。

三、学习星图计划软件
学习星图计划的第三步是掌握一些星图计划软件。

现代科技的发展使得我们可以通过电脑和手机等设备来学习和理解星图计划。

一些专门的星图计划软件可以帮助你更直观地了解天空中的星座和星星位置，通过这些软件，你可以轻松地找到想要观察的星座和星星，并学习它们的特点和运动规律。

四、实地观测和练习
学习星图计划的第四步是进行实地观测和练习。

通过实地观测，你可以更直观地了解天空中的星座和星星。

你可以选择一个清晰的夜晚，带上天文望远镜和星图计划软件，前往一个没有光污染的地方，进行实地观测和练习。

通过以上几步的学习和实践，你就可以更好地掌握星图计划这项技能。

希望你能够享受学习星图计划的过程，而且能够通过它更好地了解天空和地球的奥秘。

祝你学习顺利！。

TheSkyX First Light Edition User’s GuideCopyright 2008Software Bisque, Inc.Revision 1.0.2DisclaimerInformation in this document is subject to changewithout notice and does not represent acommitment on the part of Software Bisque. Thesoftware and/or databases described in thisdocument are furnished under a license agreementor nondisclosure agreement. They may be used orcopied only in accordance with the terms of theagreement (/eula). It is againstthe law to copy the software on any mediumexcept as specifically allowed in the license ornondisclosure agreement. The purchaser maymake one copy of the software for backuppurposes. No part of this manual and/or databasesmay be reproduced or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic or mechanical, including(but not limited to) photocopying, recording, orinformation storage and retrieval systems, for anypurpose other than the purchaser's personal use,without the express written permission of SoftwareBisque.Sky Charts created with TheSkyX First LightEdition are for personal use only. They may notbe published in any form without express writtenpermission of Software Bisque, Inc.TheSkyX includes routines from AstronomicalAlgorithms Software, © 1991 by Jeffrey Sax, andoption to the book Astronomical Algorithms byJean Meeus © 1991 by Willmann-Bell. ISBN 0-943376-35-2. Non-exclusive use has beenspecifically granted, in writing, by Willmann-Bell,for use in TheSky. Serial Number U11A445.Photographs in the AAO folder of TheSky’s media are copyright Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAT images) and/or ROE/AATB (UK Schmidt Telescope images) and are reproduced with permission. Photographs from the Anglo Australian Observatory telescopes are by David Malin.The photograph of the Milky Way is licensed from Digital Sky LLC.TheSkyX copyright 1982–2008 Software Bisque, Inc. All rights reserved.TheSkyX First Light Edition is a trademark of Software Bisque, Inc.Winter Star Party panorama photographs courtesy Art Mullis.Mac and the Mac logo are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.All other product names are trademarks of their respective owners and are used solely for identification.Written by Andre BormanisRevised: July 2008Table of ContentsWelcome to TheSkyX First Light Edition! (7)Getting Started (8)Installing TheSkyX First Light Edition (9)Removing TheSkyX First Light Edition (11)Having a Look Around TheSkyX (12)Entering Your Location (13)Tours (14)Photos from the Deep Sky (15)Viewing Astronomical Photos (15)Your Sky Tonight (16)What’s Up, Doc? (16)The Calendar (17)Exploring the Sky Chart (18)Changing the Date and Time (18)Direction – The Look Commands (19)Field of View (20)Setting the Field of View (22)Stellar Cartography (22)Cosmic Coordinates (23)Stars and Constellations (25)Star Names (25)Bright Stars and Dim Stars (26)Setting the Magnitude Limit (27)Other Chart Elements (28)A Star to Guide You: Polaris (29)Double Stars (30)Finding Mizar (30)Variable Stars (31)Classifying Stars: The Stellar Zoo (32)Giants and Dwarfs (33)More About Constellations (34)Asterisms (36)Some Tips on Using Star Charts (36)An Interstellar Perspective (39)Closer to Home: Atmospheric Phenomena (39)Our Celestial Backyard: The Solar System (43)The Moon (44)The “Classical” Planets (46)But Wait – There’s More (55)Beyond the Backyard: Our Home Galaxy (60)Beyond Our Galaxy: The Great Big Universe Out There (61)What’s Up? – A Closer Look (63)What’s Up? Setup (64)Index (65)Welcome to TheSkyX First Light Edition!Most of you have never seen the sky. Not really.If you live in a city or suburb, a pale blue or greydome looms overhead while the Sun is up, and adarkish brown curtain hangs down at night, withmaybe a few sparks of light poking through hereand there if the clouds haven’t gathered and theglare from buildings and cars and billboards isn’toverwhelming. The Sun and the Moon areunmistakable of course, but the spattering of starsyou glimpse are probably strangers to you. Someof them might even be planets – for most people,it’s hard to tell the difference.All of this is about to change. You have in yourhands an extraordinary tool for revealing not justnew worlds, but the entire universe. The night skyis an incredible wonderland of diverse andspectacular objects and phenomena. Some of thesebreathtaking sights are created by tiny particlesthat ply the fringes of our atmosphere. Others areimmense, ancient structures, incomprehensibly faraway.TheSkyX First Light Edition will bring all of theseamazing marvels and more to your desktop. It willhelp you learn the fundamentals of astronomy, themost ancient science, and teach you how torecognize just about everything in the real sky.Whether you’re looking up from the streets of alight-polluted city, or taking in the view from aremote, pitch-black mountaintop, TheSkyX FirstLight Edition will help you understand what yousee and find what you’re looking for.You’ll also enjoy experiences that are onlypossible through the magic of simulation andvirtual-reality programming. Faster-than-lightflights through the solar system, out-of-this-worldviews of the Earth and Moon, and the orbitaltracks of hundreds of satellites are just some of theanimations built into TheSkyX First Light Edition.Trips through space and time that were oncepossible only in the imagination will be vividlybrought to life on your computer screen.TheSkyX First Light Edition has something tooffer everyone, from the absolute beginner to themost knowledgeable amateur astronomer. ThisUser’s Guide will help you navigate the basicfeatures and tools our unique program has to offer.The sky is waiting for you. Let’s get started! Getting StartedTheSkyX First Light Edition (hereafter referred tosimply as TheSkyX) is available for either Mac orWindows operating systems.MacintoshTheSkyX for Mac can run on any Macintoshdesktop or laptop computer running OS X 10.4.8with a 1.25 GHz or faster G4 PowerPC processor,or a 2 GHz or faster Core Duo processor. Youalso need at least 512 MB RAM, 64 MB videoTheSkyX Student Edition User’s GuideRAM, and 450 MB of disk space, a mouse orother pointing device and a CD ROM drive.WindowsTheSkyX for Windows can run on any desktop orlaptop computer running Windows Vista or XPwith a 1.5 GHz or faster Intel Pentium 4, PentiumM, Pentium D, or AMD K-8 (Athlon) or betterprocessor. You also need at least 512 MB RAM,64 MB video RAM, and 450 MB of disk space, amouse or other pointing device and a CD ROMdrive.Installing TheSkyX First Light EditionMacintoshLike all Macintosh software, TheSkyX is easy toinstall. Insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROMdrive. TheSkyX icon should appear on yourscreen. Double click it. TheSkyX install iconshould now appear. Double click that icon andfollow the prompts. You’ll be asked for the all theusual stuff.To launch TheSkyX, click Go >Applicationsfrom Finder, then double-click on TheSkyX FirstLight Edition icon.Windows VistaTo install TheSkyX under Windows Vista:1.Log on as an administrator. TheSkyXrequires administrative privileges to beinstalled under Vista.2.Insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM orDVD drive.3.Click Start > Computer.4.On the Computer window, select theremovable storage device that holdsTheSkyX media, and then click theAutoPlay button (it’s located in the tool barnear the top of this window.)5.On the AutoPlay window, click RunReadme.htm.6.After carefully reading the instructions inthe ReadMe file, click the Click Here toBegin Installation link. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete theinstallation.Windows XPTo install TheSkyX under Windows XP:1.Log on as an administrator. TheSkyXrequires administrative privileges to beinstalled under XP.2.Insert the CD-ROM in the CD-ROM orDVD drive and wait for the ReadMe file toappear in a browser window. If XP’sAutoRun is not active, then click Start >My Computer, right-click on theremovable storage device that holdsTheSkyX media and then click Open.Next, double-click the file namedReadMe.htm on TheSkyX media toproceed.3.After carefully reading the instructions inthe ReadMe file, click the Click Here toBegin Installation link. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete theinstallation.To start TheSkyX, click Start > All Programs >Software Bisque > TheSkyX First Light Edition> TheSkyX First Light Edition.We’ll discuss customizing TheSkyX for yourgeographic location in a moment…About This User’s GuideNot every function and feature of the TheSkyX iscovered in this User’s Guide. The purpose of theGuide is to familiarize you with the basicorganization and structure of our program, and tointroduce those of you who are new to the subjectof astronomy to some of its most important termsand concepts. We also hope the Guide willstimulate you to become more interested inastronomy and space science, and excited to startlearning about the extraordinary universe we livein.More comprehensive information about TheSkyXcan be found on our website:Removing TheSkyX First Light EditionIf you must remove or uninstall TheSkyX fromyour computer please follow the procedureoutlined below.Macintosh1.From Finder, click Go > Applications toopen the Applications folder.2.Drop TheSkyX First Light Editionapplication to the trash. Note that you mustempty the trash before re-installing.Windows1.Log on as an administrator.2.Click Start > Control Panel > Uninstalla Program (or double-click theAdd/Remove Programs from XP).3.Select TheSkyX First Light Edition fromthe list of installed programs, and click theUninstall button (or click the Removebutton under XP).***Having a Look Around TheSkyXThe star chart display is the heart and soul ofTheSkyX. We call it the Sky Chart, to distinguishit from the real thing. To the left of the Sky Chartyou’ll find the Command Center window withvertical tabs to access the most commonly usedcommands and options.When TheSkyX is first launched, it attempts toautomatically set your location and the date andtime are read from your computer’s clock. You’llalso notice that if you are using TheSkyX duringdaytime, the sky it displays is blue. In a momentwe’ll describe how to change that to a night vieweven during the day. Right now, let’s make surethat the program is set to display the Sky Chartfrom your location.Entering Your LocationHome is where you hang your hat, and also wheremost of you probably watch the sky. You canenter your latitude and longitude, if you happen toknow it, or choose the name of the city you live in,or the one closest to you, from the list in theLocation dialog box:1.Highlight the Input item in the Main Menu.2.Select the first item, Location.A dialog box appears displaying options for settingyour location. From the List of Locations tab, ifyou live in the U.S., double-click on United States.A list of the major cities within your country willthen appear. You can choose your city, or the oneclosest to where you live, by double-clicking on it.Alternatively, you can enter your latitude andlongitude or U.S. zip code from the Custom tab,or double-click your site on the Earth Map tab.When you’ve finished setting your location, closethe dialog box.To save this setting, click the Save command fromthe File menu.***ToursBefore we investigate the various menu and“button” commands arranged across the top of thescreen, let’s explore some of the tours that havebeen created to help you appreciate several of themost common yet fascinating things you can see inthe sky.Notice the series of tabs running vertically on theright side of the Command Center window. Selectthe tab labeled Tours. A list of available tours isdisplayed:•Analemma•Angular size of Mars•Coordinates - Equatorial•Coordinates - Horizon•Mercury evening visibility•Mercury morning visibility•Moon cycle - size and phase•Motion of Barnard’s Star•24-Hour Motion of Saturn’s Moons•Rotation and Phase of Mercury 2008•Rotation and Phase of Venus 2008•Saturn from Earth Over 10 Years•Venus and Mercury Paths•What Was That? (Iridium Flare Example)•Winter ConstellationsGo ahead and take one of the tours. Highlight onethat sounds interesting, then click the Start button.Or, click the Run All button to watch themconsecutively.***Photos from the Deep SkyFor more than a century astronomers have beentaking pictures of the sky. In recent years, digitalimaging sensors have replaced film to capture evenmore remarkable views of the moon and planets,as well as star clusters, nebulas, and galaxies.Relatively modest amateur telescopes, equippedwith digital cameras, can capture images that rivalthe best photographs taken by professionalobservatories just a couple of decades ago.TheSkyX has a veritable art gallery’s worth offantastic space images you can look at anytime.Browsing these images will give you a taste of theextraordinarily diverse number of objects thatpopulate the night sky.Viewing Astronomical PhotosAt the bottom of the list of vertical tabs on theCommand Center, you’ll see a tab called Photos.Select it.As you scroll through the list of objects, a smallpicture of each will be displayed below the list.Click the Show in Photo Viewer option to viewthem in a separate window.***Your Sky TonightThis section of the User’s Guide is intended to helpyou explore the night sky from your location onany date, at any time. You’ll be able to answer thequestion: “When I head outside tonight at say, 9p.m., what am I going to be able to see?” You’llalso learn how to plan ahead for special events,like meteor showers and lunar eclipses.For a given location, what you can see in the skyon any given night depends on the date and time.The stars that are visible at 9 p.m. on a Decembernight are very different from the ones you wouldsee at 9 p.m. in June, for example. And the Moonand planets follow their own unique celestial paths– their positions, and their brightness, vary frommonth to month and year to year.***What’s Up, Doc?TheSkyX includes a menu command that willdisplay a select list of objects that will be visible inyour night sky on the current date. You can setthe parameters of this list to choose the kinds ofobjects you’re most interested in seeing.Go to the Tools menu. The first item in the Toolsmenu is What’s Up? Select it.A list of objects that will be visible from yourlocation in tonight’s sky will be generated. Whenyou highlight an item and click the adjacentInformation button, various astronomical dataregarding that object will be displayed.Some of these objects, and the data displayed withthem, may be unfamiliar to you. We’ll bedescribing most of the information in the What’sUp? command in more detail on page 63.***The CalendarMankind has been using calendars of one kind oranother to mark the passage of time for thousandsof years. The Calendar feature of our programcharts the phases of the Moon, sunrise and sunset;you can even display and print a calendar for asingle month or the entire year.If you select the Date & Time tab on theCommand Center window, a small calendar for thecurrent month will be displayed. Here’s a great (ifwe do say so ourselves) feature: if you click onany date in the calendar, the Sky Chartautomatically shifts to show you what the sky willlook like on that date, for the current time. Noticealso that the four major phases of the Moon aredisplayed in the calendar.For a more detailed calendar, go to the Tools itemin the Main Menu. Scroll down to Calendar andselect it. A larger, printable calendar is displayed.Note that you can select various kinds ofinformation to be included in the calendar bychecking the appropriate boxes on the right-handside of the window.***Exploring the Sky ChartIn this section of the User’s Guide we’ll focus onhow to adjust and navigate the Sky Chart. Thebest way to learn our program is simply to use it.Feel free to play around with the various buttonsand menu commands you see in the tool bars.TheSkyX won’t break, and it won’t bite you. Changing the Date and TimeThe clock built into your computer is constantlytracking the date and time. TheSkyX reads thisand displays whatever is above your horizon rightnow, but it can also show you the sky for differenttimes of day or night.Select the Date & Time tab from the list ofvertical tabs on the Command Center window.Below the calendar there is an item called SetSpecific Time. Click it.You’ll see a list of different “times” – not in hourand minute format, but in terms of astronomicalevents, for example, sunset, moonrise, evening(end twilight), and so on. When you select one ofthese options, the Sky Chart shows you what thesky will look at that time for the current date. Tryseveral of the options and watch how the chartchanges.You can make time speed up and even gobackwards. In the Tools menu, choose the itemcalled Time Skip. Try one of the various options.The Sky Chart will continue moving backward orforward in time until you select Stop, or the UseComputer’s Clock option.Finally, you can also enter a specific date and timeby selecting the Input item from the Main Menuand choosing Date & Time (note there is also ashortcut key for this displayed within the menu –TheSkyX will always display shortcut keys in themenu whenever they are available).***Direction – The Look CommandsOur eyes can only see a small portion of the sky ata time. TheSkyX can show you the entire sky atonce, but it’s often more useful to focus thedisplay on one part of the sky at a time, to matchwhat you can see in the real night sky with yourunaided eyes.Changing the direction of your view isaccomplished with the Look commands. Thesecan be found in the Orientation menu, but theyare also available to you as buttons in theOrientation tool bar.By default, the Sky Chart is displayed lookingsouth. Click the East button in the Orientationtool bar. Note that the star field has changed; thecompass direction displayed at the bottom of thescreen indicates E, for east. Experiment with theother compass direction buttons.In addition to the compass direction buttons, a setof arrow buttons can be used to shift your viewingdirection incrementally. Click the right arrowbutton. Notice how the view shifts slightly to theleft (how far the Sky Chart shifts depends on yourfield of view, discussed below), just as if you wereoutside, looking at the real sky, and turning yourhead to the right. The left, right, up and downbuttons function similarly (if your computer’smonitor is small, or the screen resolution is low,the entire toolbar may not fit on the screen, so youmay need to click the “>>” symbol to display theup and down buttons), mimicking the movement ofyour head in the indicated directions.You can also press and hold the CONTROL key thendrag the mouse to adjust the position of the SkyChart.***Field of ViewYou probably know that a circle can be dividedinto 360 degrees. Imagine a pie cut into six equalslices. The angle between the edges of a givenslice is 360 / 6 = 60 degrees. Astronomersmeasure angles in degrees, and fractions of adegree: each degree is divided into sixty minutes, and each minute is divided into sixty seconds. When you look at the sky, you can only see a portion of it. Imagine for a moment that the sky is an immense spherical bowl above your head. When you look up at it, you’re seeing a slice of the sky that spans a particular angle.Assuming you have normal peripheral vision, that angle is about sixty degrees – one slice of our imaginary pie. Another way of saying this is your field of view is sixty degrees. Some people can see a little more, and some a little less, but sixty degrees is about average for adults.When you look at the sky with binoculars or a telescope, what you see is magnified – in effect, you bring the sky closer, making it easier to see detail and faint objects. The downside of magnification is that it always reduces your field of view, sometimes to just a fraction of a degree. Generally speaking, the greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view.TheSkyX allows you to set the field of view to any angle, from 235 degrees to a fraction of a degree. This is very useful when you’re trying to understand how much of a particular constellation or star field might be visible in a pair of binoculars or a small telescope.Setting the Field of ViewThe simplest way to change the field of view is touse the Zoom In and Zoom Out buttons. Thecurrent field of view is displayed next to thesebuttons. Click that button. A list of preset fieldsof view is displayed. Some of these correspond tothe field of view of a typical pair of binoculars oramateur telescope.The Wide Field option shows you the sky fromhorizon to horizon, 180 degrees. The Naked Eyeoption gives you a 100-degree field of view – a bitwider field than what you can actually see withyour eyes, but we wouldn’t want you to missanything.You can also define a zoom box to zoom in on aparticular area of the Sky Chart. Place yourcursor on one corner of the area you want to zoomin on. Click and hold while you move your cursorto the opposite corner, then click anywhere insidethe zoom box to enlarge it (you can click outsidethe zoom box to cancel this operation).***Stellar CartographyJust as you would use a map to find your wayaround a city, state, or country, celestial maps orstar charts are designed to help you find your wayaround the sky.Use your mouse or track pad to move the arrowaround the Sky Chart. You’ll notice that when thetip of the arrow touches an object, an informationbox describing that object is automaticallydisplayed. The kind of information displayeddepends in part on the nature of the object, but onething that is always displayed is the location of theobject. This is indicated by two different sets ofcoordinates.Cosmic CoordinatesMaps of the Earth identify the location oflandmarks with two numbers: latitude andlongitude. Latitude is measured in degrees northor south of the equator, and longitude is measuredin degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.A similar system is used for objects in the sky.The celestial equator divides the sky into twohemispheres, north and south. The celestialequivalent of longitude is called right ascension(TheSkyX uses the abbreviation RA) and theequivalent of latitude is called declination (dec).Right ascension is measured in hours, minutes, andseconds, from 0 to 24. This may seem odd atfirst, but there’s a very good reason for thispeculiar convention: the Earth is rotating. It turnsaround once on its axis in 24 hours, but from ourterrestrial perspective, it looks like the sky isrotating around the Earth every 24 hours. Rightascension is measured eastward from theconstellation Aries, the Ram. Specifically, 0 hoursRA, the First Point of Aries, is the position in thesky where the Sun crosses the celestial equator on the first day of spring.Declination is measured in degrees north or south of the celestial equator. The celestial equator is 0 degrees declination. The north celestial pole is located at 90 degrees declination (Polaris, the North Star, has a declination very close to 90 degrees). The south celestial pole is at minus 90 degrees declination. You can also translate right ascension into degrees: a complete circle has 360 degrees; dividing 360 by 24 gives 15, so every hour of right ascension is equal to 15 degrees. Imagine a line running across the sky from due north to due south, splitting the sky in two. This line is called the meridian. When a celestial object crosses the meridian, it is also at its highest altitude in the sky. This is called the transit time. Generally speaking, the best time to observe a celestial object with a telescope is when it’s crossing the meridian.This brings us to another way of identifying the location of an object in the sky: altitude and azimuth. Altitude is simply the number of degrees the object is above the horizon, from 0 (on the horizon) to 90 (directly overhead). Be careful not to confuse altitude with declination – they are not the same thing.Azimuth indicates the compass direction of an object. Specifically, it is the number of degrees east of north that you need to turn to see theobject. Due east, for example, is 90 degreesazimuth.The problem with using altitude and azimuth forastronomical objects of course is that thesenumbers are constantly changing as the Earthrotates. TheSkyX, however, can calculate thesenumbers instantaneously, making it easier to knowwhat direction to look when you’re outside in thedark, trying to find a particular object at a specifictime.***Stars and ConstellationsThere are some 6,000 stars visible to the nakedeye. Most of these stars can only be seen fromlocations far from the bright lights of a city ortown. If you really want to see the stars, youeither have to go to Hollywood or get out ofDodge.Star NamesSome of the brighter stars have proper names, butmost don’t – there are just too many to give eachone a name. Instead, astronomers have devised asystem that assigns names to stars based on theirbrightness and the name of the constellation theybelong to. Following a centuries-long tradition,the brightest star in a constellation is designated bythe first letter of the Greek alphabet, Alpha,followed by the genitive form of the name of itsconstellation. For example, the brightest star inthe constellation Orion is called Alpha Orionis. Italso has a proper name: Rigel. (We’ll talk moreabout constellations later. Right now we’re goingto focus on individual stars.) When the letters runout, stars are identified by various alphanumericdesignations.A funny thing about Rigel: even though it’s thebrightest star in Orion, its designation is BetaOrionis. Astronomers originally thought thatBetelgeuse, another star in Orion, was a little bitbrighter, but improvements in photometers in the20th century revealed that Rigel is actually thebrighter star (it’s possible that Betelgeuse mighthave been brighter in the past, when astronomersfirst began to designate stars with Greek letters). Bright Stars and Dim StarsLong before the invention of the telescope,astronomers also came up with a numerical systemfor classifying stars by their brightness. Theydecided that the brightest stars would be calledFirst Magnitude. Those half as bright as Firstwould be called Second Magnitude, then ThirdMagnitude, and so on down to Sixth Magnitude,which denotes the dimmest stars visible to thenaked eye.We use a modified form of this system today. Thebrightest star in the nighttime sky is called Sirius.It’s in the constellation Canis Major, the Big Dog,and it’s sometimes called the Dog Star. Itsmagnitude is minus 1.4, which we write as -1.4.This may seem a little confusing, but it isn’t thathard to understand. A couple of centuries ago,。

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