Tilted Arc

场域理论视域下实验电影的在地性创作研究作者：熊宇朱月来源：《电影评介》2021年第21期在地性艺术的创作是基于场域的创作。

布迪厄（Pierre Bourdie）①将“场域”定义为“在各种位置之间存在的客观关系的一个网络或一个构型”。

他通常将“场域”比作“游戏”，游戏中各个位置的存在和它们之间的关系构成了游戏，也确定了它们处于具有自身逻辑、规则的游戏之中的处境、定位以及与其他位置的客观关系。

[1]介入场域的艺术家参与了这一场“游戏”，遵循游戏规则进行创作，他们对应位置所创作的在地性作品与场域构建关系的联结，作为场域的一份子生发效应。

一方面，特定地点的场域关系是艺术家创作灵感的来源，实验电影的在地性创作与该地域的运转体系密切相关，涉及到了场域的历史、文化等诸多要素，从多维度的视角与“在地”产生新的链接。

另一方面，实验电影的创作地同时是电影的唯一发生地和播放地点，电影的效用直接作用于当地，真正实现介入后对场域中实质关系的重构。

一、从场域出发：实验电影的在地性创作线索首先要明晰的是，实验电影的在地性创作是基于特定区域的创作。

艺术家的创作从该地域的自然风光、人文景观、社会事件等现象而来，也出于对现象背后所具有的体制建构、文化脉络的认知以及感官认知的感受，而抗战电影就是中国电影在地性创作的典型案例。

在抗战时期，电影以其直观的表现和便捷的宣传作用，成为文艺战线上重要的艺术形式。

例如袁牧之带领的电影工作团队冲向战争前线，以亲身感受和记录拍摄，展现了战争的火光与痛苦，表现抗战的决心与信念。

救国存亡的时刻已去，《延安与八路军》的影片也在战火中遗失，但残存的照片也展现了即使是直接记录现象，根植于场域的在地性创作，其本身对于场域的表现效果和效应的能量之大。

一旦要深入挖掘在地的现象，必然会牵涉到与之相关的多方面因素。

因此艺术家的在地性创作通常从场域出发，关注场域的运转逻辑与规则，深究现象背后的结构体系，问题背后的因果关系。

日本近现代建筑再发现对“墙”理念的不同理解与应用姓名：学号：学院：园林学院专业：园林一、墙的理念在建筑诸多实体构成元素中，“墙”作为最重要的空间水平分隔元素，在建筑的空间形态构成、视觉形象塑造和精神内涵表现中，发挥着关键作用。

墙的基本性质可分为静态限定和动态导向。

静态性质中，对建筑外部空间而言，隔墙限定产生边界，对建筑内部而言，隔墙限定产生庭院或者分割的空间。

动态性质中，无论对建筑外部还是内部，隔墙导向均产生导引空间。

随着建筑设计思潮涌动，新观念、新手法层出不穷，使建筑墙体形态较之以往有了许多新的变化，同时，这些变化又成为不同风格、不同理念建筑观的外在体现。

本文通过对安藤忠雄和伊东丰雄两位建筑大师作品的介绍，试图探析“墙”理念在日本近现代建筑中的不同理解和应用。

二、安藤忠雄和伊东丰雄“墙”理念的思维碰撞1.安藤忠雄的“墙”理念日本建筑师不断对隔墙进行各种现代化的探索，在安藤忠雄的作品中，隔墙得到极致的表现，正如普利策建筑奖的评语指出：“墙是安藤忠雄创作建筑最基本的元素，没有多余的装饰。

他将混凝土，还有柱、墙、拱等元素以不同的方式组合起来总能使人感动并充满活力。

”安藤忠雄在和《倾斜之弧》( Tilted Arc)的设计者理查·德塞拉 (Richard Serra)专门讨论墙的问题时说：“建筑因为墙的围合而获得空间，区分建筑的‘表里’，并赋予外侧攻击性、内侧防御性的强大力量。

”理查·德塞拉倾斜之弧2.伊东丰雄的“墙”理念“墙”理念被伊东丰雄等建筑师延续的同时，将隔墙轻盈化和透明化。

“墙”同样用于划分空间，但却既不是泾渭分明的空间划分，也不是具有强烈的内部包容性和外部防御性的划分方式，而是一种模糊的区分空间的方式。

总之，对安藤忠雄和伊东丰雄来说，“墙”仍然是处理空间的重要关切对象，只不过在划分效果上，从一种厚重的体量感转向另一种暧昧的朦胧感。

三、通过作品阐释“墙”的理念伊东丰雄的作品：1.银色小屋——弱化“墙”的概念小屋处在东京郊区的林间, 大量使用了玻璃、铝合金和钢结构制作的格子屏障。

专题四：人与自然备战2022年中考英语阅读理解专项突破考向1 人与自然之自然景观Passage 1 （2021·黑龙江大庆·中考真题）It’s 2050. The Earth is dying, and moving to Mars seems to be the only way out for humans. A team of American astronauts (宇航员) begin to search on Mars. This is what the movie Red Planet begins with. Known as the Red Planet, Mars is the favourite of writers and filmmakers.Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the next planet beyond the Earth. Mars is the only planet whose surface can be seen from the Earth. It is about half size of our planet.The surface of Mars is more like the Earth than any other planet. But it is further from the Sun than the Earth, so temperatures on Mars are much lower. Plants and animals can not live now on Mars. But many scientists still believe that such life may have been on Mars long ago.On 6th August, 1996, scientists discovered a piece of rock from Mars, which fell to the Earth 13, 000 years ago. 10 years later, some scientists still didn’t accept that there was life on Mars. People may not be su re about life on Mars until a sample (样本) of life is brought back. Some further researches are being done in many countries. If you want to know more, please click spaceexploration .Choose the right answer according to the passage.1．Why is the movie Red Planet mentioned?A．To introduce the topic. B．To advise readers to go to Mars.C．To pare Mars with the Earth. D．To tell stories about American astronauts.2．What do we know about Mars?A．Mars is as big as the Earth in size.B．Mars is the fourth planet from the Earth.C．The surface of Mars is similar to that of the Earth.D．Mars is one of the planets whose surfaces can be seen from the Earth.3．No life exists on Mars because ________ .A．it is too soft B．it is too far C．it is too small D．it is loo cold4．What did scientists find from Mars in 1996?A．Some plants B．Some animals C．A piece of rock D．Some water5．The passage is most probably taken from ________ .A．a notice B．a website C．a diary D．a tour guidePassage 2 （2021·江苏宿迁·中考真题）When your town has winter, the earth’s axis(轴) is pointing away from the sun. Your town doesn’t get as much light or heat from the sun. The days are shorter and colder.Winter and summer happen because the earth is tilted(倾斜) as it revolves around the sun. The northern end of the earth’s axis points towards the sun in summer. You have more hours of light in summer. Your part of the earth is towards the sun for more hours each day. When the part of the earth where you live is towards the sun, you have hotter days. In winter, when your part of the earth points away from the sun, you have colder days.You have learned about winter and summer. There are two more seasons in the year. One es after winter and before summer. The other season es after summer and before winter. Can you name them? That’s right. Spring es between winter and summer and autumn es after summer but before winter.The four seasons are spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring and autumn are apposite seasons. Which season do you like best?You have thought about the four seasons of the year. Each season is different. The seasons are made by the northern end of the axis pointing towards or away from the sun.Your part of the world gets more heat from the sun when the northern end of the axis points to the sun. When the axis points away from the sun, you get less heat. Now you know why winter is colder than summer. The axis is pointing away from the sun in winter. It is pointing towards the sun in summer.6．What does the underlined word “revolves” in paragraph 2 mea n?A．Moves. B．Turns. C．Jumps. D．Sites.7．What is the passage mainly about?A．How four seasons happen. B．How the weather changes.C．When the earth’s axis points towards the sun.D．When the earth’s axis points away from the sun.8．Where does the passage probably e from?A．A film guide. B．A storybook. C．A science magazine. D．A book review.Passage 3 （2021·黑龙江虎林·中考真题）You e home on a hot summer day, hoping to have a cool bath, but find there is no water. Then you see how important water is in your daily life. While sometimes you have the idea, in many parts of the world, water is not just about one’s everyday needs.In countries like Tanzania, water is hard to get, and the job of collecting water falls on women’s shoulders. Girls often have to leave school to collect water, while their brothers stay at school studying. The girls spend more time collecting water. That means they have less time for learning.For these girls, “Knowledge is Power” is not just words; it’s a sad fact in real life. As they spend less time at school, they have fewer chances of getting good jobs, and they often have no choices on important matters, like who to marry. These girls are often married into poor families. They have little money or knowledge to take care of their children. For the baby girls who are lucky enough to survive(生存) , their life may be still around “water”, just like their mothers’.Choose the best choice according to what you read.9．What do the underlined words “the idea” mean?A．Water is important in one’s everyday life.B．Water is not just about one’s everyday needs.C．It’s nice to have a cool bath on a hot summer day.10．Collecting water is ________ job.A．men’s B．women’s C．boys’11．“Knowledge is Power” is ________ for Tanzanian girls.A．not just words B．a sad fact in real life C．both A and B12．Which is TRUE about the Tanzanian women according to the passage?A．They have many chances of getting good jobs.B．They often have choices on important matters.C．The baby girls’ life may be still just like their mothers’.13．What can we learn from the passage?A．The girls have a hard life in countries like Tanzania.B．Why it’s important to save water.C．How water may give a country power.Passage 4 （2021·湖北十堰·中考真题）A river is a flowing（流动的）, moving stream of water. Usually a river feeds water into an ocean, lake, pond, or even another river. Rivers can differ in size and there is no strict rule on how big a flow of water must be to be called as a river. Here are the five longest rivers in the world.The Nile RiverThe Nile River is 4,135 miles long. It is located in the continent ofAfrica, mostly in the countries of Egypt and Sudan. It flows north intothe Mediterranean Sea.The Amazon RiverThe Amazon River is 3,980 miles long. It is located in the continent ofSouth America and flows through several countries including Brazil,Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It ends at the Atlantic Ocean.The Yangtze RiverLocated in China, the Yangtze River is 3,917 miles long and flows intothe East China Sea.The Mississippi River and the Missouri RiverThe river system of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River is thelongest river system in North America at 3,902 miles. It flows southinto the Gulf of Mexico.The Yenisei RiverThe Yenisei River starts in Mongolia and flows through Russia to theKara Sea in the Arctic Ocean. It’s 3,445 miles long.There are 76 rivers in the world over 1,000 miles long. A lot of people think that rivers always flow south, but 4 of the 10 longest rivers in the world flow north. The United States alone has around 3.5 million miles of rivers.Four of the top 10 longest rivers flow through China at some point.14．The Nile River is _________ longer than the Yangtze River.A．155 miles B．218 miles C．233 miles D．690 miles15．Which is the second longest river in the world?A．The Nile River. B．The Mississippi River. C．The Yangtze River. D．The Amazon River.16．The Mississippi River ends at _________.A．the Mediterranean Sea B．the East China SeaC．the Gulf of Mexico D．the Arctic Ocean17．According to the passage, how many rivers are there in the world over 1,000 miles long?A．10. B．76. C．4. D．35.18．What is the last paragraph mainly about?A．Fun facts about world rivers.B．In which direction most rivers flow.C．Rivers over 1,000 miles long in the world.D．Four longest rivers flowing through China.Passage 5 （2021·浙江衢州·中考真题）There are about 1.5 million kinds of living things on Earth, but how many do you see every day? You often see the big colourful animals, like birds, rabbits, and fish. But look more closely. Can you see the small ones, too? Insects（昆虫）make up 80 percent of all the world’s living kinds. Look on the ground. Imagine you could look under the ground, too. Many small living things with one cell live there. Life is everywhere around us, in every cubic foot (a foot= 12 inches).David Littschwager is a photographer who wanted to find out how many living things lived in one cubic foot.So he made a 12inch cube with a green metal frame. And then he put it in five habitats（栖息地）. He chose a tropical rainforest（Costa Rica）, a coral reef（Pacific Ocean), the Table Mountain(South Africa), a freshwater river(USA), and a small park(New York). Three weeks were spent at each place. He watched, counted, and took photos of everything down to I millimeter in size—that crawled（爬）or flew into the cube.The results were amazing. Liittschwager found both mon and rare living things. He discovered many new living kinds, like a strange transparent octopus that is the size of a fingernail! In total, more than a thousand living things were photographed. Liittchwager said the One Cubic Foot experience was like “finding treasure”. David Liittschwager also found that the highest biodiversity（生物多样性）in the reef was in the skeleton coral（珊瑚遗骨）. These skeleton coral are suitable for sea living things of all sizes to grow. Although the coral reef had the widest range of biodiversity, all the other habitats were full of life. Even the city park!19．What does “one cubic foot” mean in Paragraph 2?A．1 inch x 1 inch B．1 inch x 1 inch x l inchC．12 inches x 12 inches D．12 inches x 12 inches x 12 inches20．What did David Liittschwager think of the One Cubic Foot experience?A．It was valuable. B．It was different. C．It was simple. D．It was mon.21．Which habitat has the most biodiversity?A．The tropical rainforest. B．The coral reef. C．The Table Mountain. D．The city park.22．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A．Life Is Everywhere B．Find Treasure in NatureC．Five Habitats to Live in D．A Story of David LittschwagerPassage 6 （2021·浙江宁波·中考真题）Have you ever entered a tropical rainforest(热带雨林)? Rainforests make up only a small part of the Earth’s surface, about six percent, but there are more kinds of trees than any other area in the whole world.Tropical rainforests are in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Australia, and on the Pacific islands. The largest tropical rainforest is the Amazon (亚马逊)Rainforest in South America, which covers 1. 2 billion acres, or almost five million square kilometres. The second largest rainforest is in Western Africa.Rainforests provide us with many things. In fact, the Amazon Rainforest is the “lungs of our planet” because itproduces 20%of the world’s oxygen (氧气). One fifth of the world’s fresh water is also found in the Ama zon Rainforest. Furthermore, one half of the world’s species of animals, plants and insects live in the Earth’s rainforests. 80% of the food we eat first grew in the rainforest. 25%of the drugs we take when we are sick are made of plants that grow only in rainforests. Some of these drugs are even used to fight and cure cancer.There are four different levels of trees in a rainforest. The forest floor is the lowest layer full of animal life and receives the least amount of light. The under storey is the dark, cool environment under the leaves but over the ground. The canopy layer is the upper parts of most of the trees. The emergent layer contains a small number of very tall trees.These different parts of a rainforest exist together to create an ecosystem for many animals, plants and human beings.23．This passage is mainly about ________.A．kinds of forest B．where rainforests areC．facts about rainforests D．how much oxygen rainforests make24．The Amazon Rainforest provides us with ________ percent of the wo rld’s oxygen.A．twenty B．twentyfive C．fifty D．eighty25．Where can we probably find a tropical rainforest according to the passage?A．In France. B．In China. C．In Canada. D．In Britain.26．Which is the right picture to show four different levels of trees in a rainforest?A．B．C ．D ．Passage 7 （2021·浙江金华·中考真题）The world is full of amazing nature, buildings, technology and discoveries. Some are manmade and others happen naturally.Musical roadIn Japan, there are roads that play music as cars travel over them.Grooves（沟）are carefully cut into the surface of the road. The spacesbetween the grooves make different music as cars touch them. Thecloser the groves are, the louder the music will be..Bicycle in the treeOn Vashon Island, Washington, a bike is seen high up in a tree.The bike is not hanging on a branch（树枝）—it is fixed in the tree andthe tree has continued growing upwards. The tree grows around thebike instead of pushing it over, making it part of its growth.Underground cityIn Cappadocia, Turkey, a man knocked down a wall of his homeand discovered a huge underground city. It has many tunnels（隧道）,rooms and wells. Thousands of shafts（通风井）bring air to even thedeepest levels. The city is huge enough for 200 people and theiranimals to live in.27．According to the passage, the musical road plays music because ________.A．the road is huge enough B．cars are running very fastC．cars touch the spaces between the grooves D．there is a piano on the road28．What makes the tree so amazing?A．It’s high up in the sky.B．It pushes a bike over.C．A bike hangs on its branch. D．It continues growing with a bike inside.29．In which part of a magazine can we most probably read this passage?A．Travel. B．Technology. C．Education. D．Health.Passage 8 （2021·江苏连云港·中考真题）You might have seen beautiful rainbows in the sky before. They form when sunlight falls on water drops in the air. But in fact, moonlight can also create rainbows in the same way. They are called “moonbows”. They are similar to rainbows, but they are created by moonlight instead of direct sunlight.Moonbows are rarer than rainbows. Different weather and astronomical （天文学的）conditions have to be just right for moonbows to be created.The moon has to be very low in the skyonly 42 degrees from the horizon （地平线）. The moon period has to be a full moon or nearly full. The sky must be very dark for a moonbow to be watched clearlyany bright light can obscure it. Water drops must appear in the air in the opposite direction of the moon.Moonbows appear on the opposite side of the moon and usually look white to the human eye. This is because their colors are not bright enough to be noticed by the human eye. It is possible, however, to view the colors in a moonbow using long exposure （长时间曝光）photography.Moonbows more often appear in some locations around the world. Most of these locations usually have waterfalls, which create thin fog in the air. Some of these locations are the Yosemite National Park in California and Cumberland Falls State Resort Park in Kentucky, US; Victoria Falls on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe; andWaimea in Hawaii, US.Moonbows do really happen. So at a certain time and a certain place, when a moonbow happens to appear, you can’t miss it if you’re right there.30．According to the first two paragraphs, moonbows are ________.A．created by sunlight B．much easier to findC．seen during the day D．more difficult to form31．Which of the following can be the conditions for a moonbow to form?A．A half moon hangs high in the bright sky.B．A full moon is 50 degrees from the horizon.C．A nearly full moon hangs low in the dark sky.D．Water drops are in the opposite direction of the sun.32．What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 3 probably me an?A．cover B．drop C．connect D．produce33．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A．Conditions of moonbows. B．Background of moonbows.C．Locations of moonbows. D．Development of moonbows.Passage 9 （2021·浙江嘉兴·中考真题）The natural world is colorful with humans, plants and animals showing different colors.Human skin can be many different colors and it changes with the sun, our feelings or our health for example. This is because of pigments(色素), which reflect light and make what the eye sees as colors. So, when we feel excited or angry, our heart can send more blood to the face and the pigments in the skin bee red. This is why we have the expression that someone “sees red” when they are angry.Plants also have pigments. Color is important for them to live on. The bright colors of flowers catch the attention of insects(昆虫), which then carry their pollen(花粉) from one flower to another. Bees can see colors we cannot, and they follow these to the inside of the flower. Without bees visiting flowers in this way, many plants would die out.Animals also use color for their own need. They protect themselves with different colors so as not to be seen by predators. The snowshoe hare for example, a type of wild rabbit, changes color with seasons for this reason.During summer it is a brown color, and in winter it is white so that it can hide in the snow. However, some animals use color as a warning to make predators stay away. Bright colors such as yellow and red are often used in this way. Nature, however, is very clever, and predators also use colors to attract(吸引) the animals they feed on.So, we can see that there may be many different reasons and uses for colors in the natural world. Some uses of color in nature remain unknown, but one thing is for sure, color not only makes our planet beautiful but it is also necessary for our planet to live on.34．Paragraph 2 mainly tells us that ________ is/are the cause that makes human skin change color.A．feelings B．pigments C．blood D．sunshine35．According to Paragraph 3, plants can use ________ to attract insects.A．leaves B．fruits C．pollen D．color36．The underlined word “predators” in Paragraph 4 refers to animals which ________.A．hide in secret places B．kill other animals for foodC．change color with the sun D．protect themselves from danger37．What is the main purpose of the passage?A．To describe animals’ ways of life.B．To encourage us to study color in nature.C．To introduce the uses of colors for life on earth. D．To explain the importance of protecting our planet.Passage 10 （2020·江苏宿迁·中考真题）Antarctica（南极洲）is at the southern end of the Earth. It is the coldest, driest and windiest place on our planet. What would it be like to live and work there?On Oct 15, 50 Chinese researchers took a ship named Xuelong 2 from Shenzhen to Antarctica. Xuelong 2 is the first icebreaker（破冰船）made in China. It took two years to build Xuelong 2. It is reported that Xuelong 2 is one of the world's best research icebreakers.Chinese researchers have been to Antarctica 35 times. Because of its unusual environment, researchers fromaround the world have been going there to do study（研究）for many years. Some studies can only be done in Antarctica. For example, there is little air pollution there. This makes it easier for scientists to study the weather, atmosphere（大气）and stars.The study of Antarctica's geology（地质）is also important. Rocks in Antarctica can tell us what the weather was like long time ago, and help us understand how the Earth has changed over time. There are also many wild animals, such as penguins（企鹅）, seals（海豹）and birds. Scientists can learn how animals live in cold places by studying them.Xie Zhouqing is a professor at the University of Science and Technology of China. He was part of China's15th research trip to Antarctica. He said, "Life in Antarctica is not easy. It is tiring and sometimes dangerous, but it is still quite fun. "He also said," I studied how penguins walk, what they eat, and why they move from one place to another. I was excited to see the cute animals playing around. I hope my studies can help protect them." 38．What can we know from the first three paragraphs?A．Antarctica is at the northern end of the Earth.B．There is plenty of air pollution in Antarctica.C．Xuelong 2 is the first icebreaker made in China.D．Chinese scientists have been to Antarctica 45 times.39．What does the underlined word "it" mean in the fifth paragraph?A．Life in Antarctica.B．Rocks in Antarctica.C．Fun in Antarctica.D．Danger in Antarctica.40．What can we infer（推断）from the passage?A．The weather in Antarctica hasn't changed over time.B．Xie Zhouqing mainly studied geology in Antarctica.C．Chinese researchers have done many studies in Antarctica.D．The study in Antarctica can't help protect penguins and seals.41．Where does the passage probably e from?A．A storybook.B．A cooking guide.C．A film review. D．A science magazine.。

艺术的“公共性”在社会学的意义上，18 世纪启蒙主义所带来的思想解放使更多的市民向古老的权威和贵族特权提出挑战，这个时期“公共性”“公共领域”的概念为公共艺术将来的出现做了思想上的铺垫，但是在这个时期，艺术的中心课题是建立独立的、审美的艺术体系和规范；它所考虑的问题是划清艺术与社会生活的边界，它的中心任务是强调艺术的独立，强调艺术不同于生活的特殊性；强调专业的艺术家与公众的区别。

而公共艺术要解决的问题恰好相反，它是艺术向生活的回归，艺术家向公众的回归。

因此，这个时期不可能出现公共艺术。

而正是由于后现代主义文化的出现，给西方艺术带来了转折性的变化，才直接催生出当代意义上的公共艺术。

但是，在我国，人们对“公共艺术”的概念的理解是多层面的；有的强调公共艺术的“公共性”，即公民权利和公众意识的尊重与表达，认为它不是那种被简单理解的“公共场所的艺术品”，它更多的是一种态度、一种理念，公共艺术作品应该是一种“公共精神”的物化形式。

当代中国公共艺术在观念、形式、价值取向上的多样性根植于多元的大众文化，与现代社会的民主意识有着直接的内在联系。

有的在强调它是公共环境中现代形态的艺术构造，它本身就面对公众人群，不一定非要以大众生活或大众口味来赢得大众，而对载体的研究可能比概念讨论更有意义等。

在笔者看来，“公共性”是实现公共艺术与人文价值的核心部分，也是衡量其社会价值的重要标尺。

“公共性”既是对艺术品物质存在的开放性以及设置空间公共性的描述，同时也界定了公共艺术的服务对象，即面对大众、服务大众。

审美的权利和主体是广大市民。

公共艺术与大众和大众文化有着密切的联系。

一方面，它必须尊重占人口大多数的普通民众所持有和认同的文化形态，包括文化观念和审美态度；另一方面还必须面对随着中国市场经济、城市化、商品化的发展而崛起的大众文化。

因此，在当代背景下，公共艺术更加致力于融合不同文化、不同阶层的审美理想，以期得到最广泛的、多层次的认同，充分体现其“公共性”。

太阳位置变化的英语作文Title: The Changing Position of the Sun。

The position of the Sun in the sky is a fascinating phenomenon that has captivated humans for centuries. From ancient civilizations to modern astronomers, understanding the Sun's movements has been crucial for various reasons, including agriculture, navigation, and scientific research. In this essay, we will delve into the factors that influence the changing position of the Sun and its significance.The Earth's orbit around the Sun is one of the primary factors determining the Sun's position in the sky. As the Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit, the Sun appears to move along the celestial sphere throughout the year. This apparent motion results in the changing position of the Sun relative to the observer on Earth.Additionally, the tilt of the Earth's axis plays acrucial role in the Sun's position throughout the year. The Earth's axis is tilted approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane, causing the Sun's rays to strike different latitudes at varying angles throughout the year. This tilt is responsible for the changing seasons, as different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of sunlight depending on their distance from the Sun.One of the most significant consequences of the changing position of the Sun is the seasonal variations in daylight hours. During the summer solstice, which occurs around June 21st in the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, resulting in the longest day of the year and the shortest night. Conversely, during the winter solstice, around December 21st, the Sunis at its lowest point in the sky, leading to the shortest day and the longest night of the year.The equinoxes, which occur around March 21st and September 23rd, mark the times when the Sun is directly above the equator, resulting in nearly equal lengths of day and night across the globe. These celestial events signifythe changing of seasons and have been observed and celebrated by cultures around the world for millennia.Moreover, the latitude of the observer also influences the Sun's position in the sky. As one moves closer to the poles, the Sun appears to travel in a lower arc across the sky, resulting in shorter days during the winter months and longer days during the summer months. Conversely, near the equator, the Sun's path is more vertical, leading to relatively consistent day lengths throughout the year.The changing position of the Sun not only affects the length of daylight but also has significant implicationsfor various aspects of life on Earth. For instance, agricultural practices, such as planting and harvesting, are often timed based on the Sun's position and the changing seasons. Additionally, the Sun's position in the sky is crucial for navigation, as sailors and travelers have used the Sun's position to determine direction for centuries.In conclusion, the changing position of the Sun is acomplex phenomenon influenced by factors such as theEarth's orbit, axial tilt, and the observer's latitude. Understanding the Sun's movements is essential for various purposes, including agriculture, navigation, and cultural traditions. By studying the Sun's position in the sky, we gain insights into the dynamics of our solar system and its impact on life on Earth.。

公共艺术·在地性·上下文作者：王洪义来源：《上海艺术评论》 2018年第5期“在地性”是指为某一特定地点而创作的艺术品，是公共艺术的特有属性之一，也是公共艺术与一般雕塑作品的区分点。

为特定地点而创作的艺术能连接历史与现实，成为鼓舞人心的在地精神载体，在保存历史记忆、临时存在和非商业化过程中，实现公共艺术服务于社区和大众的终极使命。

近年来在国内有关公共艺术讨论与研究中，时常会提到“在地性”。

这个词的英文是Site-specificart，也可译成“特定地点艺术”（简称“定点艺术”），意思也不复杂。

但讨论中有人会把这个固定搭配的英文词说成另一个词，或把这样一个简单概念与深奥的哲学扯到一起，这就很容易让一般听众或读者为之糊涂，所以下面我从常识角度对此概念略作解释也许不算多余。

还有一个原因，是通常公共艺术讨论中会较多谈到这个“在地性”，而其他类型的艺术讨论中较少提到这个词，这也能说明“在地性”可能与公共艺术有密切关系，所以也值得说说。

一从词义看，“在地性”并不复杂，就是指为某一特定地点而创作的艺术品，作品与其存在环境有必然的联系。

从宽泛意义上说，这个术语可用于任何或多或少与特定地点有关的作品，如一个有地方特色的建筑也可以被认为是一件在地艺术作品。

任何严肃一点的公共艺术创作，都不会不考虑在地环境，甚至一般商业性或实用性的环境艺术也会关注在地性，这是因为商业艺术与公共艺术都以社会反应而非形式构造为价值实现的终极标准，所以必会关注作品与接受环境的关系。

对这类在地艺术品而言，如果将其从特定地点移走，它就会失去全部或大部分意义，这很可能是公共艺术与户外雕塑作品的主要差别之一。

亨利· 摩尔（HenryMoore）的雕塑可以放在任何一所公园里或广场上，而如果将奥拉维尔· 埃利亚松（Olafur Eliasson）的《气候计划》（The Weather Project，2003）迁出泰特美术馆的涡轮大厅，就绝对不是这个效果了。