建筑工程设计文件编制深度规定带英文翻译
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建筑英文文献及翻译第一篇:建筑英文文献及翻译外文原文出处: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149动力性能对建筑物的破坏引言:建筑物在地震的作用下,和一些薄弱的建筑结构中,动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。
特别是要满足最基本的震动周期,无论是在设计的新建筑,或者是评估已经有的建筑,使他们可以了解地震的影响。
许多标准(例如:欧标,2003;欧标,2006),建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。
这样的表达式被牢记在心,得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人,1997),从而人为的低估了标准周期。
因为这个原因,他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例:乔普拉本和高尔,2000)。
当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例:克劳利普和皮诺,2004;普里斯特利权威,2007)。
当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较,有大的差异,提供非常低的周期标准(例:纳瓦洛苏达权威,2004)。
一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008);另外,一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型,提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度,开裂,空隙填实,等等)。
联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。
这个原因对于他们的振动,可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏,这个必须被重视。
通常,结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。
结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。
但对于建筑物周期而言,到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。
20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方:XXX乙方:XXX建筑工程合同英文翻译(2024版)本合同目录一览1. 工程概述1.1 工程名称1.2 工程地点1.3 工程类型1.4 工程规模1.5 工程预算2. 合同主体2.1 承包商信息2.2 业主信息2.3 监理机构信息3. 工程进度与交付3.1 工程开工日期3.2 工程竣工日期3.3 工程进度计划3.4 工程交付标准4. 工程质量与标准4.1 工程质量要求4.2 材料与设备标准4.3 施工工艺标准4.4 验收标准5. 合同价格与支付5.1 合同总价5.2 价格调整机制5.3 付款方式与进度5.4 质保金条款6. 合同履行与担保6.1 承包商义务6.2 业主义务6.3 监理机构职责6.4 履约担保7. 违约责任与赔偿7.1 违约行为7.2 违约责任7.3 赔偿金额计算8. 争议解决8.1 争议解决方式8.2 争议解决机构8.3 诉讼或仲裁地点9. 合同变更与解除9.1 合同变更条件9.2 合同解除条件9.3 变更与解除的程序10. 合同终止与解除10.1 合同终止条件10.2 合同解除后的义务11. 不可抗力11.1 不可抗力事件11.2 不可抗力后果11.3 不可抗力条款的适用12. 保险12.1 承包商保险12.2 业主保险12.3 保险理赔程序13. 信息与保密13.1 合同文件13.2 保密义务13.3 信息披露14. 一般条款14.1 合同的生效与终止14.2 合同的适用法律14.3 合同的解释权14.4 其他条款第一部分:合同如下:第一条工程概述1.1 工程名称:根据双方协商确定的工程名称。
1.2 工程地点:具体到街道和门牌号码的工程所在地。
1.3 工程类型:根据工程的具体性质,如住宅、商业、工业等。
1.4 工程规模:工程的总建筑规模,包括建筑面积、建筑高度等。
1.5 工程预算:工程的预估总造价,包括建筑成本、材料费用、人工费用等。
土木工程的规范文件英文Civil Engineering Standards and SpecificationsCivil engineering is a vast and diverse field that encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, buildings, and other structures. At the heart of this discipline lies the need for standardized guidelines and regulations that ensure the safety, reliability, and efficiency of these projects. These standards and specifications, often referred to as "the bible" of civil engineering, play a crucial role in guiding the industry and ensuring the quality and integrity of its work.The primary purpose of civil engineering standards and specifications is to establish a common framework for the design, construction, and operation of various civil engineering projects. These documents provide detailed guidelines and requirements that must be met to ensure the safety and functionality of structures, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure. They cover a wide range of topics, including materials, methods of construction, testing procedures, and performance criteria.One of the key aspects of civil engineering standards andspecifications is their role in ensuring public safety. These guidelines are developed and maintained by various professional organizations, government agencies, and industry bodies, with the goal of protecting the public from potential hazards associated with poorly designed or constructed structures. By adhering to these standards, civil engineers can be confident that their work will meet the necessary safety and performance requirements.Another important aspect of civil engineering standards and specifications is their impact on the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of construction projects. By providing a consistent and standardized approach to design and construction, these documents help to streamline the planning and execution of projects, reducing the potential for errors, delays, and cost overruns. This, in turn, benefits both the project owners and the wider community, as infrastructure projects are delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner.The development and maintenance of civil engineering standards and specifications is an ongoing process, with regular updates and revisions to ensure that they remain relevant and up-to-date with the latest advancements in technology, materials, and construction methods. This process typically involves the collaboration of industry experts, academics, and government regulators, who work together to identify and address emerging issues and challenges.One of the key challenges in the development of civil engineering standards and specifications is the need to balance the diverse and often conflicting requirements of different stakeholders. Project owners may have specific needs or preferences, while contractors and suppliers may have their own concerns regarding cost, feasibility, and practicality. Regulatory bodies, on the other hand, may prioritize safety and environmental considerations. Navigating these competing interests and finding a consensus-based solution is a complex and ongoing process.Despite these challenges, the importance of civil engineering standards and specifications cannot be overstated. These documents provide a critical foundation for the design, construction, and maintenance of the infrastructure that underpins modern society. They help to ensure the safety and reliability of buildings, bridges, roads, and other structures, while also promoting innovation, efficiency, and sustainability in the industry.In conclusion, civil engineering standards and specifications are an essential component of the civil engineering profession. They provide a common framework for the industry, ensuring the safety, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of infrastructure projects. By adhering to these guidelines, civil engineers can be confident that their work will meet the necessary requirements and contribute tothe ongoing development and improvement of our built environment.。
土木工程civil engineering/结构工程structural engineering/永久结构permanent/水利工程hydraulic engineering/环境或环卫工程environmental/sanitary engineering/污水处理系统sewer systems供水water supply 军事工程military engineering城市规划urban planning and design/投标文件tender document/民用civilian use/工地construction site/现场准备site preparation/水平结构horizontal structure/现场工程师site engineer/谈判阶段negotiation stage/施工方案construction method statement/桩长pile length/垂直结构vertical structure项目经理project manager预制混凝土桩precast concrete piles桩的贯入penetration of the piles施工进度计划表construction schedule 组织机构表organization chart劳务配备表labor char施工机械计划表construction machine schedule隔水墙core wall筏式基础raft foundation塑料薄膜polythene sheet 粗麻布hessian cloth高层居民楼multi-storey residential building标书tender document合同条款contract document工程量清单bill of quantities工程范围scope of works技术规范technical specifications质保手册quality assurance协议书letter of agreement施工方案construction method statement质量和安全措施quality and safety programs意向书letter of intent合同价格contract price上部结构superstructure 试验施工trial operation预制混凝土桩precast concrete piles 应力变化测试strength variation test钻孔灌注桩board cast-in-place plies 永久性套筒permanent casing临时护筒temporary casing钻探泥浆drilling fluid地下工程underground works 打桩机piling machine 连续基础continuous foundation软土compressible soil剪力试验sheer test 独立垫式基础independent pad foundation 垂直度误差vertical tolerance三轴试验triaxial tests土力学勘察a soil mechanics土样soil sample不均匀沉降different settlement土层soil stratum钢梁steel joists 不加钢筋的素混凝plain concrete without reinforcement钢筋工程reinforcement works 质量保证程序quality assurance钢材生产厂家steel manufacturer钢铁厂steel mill屈服点yielded point 抗拉强度tension strength 延伸率extension rate冷弯曲度cold bending degree钢筋reinforcement rebar产品合格证quality certificates物理特性physical character化学组成成分chemical components拉伸试验tension test标准屈服强度standard yield strength热轧hot rolled 余热处理remained heat treatment热轧钢筋hot rolled ribbed steel bar余热处理钢筋remained heat treatment ribbed steel bar冷拉钢筋cold-stretched steel bar冷拔低碳钢丝cold-drawn low carbon steel wire热处理钢筋steel heat treatment预应力钢丝prestressing wire淬火和回火的调质热处理heat treatment by quenching and tempering 养护混凝土curing concrete碳素钢筋carbon steel bar普通低合金钢筋ordinary low alloy steel bar含碳量carbon content冷轧扭钢筋cold rolled and twisted bar 精轧螺旋钢筋finishing spiral reinforcement刻痕钢丝indented steel wire钢绞线stranded steel wire 管套pipe sleeve光面钢筋plain steel bar变形钢筋deformed steel bar螺纹screw thread塑性变形plastic deformation下料表rebar bending schedule钢截面面积rebarcross-section高强度钢筋high-tensile steel bar搭接接头lap joint冷弯试验cold bending test应力----应变曲线stress-strain curve屈服强度yield strength抗拉强度tensile strength伸长率extension rate/焊接连接welded connection闪光对焊flash butt welding电弧焊arc welding电渣压力焊electroslag pressure welding气压焊pressure welding机械连接mechanical connection/施工工艺construction technology质量证明书quality certificate钢号steel grade炉号heat (batch) number静力拉伸试验static tensile test套筒冷压接头sleeve cold-pressure joint 螺纹套管钢筋接头screw threaded steel pipe joint质检站quality control station句子:1 submittde (submit) 2.inspect(inspection)paction (compact)4.accordance(accord)5.conformity(conform)6.authorized( authorize) 7.repressentative (repressent)8.specifications(construct)9.construction(construct)10.accordance(accord)11.consolidation(consolidate)12.settlement(settle) 13.distortion(distort)14.stability(stable)mencement(commence)16.accordanc e(accord) plied(comply)18.mechanical(machine)19.performance(perform)20.deformed(deform)翻译:1.该施工方案涵盖了混凝土浇筑完工后,除筏式基础之外的楼板、柱、岩心墙等的养护工程。
土木工程的规范文件英文Standardization Documents in Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a vast and complex field that encompasses the design, construction, and maintenance of various structures, including buildings, bridges, roads, and infrastructure. To ensure the safety, quality, and efficiency of these projects, standardization documents play a crucial role. These documents provide a set of guidelines, specifications, and best practices that serve as a framework for the industry.One of the primary purposes of standardization documents in civil engineering is to ensure the consistency and reliability of construction projects. By establishing a common set of standards, engineers and contractors can work together seamlessly, reducing the risk of errors, delays, and costly rework. These documents cover a wide range of topics, including material specifications, structural design requirements, construction methods, and safety protocols.The development of standardization documents in civil engineering involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including professional organizations, regulatory bodies, and industry experts.These documents are regularly reviewed and updated to reflect the latest advancements in technology, industry practices, and emerging trends. This continuous process of refinement and improvement helps to maintain the relevance and effectiveness of these guidelines.One of the key advantages of standardization documents in civil engineering is the enhancement of project quality. By following established standards, engineers can ensure that their designs and construction practices meet or exceed the required performance criteria. This not only enhances the safety and reliability of the final product but also helps to maintain the integrity of the built environment.Furthermore, standardization documents play a crucial role in the regulatory compliance of civil engineering projects. Governments and local authorities often mandate the use of certain standards to ensure the safety and sustainability of infrastructure. Adherence to these standards can help project teams avoid costly legal implications and ensure that their work aligns with the relevant laws and regulations.Another significant benefit of standardization documents in civil engineering is the facilitation of effective collaboration and communication among industry professionals. By establishing a shared understanding of terminology, methods, and best practices,these documents help to bridge the gap between different disciplines, such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, and project management. This enhanced collaboration can lead to more efficient problem-solving, faster decision-making, and ultimately, more successful project outcomes.In addition to their technical and regulatory benefits, standardization documents in civil engineering also play a crucial role in the industry's continuous improvement and innovation. By providing a solid foundation for best practices, these documents encourage civil engineers to explore new technologies, materials, and techniques that can further enhance the performance and sustainability of their projects.Overall, standardization documents in civil engineering are essential to ensuring the safety, quality, and efficiency of construction projects. By establishing a common set of guidelines and best practices, these documents help to create a more cohesive and collaborative industry, ultimately contributing to the development of safer, more resilient, and more sustainable built environments.。
土木工程的规范文件英文Here are some examples of informal yet informative English paragraphs discussing various aspects of civil engineering specifications:When it comes to civil engineering, specifications are like the roadmap to a successful project. They outline the standards, materials, and procedures that need to be followed to ensure a structure is safe, durable, and meets all regulatory requirements.One thing I've learned in my years as a civil engineer is that specifications are never static. They evolve as technology progresses, new materials are discovered, and safety standards are updated. Staying on top of these changes is crucial to staying ahead in the industry.You know, sometimes the smallest details in the specifications can make a big difference. It's those little things like the type of concrete mix or the thickness of asteel beam that can determine whether a building stands strong for decades or needs repairs after just a few years.Collaborating with other experts is also a big part of the specification process. Architects, contractors, and inspectors all have their say in what goes into the final document. It's a bit like a symphony, where each instrument contributes its unique melody to create a harmonious whole.And don't forget, specifications aren't just about numbers and measurements. They also incorporate a lot of common sense and practical knowledge. You need to think about how a building will be used, the environment it's in, and the people who will occupy it. All these factors come together to create a comprehensive set of specifications that truly reflect the needs.。
建筑专业英语文章翻译近些年,国内建筑市场的大繁荣推动了建筑学专业的快速发展.下面是店铺带来的建筑专业英语文章翻译,欢迎阅读!建筑专业英语文章翻译1建筑词典大全附中文详细解释一般术语1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。
2. 工程结构设计design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间,选择一种最佳的合理的平衡,使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。
3. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering一般称建筑工程,为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
4. 土木工程 civil engineering除房屋建筑外,为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
5. 公路工程 highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
6. 铁路工程 railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
7. 港口与航道工程 port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
8. 水利工程 hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。
英汉对照工程常用词汇AN USUAL ENGLISH-CHINESE VOCABULLARY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN(全册)信息产业电子第十一设计研究院有限公司技术质量部二00三年七月编制说明《本英汉对照工程设计常用词汇》原编于1996年12月,收集了我院有关工程设计方面的常用词汇﹑词组和句子。
现在原版的基础上重新进行了统编,为配合院办发[2003]96号《关于提高我院职工英语口语水平的强制性规定》,方便设计人员查阅,并在提高英语口语的同时,也不断提高阅读﹑翻译工程设计文件的能力和水平,以便更好地在工程设计中和外方顾客就技术问题进行有效地沟通与交流。
该“词汇”按专业分成了六部份,虽然多达190页,但还需要不断补充和完善。
技术质量部翻译组的同志将在以后继续做好这项工作。
技术质量部2003年7月30日目录1.图面常用词汇 32.土建部份213.给排水部份614.气动部份865.电气部份966.暖通部份1261. 工程设计图面常用词汇CONCLISE ENGLISH OF DRAWING PACKAGE总论GENERAL图纸目录Drawing list标准图目录Standard drawing list典型图目录Typical drawing list标准、规范目录Standard and regulation list统一详图目录Uniform detail list标准图集Standard drawing collection设备清单Equipment list材料表Material list建筑物、构筑物一览表List of buildings andstructures施工进度表Schedule of construction建筑构件表List of architectural members 管道及管件汇总表Summary of pipes and pipefittings楼面、屋面构造表Construction chart of floor androof各种管道数量表Bill of piping quantity预埋件明细表Schedule of embeddedelements比例Scale无比例、不按比例Not to scale项目名称Project, item标题栏Caption of drawing, drawingheading图号Drawing no.(DWG NO.)张号Page序号No.编号Code型号Type规格Specification单位Unit图例Legend说明Notes备注Remarks由…设计Designed by…由…校对Checked by…由…审核Approved by…由…发行Issued by…专业Specialty总图Site plan土建Civil建筑Architecture结构Structure机械Mechanical给水排水Water supply and drainage暖通Heating, ventilation and airconditioning (HV AC)电气Electrical供电Power supply电照Lighting自控Automatic control通信Communication物理概念Physical concept长度Length宽度Width高度Height净高Clear height深度Depth面积Area体积V olume时间Time速度Speed, velocity温度Temperature湿度Humidity功率Power压力Pressure力Force公斤Kilogram( Kg)克Gram (g)吨Ton (t)米Meter (m)厘米Centimeter (cm)毫米Millimeter (mm)平方米Square meter (㎡)立方米Cubic meter (m3)秒Second (s)分Minute (m)时Hour (h)厚度Thickness直径Diameter半径Radius弯曲半径Curve radius内径Inside diameter外径Outside diameter圆形Circle, round方形Square矩形Rectangle矩形的Rectangular立方体Cube椭圆Ellipse重量Weight毛重Gross weight净重Net weight质量Quality数量Quantity自然条件Natural conditions气象Meteorology气象资料Meteorological data日照Sun shine年平均日照时数Yearly mean sun shine hours 风级Wind class风向Wind direction风力Wind force风向标Weather cock逐月风向频率Monthly wind direction andfrequency最大(平均)风速Maximum (mean) windvelocity主导风向Prevailing wind dirction最大风速Maximum wind velocity台风Typhoon季节风Monsoon降雨资料Rainfall data降雨频率Rainfall frequency降雨强度Rainfall intensity降雨日数Number of rainy days最大(平均)降雨量Maximum (mean) rainfall年降雨量Annual rainfall极限降水量Maximum possiblepricipitation雨量Rain precipitation降雨面积Rain precipitation暴雨Rain area持续时间Rain storm降雨历时Duration暴雨历时Duration of rainfall年平均雷暴时数Duration of rain storm溢流周期Yearly mean lightning andthunder days年平均气温Overflow period年绝对最低气温Yearly absolute temperature, lowest年绝对最高气温Yearly absolute temperature,highest最冷月或最热月平均温度Mean temperature, coldest month or hottest month年、月、平均温度,最高、最低Temperature, yearly, monthly, mean, highest, lowest最高或最低绝对温度Absolute temperature, highestor lowest湿球温度Wet bulb thermometer湿球温度计Wet bulb thermometer干球温度Dry bulb temperature干球温度计Dry bulb thermometer干湿温差Psychometric chart冰冻期Frost period冰冻深度Frost penetration最大积雪深度Maximum snow penetration 采暖地区Region with heating provision 不采暖地区Region without heatingprovision采暖室外计算温度Calculating outdoortemperature for heating通风(冬季)室外计算温度Calculating outdoor temperature for ventilation (winter)绝对大气压Absolute atmospheric pressure 蒸发量Vaporization volume相对湿度Relative humidity建筑材料Building material水泥Cement水泥标号Cement grade硅酸盐水泥Portland cement矿渣硅酸盐水泥Portland slag cement灌浆水泥Grout cement快凝水泥Rapid setting cement防潮水泥Waterproof cement高强度水泥High-strength cement高标号水泥High-strength cement水泥沙浆强度Cement mortar strength水泥沙浆需水量Water demand of cementmortar砖Brick普通粘土砖Common clay brick实心砖Solid brick异形砖Special brick角砖Angle brick拱顶砖Key brick面砖Face brick勒脚砖Springer带槽砖Brick with groove空心砖Hollow brick承重空心砖Load-bearing hollow brick通风空心砖Ventilating brick耐火砖Fire brick高耐火砖High duty fire clay brick特级粘土耐火粘土砖Super-duty fire clay brick轻质耐火粘土砖Light weight fire clay brick工字钢底砖Clip tile (brick)矿渣砖Slag brick多孔砖Porous brick瓦Tile屋面瓦Roof tile石板瓦Slate陶土瓦Vitrified tile粘土瓦Clay shingle脊瓦Ridge tile斜沟瓦Vallay tile槽形瓦Grooved tile石棉瓦Asbestos tile方块毛石Square rubble条石、块石Block stone花岗石Granite花岗石饰面板Granite finishing plank大理石Marble大理石板Marble slab人造大理石Artificial marble预制水磨石Precast terrazzo砌块Block混凝土砌块Concrete block加气混凝土砌块Aerated concrete block实心砌块Solid block空心砌块Hollow block耐火砌块Refractory block衬里砌块Bushing block玻璃Glass光学玻璃Optical glass防眩光玻璃Anti-dazzle glass耐热玻璃Heat resisting glass隔声玻璃Sound proof glass平板玻璃Plate glass标准玻璃Standard glass抛光平板玻璃Polished plate glass中空玻璃Double glazing glass双层中空玻璃Glazing glass, insulating glass 浮法玻璃Float glass新釉面玻璃Neo-ceramic glass有机玻璃Organic glass钢化玻璃Armourplate glass强化玻璃Strengthened glass磨光玻璃Abrades glass, polished glass 毛玻璃Obscured glass, frosted glass 夹丝安全玻璃Wired glass无色玻璃White glass不透明玻璃Opaque glass漫射玻璃Diffusing glass波形玻璃Corrugated glass槽形玻璃Channel glass淬火玻璃Heat treated glass薄膜玻璃Film glass兰色玻璃Blue glass琥珀色玻璃Amber glass中性灰色滤光玻璃Neutral-tinted glass乳色玻璃Opalescent glass乳白玻璃Opal glass压花玻璃Patterned glass酸蚀刻玻璃Acid-etched glass大理石玻璃Marbled glass磨沙玻璃Ground glass雪花玻璃Alabaster glass玻璃纤维板Glass fiber board钢Steel碳素钢Carbon steel低(中、高)碳钢Low (medium, high) carbonsteel结构钢Structural steel高强度结构钢High-strength structural steel 普通碳素结构钢Ordinary carbon structuralsteel铸钢Cast steel耐酸钢Acid-resisting steel型钢Shaped steel圆钢Round steel bar热轧圆钢Hot rolled round steel扁钢Flat steel bar角钢Angle steel方钢Square steel槽钢Channel steel冷轧碳素钢板Cold rolled carbon steel plate 波纹钢板Corrugated steel花纹钢板Reliefed steel plate不锈钢管Stainless steel pipe焊接钢管Welded steel pipe无缝钢管Seamless steel pipe镀锌钢管Galvanized steel pipe高强度钢丝High strength steel wire绑扎用钢丝Binding wire冷拨低碳钢丝Cold drawn mild steel wire钢筋Steel bar, steel reinforcement 铸件管Cast iron pipe铸铁给水管Cast iron water pipe铸铁污水管Cast iron soil pipe铜Copper黄铜Brass铝Aluminum铅Lead锡Bin镍Nickel锌Zinc螺栓Bolt螺孔直径Diameter of bolt hole垫板Packing垫片Spacer锚固螺栓Anchor bolt现场安装螺栓Field bolt safety nut安全螺帽Safety nut地脚螺栓Holding-down bolt, groundbolt调整螺栓Adjusting nut平头螺栓Cheese head bolt源头螺栓Botton head bolt夹紧螺栓Clinch bolt埋头螺栓Countersunk bolt防松螺帽Self-locking nut带销螺栓头Bolt head with feather柳钉Rivet螺丝Screw垫圈Washer平垫圈Flat washer弹簧垫圈Spring washer防松垫圈Lock washer胶合板Plywood纤维板Fiber board聚合物Polymer高分子化合物High-molecular compound树脂Resin环氧树脂Epoxy resin聚乙烯Polyethylene (PE)聚录乙烯Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)聚苯乙烯Polystyrene聚脂树脂Polyester resin聚丙烯Polyropylene发泡聚案脂Foamed polyurethane建筑及结构设计规范Code for architectural andstructural design施工及验收规范Code for construction andacceptance建筑抗震设计规范Building seismic design code 建筑材料标准Standard for buildingmaterials地基及基础规范Code for soil and foundation 防火规范Fire-protection code卫生标准Sanitary standard电气设计及装置规范Code for electrical design andinstallation给排水规范Code for water supply anddrainage供暖及通风设计及装置规范Code for heating and ventilating design and installation工艺Technology工艺流程图Process flow chart运输流程图Transport flow chart加工图Process technology drawing 工艺设备平面布置图Process equipment layout装配图Assembly drawing人流Person flow物流Goods flow产品大纲Product program生产线Production line生产能力Production capacity年生产量Annual yield, annual output工作制度Work system组织机构表Organization chart工艺对建筑的要求Process requirements onbuildings设计Design设计单位Designer用户Client大学University工厂Factory公司Company有限公司Company limited (Ltd)集团公司、总公司Corporation研究所Research institute设计文件Design document设计资料Design data设计任务书Design prospectus设计说明书Design instruction设计范围Design scope设计周期Design period设计程序Design procedure方案投标Scheme tender方案比较Scheme comparison审批Approval设计阶段Design stage可行性研究(报告)Feasibility study方案设计Initial design初步设计Preliminary design施工图设计Final design设计修改Design modification设计联络Design liaison合同Contract签定合同Sign contract协议、协定Agreement会议纪要Minutes of meeting施工单位Constructor承包单位Contractor供货单位Supplier施工监理Construction supervisor工地经理Site manager职务名称Title董事长﹑院长President总经理General manager总工程师General engineer主任、处长Department manager总设计师Chief designer项目经理Project manager主任工程师Chief engineer工程师Engineer图纸Drawing总平面图General plan布置图Layout工艺专业有关词汇Words concerning technology 工艺Technology工艺过程Process工艺过程设计Process design设备平面布置Plant design工艺要求Technological level电子产品Electronic product半导体Semiconductor电子管Electron tube二级管Diode三级管Triode晶体管Transistor集成电路Integrated circuit (IC)大规模集成电路Large scale integration (ofcircuits) (LSI)超大规模集成电路Very large scale integration (ofcircuits) (VLSI)计算机Computer微型计算机Microcomputer微处理机Microprocessor个人计算机Personal computer计算机终端Terminal电子打字机Electronic type writer计算机打印机Computer printer机器人Robot电子游戏机Electronic gamer电视机Television彩色电视机Color TV黑白电视机Black and white TV显象管Kinescope彩色显象管Color kinescope; chromoscope 黑白显象管Monochrome picture tuve录机Radio cassette电子琴Electronic piano微波炉Microwave oven录象机Video recorder电传机Teleprinter传真机Facsimile printer电话单机Telephone电话交换机Telephone exchange光导纤维Optical fiber雷达Radar激光(器)Laser发射机Transmitter天线Antenna声纳(定位器)Sound radar剖面图放大图Section大样图、详图Enlarged detail安装图Installation drawing标准图(定型)Standard drawing示意图Schematic diagram流程图Flow diagram系统图System diagram原理图Principle diagram综合管道平面图General layout of pipingsystem屋面平面图Roof plan立面图、正视图Elevation侧、横、背、正面图Side, back, front elevation 横、纵、局部剖面图Cross, longitudinal, partsection装配图Assembly drawing鸟澉图Bird’s eye view底图Transparent drawing草图Sketch表格和说明Table and instruction图纸目录List of drawings材料表List of material重复使用图纸目录List of repeat drawing说明Instruction建筑物构筑物明细表List of buildings andstructures建筑一览表Schedule of buildings建设单位Client子项工程名称Sub-project日期Date处室Department专业Specialty比例Scale图纸名称Name of drawing图号Drawing No.张数Page quantity张号Page No.编号Code序号Serial No.代号Mark名称Name型号规格Type and specification数量Quantity单位Unit备注Remark设计阶段Stage (of design)物理概念Physical concept长度Length宽度Width高度Height; altitude深度Depth面积Area时间Time速度Speed温度Temperature湿度Humidity功率Power压力Pressure力Force公斤Kilogram (Kg)克Gram (g)吨Ton (t)米Meter (m)厘米Centimeter (cm)毫米Millimeter (mm)平方米Square meter立方米Cubic meter秒Second分Minute时Hour厚度Thickness直径Diameter半径Radius外径Outside diameter内径Inside diameter圆形Circle方形Square立方体Cube椭圆Ellipse重量Weight毛重Gross weight净重Net weight质量Quality规范Regulation; handbook手册handbook设计规范,手册Regulation, handbook fordesign施工安装规范,手册Regulation, handbook forconstruction and installation 验收规范Regulation for acceptance消防规范Regulation for fire fighting环境保护Environment protection设备手册Handbook of equipment材料手册Handbook of material设计基础资料Basic data of design自然条件Natural condition气象Meteorology气候Climate风向Wind direction主导风Prevailing wind水位Water level地下水位Underground water level最大风速Maximum wind speed最高水位Highest water level最低水位Lowest water level冰冻日数Frost duration冰冻深度Frost penetration海拔Above sea level海拔高度Altitude标高Elevation level原地面标高Natural ground elevation设计地面标高Designed ground elevation地坪Ground level室外地坪标高Outdoor ground elevation室内地坪标高Indoor ground elevation室内外高差Difference of elevationbetween indoor and outdoor中心标高Center elevation雷暴日数Number of lightening days地形Topography经度Longitude纬度Latitude土壤Soil回填土Back filled earth相对湿度Relative humidity选厂基础资料Basic data for site selection选厂报告Report of site selection厂址调查Site investigation生产条件Condition of production生产流程Production process生产能力Production capacity班制Shift per day日班Day shift夜班Nightshift工作日Working day假日Vacation我院专业设置Specialist set up in EDRI工艺Technology无线电技术Radio technique机械Mechanical电化学Electro-chemistry元器件Electronic component电真空器件Electric vacuum component总图General plan土建Civil建筑Architecture结构Structure机械Mechanical暖通Heating, ventilation andair-conditioning (HV AC)给排水Water supply and drain气体动力Gas utility环境保护Environment protection非标准设计Design of non-standardproduct电气Electrical供电Power supply电照Power distribution andlighting自动控制Automatic control通信Communication一层First floor二层Second floor三层Third floor夹层Mezzanine技术夹层Technical floor走廊Corridor外廊Open corridor门廊Porch门厅Entrance hall前厅Lobby出口Exit入口Entrance楼梯间Staircase竖井Shaft电梯间Lift shaft电梯Lift; elevator自动扶梯Escalator办公室Office会议室Meeting room会客室,接待室Reception room展览室Display room休息室Lobby阅览室Reading room资料室Reference room实验室Laboratory医务室Clinic衣帽间Cloak room更衣室Locker room厂长室Director’s room经理室Manager’s room秘书室Secretary’s room会计室Counter’s room值班室Duty room助理室Assistant’s room总务室General affairs office 小食堂Lunch room食堂Canteen厨房Kitchen餐厅Dining hall备餐间Food preparation room 茶室Tea room咖啡室Coffee room酒吧Bar卧室Bed room起居室Living room客厅Parlor书房Study浴室Bathroom厕所Toilet男厕Men’s女厕Women’s工艺设备Production equipment 车床Lathe磨床Grinder转床Driller冲床Puncher电锯Electric saw电梯Elevator电炉Electric furnace电弧炉Arc furnace电阻炉Electronic furnace ofresistance type烘箱,干燥机Drier起重机Crab吊车Crane电焊机Shot welder送风机Air-supply fan鼓风机Blast fan排风机Exhaust fan泵Pump扩散泵Diffusion pump装配线Assembly line生产线Production line生产车间Workshops车间Workshop辅助车间Auxiliary shop机械加工车间Machine shop锻工车间Blacksmith shop冲压车间Press shop焊接车间Welding shop电镀车间Electroplating shop钳工车间Fitter shop机修车间Machine repairing shop金工车间Smith shop装配车间Assembly shop;包装车间Packing shop工具间Packing shop维修间Tool room洁净室Maintenance room净化厂房Purification factory微波暗室Anechoic chamber磁屏暗室Magnetic shielding chamber 设计室Design room房间名称Room names底层Ground floor一层First floor公用建筑Public buildings俱乐部Club电影院Cinema礼堂Assembly hall火车站Railway station飞机场Airport汽车站Bus station游泳池Swimming pool运动场Sports ground体育馆Stadium图书馆Library招待所Hostel医院Hospital公寓Apartment宿舍Dormitory宿舍区Living quarters平房Single-story building公用设施Public utilities facilities电话站Exchange station计算机房Computer room空调机房Air conditioning room新风机室Fresh air room水泵房Water pump house压缩机房Compressor room控制室Control room工作平台Working platform空压站Air compressor station变电站Transformer station冷却塔Cooling tower洗涤塔Scrubber热交换站Heat exchanger station污水处理站Sewage treatment station氢氧(发生)站Hydrogen and oxygen(generation) station油库Fuel storage微波站Microwave station锅炉房Boiler house冷冻站Chiller station2. 土建部分总图专业常用词汇Words concerning generalplan厂区Factory area生活区Living area停车场Parking yard车库Garage自行车棚Bicycle shed大门Gate门房Gate house围墙Enclosure wall围栏Fence建筑红线Property line办公楼Office building科研楼Research building食堂Canteen水泵房Water pump station车间Workshop成品库Finished product store旗杆Flag pole广场Square绿化带Greenbelt喷泉Fountain雕塑Sculpture花园Garden道路Road桥Bridge公路Highway铁路Railway弯道Turn建筑面积Building area建筑占地面积Area occupied by building空地Spare space十字路口Cross零点线Zero line斜坡Slope挖方Excavation老土Natural soil原土Original soil换土Earth shift室外管道Outdoor pipeline室外管沟Outdoor trench雨水明沟Rainwater channel排洪沟Flood trench下水道Sewer下水道检查井Sewer manhole明沟Open channel热力管沟Heating trench草坪Lawn树木,乔木Tree灌木Shrub花坛Flower bed防火距离Fire protection distance抗(地)震Aseismatic抗振动Anti-vibration防振动Vibration-proof防爆Explosion proof防酸Acid-proof防尘Dust-proof经济专业有关词汇Words concerning economy 概算Budgetary estimate预算Budget决算Final accounts估算Estimation估价Cost estimate价、费、成本Cost价格Price成本核算Cost keeping投资Investment投资费、基建费Capital cost工程费Construction cost安装费Cost of installation不可预见费Unpredicted cost额外费用Extra cost设备费Cost of equipment单价Unit price出厂价格Factory price市场价格Market price运费Freight关税Customs duty兑换率Foreign exchange人民币Rate of exchange外汇人民币(RMB)外汇兑换卷Foreign exchange certificate 美元U.S. dollar日元Japanese yen港元Hongkong dollar英镑Pound sterling西德马克DM法国法郎 F.F瑞士法郎S.F.荷兰盾H.FL卢布Ruble总图Site plan基址图Site plot总体规划图Master plan位置图Location map发展规划图Development planning长远规划图Long-term planning总平面图及竖向布置图Site plan and verticalarrangement土方工程图Earth-work drawing土方累计图Mass diagram土方累计曲线Mass curve围墙结构构造图Structural construction chartof fence wall道路结构构造图Structural construction chartof road道路纵剖面图Road profile道路横剖面图Cross section of road室外管线平面图Outdoor pipeline plan道路和堆放场构造图Construction of road andstorage yard工厂组成表Factory composition table工厂区划图Factory blocking地形图Topographical map工厂区,工业区Industrial district工业发展区Industrial development area生活区Residential area, living area商业区Commercial area长区面积Site area建筑面积Floor area建筑占地面积Built-up area铺砌面积Paving area使用面积Usable floor area有效面积Effective floor space建筑总面积Total floor area建筑各层面积Floor space of each story容积率Building volume ratio利用系数,利用率Utilization factor方位,朝向Orientation结构面积Structural area通道面积Passage area道路及广场面积Area of roads and plaza建筑系数Building occupationcoefficient绿化系数Landscaping factor建筑密度Building density城市规划City planning住宅区方案Residential district planning 住宅小区Living quarters总建筑基地面积Gross site area人行道Pedestrian-way行车道Traffic line露天堆放场Storage yard街道交叉处的转盘道Turnaround停车区Parking area停车道Parking lane围墙Fence wall钢丝网围墙Wire-net fence绿化地带Green belt草坪Lawn花坛Flower bed旗杆座Flag-pole stand预留发展地Space for furture extension边线,界线Border line建筑红线Red line安全距离Sfety distance防火间隔Fire break纵坐标Ordinate横坐标Abscissa基准点Datum mark水准基点Bench mark地区水准点Regional bench mark标高Level相对标高Relative elevation设计标高Designed elevation室外地面标高Elevation of ground室外道路标高Road level室外散水标高Outdoor water discharge level 室内地坪标高Elevation of indoor grade绝对标高Absolute altitude等高线Contour line道路纵剖面Profile of road道路横剖面Cross section of road道路交叉点标高Elevation of road intersection 高差Elevation difference土方Earth work土方工程量V olume of earthwork土方平衡表Earthwork balance sheet填土高度Height of filling余土Surplus earth缺土Earth to回填Backfill洼地Depression坡度Inclination坡道Ramp阶梯地面Terraced ground中整场地Site leveling运土Transported soil砂石移运Detritus transport人工填土Artificial fill台阶式挖土法Bench method台阶式挖掘Bench excavation平衡挖填Balance of cuts and fills借土挖方Borrow cut借土填方Borrow fill超挖Overbreak超填Overfill挡土板Lagging挡墙,板桩Bulkhead原状土样Undisturbed soil sample重塑土样Remolded sample爆破工程Explosion work管道Pipeline架空管道Overhead piping地下管道Underground piping管道系统Piping system埋管深度Pipe laying depth城市给水City water supply热力管道Heating pipe line工艺管道Process pipe line氧气管道Oxygen pipe line雨水明沟Rainwater channel下水道Sewer下水道检查井Sewer manhole明沟Ditch, open drain涵洞Culvert边沟Gutter截流井Catch basin给水井Feed well集水井Collecting well室外管沟Outdoor trench排洪沟Flood trench建筑Architecture建筑工程说明General notes建筑草图Architectural sketch建筑透视图Perspective室内装修表Room finish schedule建筑阴影(投影)图Architectural shades andshadows建筑渲染图Architectural rendering1号建筑一层平面布置图Fist floor plan, building No.1 屋面平面图Roof plan1号建筑立面图Elevation, building No.11号建筑剖面图Section, building No.1A-A剖面图Section A-A门厅吊顶平面图Entrance hall suspend ceilingplan铝合金门窗,幕墙图Drawing of aluminium door,window and glazing curtainwall1号建筑一层吊顶平面图Suspended ceiling plan, firstwall一层吊顶平面图Suspended ceiling plan电梯井道平面放大图Enlarged plan of elevator shaft 楼梯平面图Stair plan砖墙节点详图Brick wall joint detail统一建筑详图Uniform architectural details 建筑构件表List of architecturalcomponents1号建筑节点详图Joint detail, building No.1办公大楼Office building装配大楼Assembly building配变电站Substation, transformer station 冷冻站Chiller station纯水站Pure water station去离子水站Deionized water station动力站Utility station乙炔发生站Acetylene generation station 压缩空气站Compressor station配气站Gas distribution station煤气发生站Gas generation station热力站Heat energy station液化厂油气站Liquefied petroleum gasstation氧气站Oxygen氮氧站Nitrogen-oxygen station冷却塔Cooling tower微波站Microwave station洗涤塔Scrubber污水处理站Sewage treatment station氢氧发生站Hydrogen and oxygen station 锅炉房Boiler house热交换站Heat exchanger station走廊Corridor外廊Open corridor门廊Porch净化走道Purified corridor参观走道Viewing corridor服务走道Service corridor缓冲走道Buffer corridor门厅Entrance hall前厅Lobby出口Exit入口Entrance雇员入口Employee entrance行政人员入口Staff entrance办公室Office开敞式办公室Open office行政办公室Administration office经理办公室Manager office秘书办公室Secretary office助理办公室Assistant office人事办公室Personnel office财务办公室Financial office会计室Counte r’s room总务室General affair office收发货办公室Receiving and shipping office 会议室Meeting room会客室Reception room展览室Demonstration room医务室Clinic值班室Duty room图书室Library资料室Information center数据中心Data center食堂Canteen厨房Kitchen餐厅Dining room备餐室Food preparation room茶室Tea room咖啡室Coffee room休息室Break room酒吧Bar洗手间Wash room盥洗室Toilet男厕所Men’s女厕所Women’s更衣室Changing room淋浴室Shower room保安中心Security center储存室Store开水间Kettle room实验室Laboratory产品开发实验室Development laboratory维修间Maintenance room仓库Store原材料仓库Raw material store成品仓库Finished product store备件存放间Parts store材料入检Incoming goods inspection发货区Shipping area化学品存放间Chemical store维修备件存放间Maintenance parts store水泵房Water pump room空调设备室Air handling units room电梯间Elevator room锅炉房Boiler room楼梯间Staircase room车间Workshop辅助车间Auxiliary workshop机械加工车间Mechanical process workshop锻工车间Blacksmith shop冲压车间Press shop焊接车间Welding shop电镀车间Electroplating shop;钳工车间Fitter shop机修车间Machine repairing shop金工车间Smith shop装配车间Assembly shop包装车间Packing shop烧结车间Sintering shop工具间Tools room洁净室Clean room净化厂房Purified factory微波暗室Anechoic chamber拉丝区Drawing area耐火构造Fire resisting construction建筑耐火等级Fire resistance rating ofbuilding饿抵抗能够耐火时限Rated fire-resistance duration 耐火极限Limited of fire resistance开间Bay进深Depth柱网Column grid柱列轴线Axis of column row墙Wall外墙external wall内墙Internal wall隔墙Wall partition砖墙Brick wall空斗墙Row lock wall抹面墙Rendered wall空心墙Hollow wall混凝土砌块墙Concrete block wall承重墙Bearing wall非承重墙Non-bearing wall剪力墙Shear wall围护墙Cladding wall挡土墙Earth-retaining wall背墙Back wall胸墙Breast wall地龙墙Sleeper wall幕墙Curtain wall山墙Gable wall女儿墙Parapet砖压顶女儿墙Brick-cap parapet玻璃隔墙Glazed partition隔断Shower stall活动隔断Movable partition防火墙Fire proof wall抗震墙Earthquake resisting wall地面和楼面面层Ground and floor surfacecourse现浇混凝土楼面Cast-in-place concrete floor水泥沙浆楼面Cement mortar floor现浇水磨石楼面Cast-in-site terrazzo floor块料楼面Block flooring砖楼面Brick floor预制混凝土块楼面Precut concrete block floor预制水磨石楼面Precut terrazzo floor人造大理石楼面Manu marble block floor碎拼大理石楼面Filler broken-marble floor缸砖楼面Clinker floor马赛克楼面Mosaic tile floor镶嵌楼面Floor inlaid拼花楼面Mosaic pavement水泥花砖楼面Cement tile floor水泥压光Cement troweled塑料面Plastic floor纤维板楼面Hard board floor胶合板楼面Glued slab floor无缝楼面Jointless floor叠层楼面Laminated floor供形楼面Arched floor抗静电活动地板Anti-static movable floor活动地板支架Support of movable floor有吊顶的楼板Double floor人造石铺面Granolithic finish玻璃钢面Glassfiber floor拼花花岗岩Granite floor地砖Floor tile防滑砖Non-slip tile抗静电铝合金地面Anti-static aluminium alloyfloor地毯Carpet踢脚Skirting木踢脚Wooded skirtingPVC踢脚PVC skirting玻璃钢踢脚Fiber glass skirting水泥踢脚Cement skirting门Door木门Wooded door钢门Steel door钢丝网门Chain ink铁门Iron door玻璃门Glazed door组合门Composite door两面包铁皮门Door clad with sheet iron onboth sides内门Internal door外门External door大门Gate防火门Fire resisting door隔声门Sound proof door保温门Thermal insulation door冷藏门Cooler door太平门Emergency door安全门Exit door防爆门Explosion proof door防护门Protection door屏蔽门Shield door防射线门Rediation resisting door防风砂门Weather tight door密闭门Sealed door泄压门Pressure release door壁橱门Closet door引风门Ventilation door平开门Side hung door单开门Single action door双向门Double action door双扇门Double action door双扇对开门Double hinged door单开或双开弹簧门Single or double acting door 双开弹簧门Swing door推拉门Sliding door竖向推拉门Vertical sliding door隔栅推拉门Sliding grating door折门According door套叠门Telescoping door水平翻门Trap door卷门Rolling door转门Revolving door自动门Automatic door法式门French door固定门Fixed door夹板门Plywood door镶板门Paneled door平板玻璃门Plate glass door隔栅门Grille door百叶门Shutter door连窗门Door with side window空心门Hollow door窗Window木窗Wooded window钢窗Steel window铝合金窗Aluminium alloy window 塑料窗Plastic framed window纱窗Screen window供窗Arch window凸窗Bay window凹窗Bow window圆窗Round window方窗Square window多角窗Canted window无框格窗Sashless window防火窗Fire resisting window隔声窗Sound proof window保温窗Heat insulation window间隔窗Partition window防护窗Protection window安全窗Security window屏蔽窗Shield window防射线窗Rediation resisting window 防风沙窗Weather tight window密闭窗Sealed window泄压窗Pressure release window 换气窗Vent sash假窗Blank window陈列橱窗Display window扩散窗Diffuse window平开窗Side hung window右(左)开平窗Side hung right (left) handwindow内开平窗Inward opening window推拉窗Sliding window垂直推拉窗Vertically sliding window旋转窗Pivoted window自动开窗Automatic window折叠窗Folding window固定窗Fixed window单层窗Single window双层窗Double window三层窗Triple window山墙窗Gable window边窗Side light腰窗Fanlight带窗Continuous window子母扇窗Attached sash window组合窗Composite window落地窗French window带纱扇窗Window with screen sash固定百叶窗Louver window遮阳式窗Awning window卷帘百叶窗Rolling shutter天窗Skylight上框Head边框Jamb中横框Transom中竖框Mullion下框Sill窗框Sash frame上梃Top rail中梃Middle rail下梃Bottow rail边梃Stile风雨板Weather board挡风雨条Weather strip窗帘Window blind窗铁栅Window guard窗插梢Sash bolt拉手Handle铰链Hinge可拆铰链Loose joint。
建筑工程合同英文翻译依照《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国建筑法》及其他有关法律、行政法规、遵循平等、自愿、公平和诚实信用的原则,双方就本建设工程施工事项协商一致,订立本合同。
This Contract is hereby concluded between the parties concerned through friendly negotiation as to the construction matters of this project on the principle of equality, voluntariness, fairness and good faith according to the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, the Construction Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws and administrative laws and regulations.一、工程概况:I. Project Profile:工程内容:砖混三层;建筑面积606M2Project content: Three floors with reinforced concrete structure; construction area: 606M2群体工程应附承包人承揽工程项目一览表(附件1)Mass construction project shall be attached with a schedule of the contracting projects of the contractor (Annex 1)工程立项批准文号:洪经经计字[2006]60号Project approval No.: HJJJZ [2006] No.60资金来源:外资Capital source: Foreign capital二、工程承包范围II. Contracting Scope承包范围:土建、装饰、水电安装等工程Contracting scope: Civil engineering, decoration, water and power installation and other projects六、组成合同的文件VI. Documents Forming Part of the Contract组成本合同的文件包括Documents forming part of the Contract include1、本合同协议书1. The Contract Agreement2、中标通知书2. Bid-winning Notice3、投标书及其附件3. Tender Document and Its Appendix4、本合同专用条款4. Special Terms and Conditions of this Contract5、本合同通用条款5. General Terms and Conditions of this Contract6、标准、规范及有关技术文件6. Standard, Specifications and Relevant Technical Documents7、图纸7. Drawings8、工程量清单8. Bill of Quantities9、工程报价或预算书9. Engineering Bid or Budget Statement双方有关工程的洽商、变更等书面协议或文件视为本合同的组成部分。
1 当今建筑电气设计的几个问题 1 引言 工程设计是最主要的基础设施,设计文件是建设的主要依据,设计质量是决定工程质量的第一部分。我国工程质量事故统计资料显示由设计导致的工程质量事故占40.1%,施工引起的占29.3%;其他原因(比如设备和材料的质量等)引起的占30.6%。表明完成对项目质量控制的关键在于设计的质量控制。电气工程也不例外。
2 影响工程质量的几个建筑电气设计问题 合格的建筑设计应该满足七个质量特性的要求,即功能性、安全性、经济性、可靠性,可实施性,适应性和时间性。设计单位应该将通过设计评审的设计文件交付施工。实际上,很多交付施工的设计文件都存在缺少或者偏离质量特性要求的缺陷。对电气工程设计质量造成影响的问题主要表现在安全性、可靠性(包括可用性,可靠性、维修性等等)及可实现性的缺失或偏离。以下是对一些最常见的方面进行的探讨。
2.1 设计违反或偏离设计规范的规定,安全性、可信性不执行设计规范是十分常见的。
例如,在市政大楼前的广场花园(包括广场绿化园林照明、草坪照明、广场中心声光喷水池)工程提交施工的电气施工图存在以下几个问题:缺乏电气接地保护和等电位连接设计;错误采用TN-C低压配电系统;喷泉没有选用合适防护等级的电气设备和电缆。这样设计与规范规定的安全要求是完全相反的,按图纸施工会留下严重的安全隐患。此前的1999年8月,青岛的一个喷泉曾发生几个人玩水时被电击致死,这是因为设计错误,水下照明和潜水电泵泄漏不没能及时断电所致。监理在施工前审图时发现上述问题,由业主要求设计单位严格按照设计要求修改设计。正确的方法是:户外庭院和喷泉应采用局部TT配电系统或TN-S系统,设置漏电保护(动作电流不应超过30毫安),不允许使用TN-C系统;应该设置完善的接地装置、喷泉应该做等电位连接的设计,而不能只靠从大楼内引出 2
的一根PE干线接地;潜水泵和水下照明应该用潜水电缆配电;0区电气设备应使用1Px8防护等级,一区应为1Px5等到。 另一个例子是低压配电线路民用部分的选择。因为绝大多数的民用电力负荷是单相负荷,三相负载不平衡必然会引起中线通过不平衡电流,随着计算机设备及各种家用电器的发展和普及,低压电网高次谐波污染日益加剧,3次及其奇倍数谐波均构成中性电流。中线过电流并由此引发电气火灾的现象也不断增加。为此,相关设计规范规定三相四线或两相三线配电线路中,当电力负荷大部分为单相负荷、N线或者PEN-line截面不应小于相线截面;以气体放电灯为主要负载的电路中、N线截面应不小于相线截面„„”,我们可以看出,民用建筑配电系统的干线、分支线和支线的导线截面原则上应该选择N线或PEN线截面与相线截面相同。然而,监理审图发现依然有大量的民用建筑配电设计仍然在使用80多年前采用的做法,选择N或PEN线截面为相线的1 / 2甚至1 / 4到1 / 3。这是最常见的电气设计的安全问题。 再如,关于变配电所位置的选择有关的设计规范已经很明确地提出应该考虑“设备吊装和运输方便',这是确保可用性和维修性的基本要求。近年来我们负责监理的许多高层建筑项目,其设置在地下室的变配电所及柴油发电机房的配置多违反了此要求。例如某高层商住楼地下变配电所,它的运输路径是完全冷水机组和地下水箱堵住了。施工安装顺序只能是先将变配电设备安装就位后再安装冷水机组和水箱,而没有考虑运行后变电站设备维修、更换的运输问题,另一个例子是一个高层办公综合楼地下变配电所与机房,设置在一层某会议室底部,地下层既不考虑必要的运输维修通道,也没提供足够宽度能运进设备的门框。当监理审图发现并提出这一问题时,设计单位的回答竟然是:原先的设计意图是从一层会议室处将变配电及发电机设备吊装就位后在浇筑该厅地板。这种意图显然是错的,即使不考虑土建施工可能对已就位的电气设备造成的损害,大楼投入运行后电气设备的维修更换运输只得撬开一层会议室的的地板来解决。须知钢筋混凝土框架结构建筑的合理使用寿命可达50年以上,而变配电设备的使用寿命只有20年或更少,定期或故障维修周期更短。因此,电气设计必须适当的考虑它的运输和维护吊装通道的问题。
A design basis 设计依据
计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design
B stage of design 设计阶段
方案scheme, draft 草图sketch 会谈纪要summary of discussion 谈判negotiation 可行性研究feasibility study 初步设计preliminary design 基础设计basic design 详细设计detail design 询价图enquiry drawing 施工图working drawing, construction drawing 竣工图as built drawing
C climate condition 气象条件
日照sunshine 风玫瑰wind rose 主导风向prevailing wind direction 最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity 风荷载wind load 最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall 雷击及闪电thunder and lightning 飓风hurricane 台风typhoon 旋风cyclone 降雨强度rainfall intensity 年降雨量annual rainfall 湿球温度wet bulb temperature 干球温度dry bulb temperature 冰冻期frost period 冰冻线frost line 冰冻区frost zone 室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature 采暖地区region with heating provision 不采暖地区region without heating provision 绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure 相对湿度relative humidity
初步设计文件内容和深度要求初步设计文件应由有相应资质的设计单位提供,若为多家设计单位联合设计的,应由总包设计单位负责汇总设计资料。
初步设计文件包括说明、资料和图纸等部分。
文件须装订成A3文本图册(大图可折成A3规格),并加盖建设方、设计方、报建人、注册建筑师、注册结构工程师图章。
设计文件上签字、盖章应符合《中华人民共和国注册建筑师条例实施细则》、《中华人民共和国注册结构工程师实施细则》的有关规定。
文件应按:透视效果图、设计单位技术负责人、设计人员名单(签名、盖章)、市城市规划管理部门对项目的历次批文复印件、设计总说明、分专业说明、分专业图纸等顺序装订(含设计概算)。
各专业图纸须签字齐全。
文件的质量、内容和深度要符合国家和省、市的有关规定和要求。
建筑工程除按建设部《关于批准<建筑工程设计文件编制深度的要求>通知》(建设〔1992〕102号)规定外,还应满足以下要求:(一)设计说明部分应包括:总说明及建筑篇、结构篇、给水排水篇、电气篇(强电、弱电)、空调与通风篇、消防篇、人防篇、环境设计与保护篇、劳动安全篇、概算篇等各专业篇章说明。
l、设计总说明应包括:设计依据(各种文件、法规、地理、气候条件)、工程概况、工程设计的范围及规模、设计的特点及指导思想、交通组织及停车、园林绿化布置及指标、消防、环保、职业安全卫生、人防、建筑设计的原则和标准、室内外装修标准、设备、电气系统标准及用量组成、外部市政条件、节水节电等措施、生产工艺流程及特点、结构选型及特点、抗震设防、存在的问题、总指标(主要技术经济指标、总概算投资额,水、电、建材消耗量)等。
2、建筑篇说明内容包括:设计依据、工程概况、场地条件及总平面设计、竖向设计、交通环境设计、功能布局、水平及垂直交通设计、单位平面、立面、剖面设计,地下室及屋面防水措施、门窗表、主要技术经济指标(总用地面积、总建筑面积、地上建筑面积、地下建筑面积、地面建筑基底面积、覆盖率、容积率、绿地率等)。
《建筑工程设计文件编制深度规定》The depth of engineering design documentation requirements 中“初步设计”建筑部分内容如下:3 初步设计3 Preliminary design3.1 一般要求3.1 General requirement3.1.1 初步设计文件3.1.1 Preliminary design document1 设计说明书,包括设计总说明、各专业设计说明。
1 The design specification include general design specification and various professional design specificatons.2 有关专业的设计图纸。
2 For professional design drawings3 工程概算书。
3 Woks on commission注:初步设计文件应包括主要设备或材料表,主要设备或材料表可附在说明书中,或附在设计图纸中,或单独成册。
TIPS: Preliminary design documents should include the list of major equipment or materials. List of major equipment or materials can be attached to t he manual or separate booklet.3.1.2 初步设计文件的编排顺序3.1.2 Preliminary design documents are organized as follows:1 封面:写明项目名称、编制单位、编制年月。
1 Cover2 扉页:写明编制单位法定代表人、技术总负责人、项目总负责人和各专业负责人的姓名,并经上述人员签署或授权盖章。
2 Title page : prepared by the legal representative 、overall responsibility for technology、the total charge and the name of the professional person in charge.3 设计文件目录。
3 Design document directory4 设计说明书。
4 Design specification5 设计图纸(可另单独成册)。
5 Design drawing (can be separate from that into a book)6 概算书(可另单独成册)。
6 Budget book (can be separate from that into a book)注:1 对于规模较大、设计文件较多的项目,设计说明书和设计图纸可按专业成册;2 另外单独成册的设计图纸应有图纸总封面和图纸目录;图纸总封面的要求见4.1.2条。
Tips: 1 For larger or more project design document , design specifications and design drawings into a book can be professional.3 各专业负责人的姓名和签署也可在本专业设计说明的首页上标明。
Tips:33.2 设计总说明3.2.1 工程设计的主要依据1 设计中贯彻国家政策、法规。
2 政府有关主管部门批准的批文、可行性研究报告、立项书、方案文件等的文号或名称。
3 工程所在地区的气象、地理条件、建设场地的工程地质条件。
4 公用设施和交通运输条件。
5 规划、用地、环保、卫生、绿化、消防、人防、抗震等要求和依据资料。
6 建设单位提供的有关使用要求或生产工艺等资料。
3.2.2 工程建设的规模和设计范围1 工程的设计规模及项目组成。
2 分期建设(应说明近期、远期的工程)的情况。
3 承担的设计范围与分工。
3.2.3 设计指导思想和设计特点1 采用新技术、新材料、新设备和新结构的情况。
2 环境保护、防火安全、交通组织、用地分配、节能、安保、人防设置以及抗震设防等主要设计原则。
3 根据使用功能要求,对总体布局和选用标准的综合叙述。
3.2.4 总指标1 总用地面积、总建筑面积等指标。
2 其他相关技术经济指标。
3.2.5 提请在设计审批时需解决或确定的主要问题1 有关城市规划、红线、拆迁和水、电、蒸汽、燃料等能源供应的协作问题。
2 总建筑面积、总概算(投资)存在的问题。
3 设计选用标准方面的问题。
4 主要设计基础资料和施工条件落实情况等影响设计进度和设计文件批复时间的因素。
3.2.6 总说明中已叙述的内容,在各专业说明中可不再重复。
3.3 总平面3.3.1 在初步设计阶段,总平面专业的设计文件应包括设计说明书、设计图纸、根据合同约定的鸟瞰图或模型。
3.3.2 设计说明书1 设计依据及基础资料1)摘述方案设计依据资料及批示中与本专业有关的主要内容;2)有关主管部门对本工程批示的规划许可技术条件(道路红线、建筑红线或用地界线、建筑物控制高度、容积率、建筑密度、绿地率、停车泊位数等),以及对总平面布局、周围环境、空间处理、交通组织、环境保护、文物保护、分期建设等方面的特殊要求;3)本工程地形图所采用的坐标、高程系统;4)凡设计总说明中已阐述的内容可从略。
2 场地概述1)说明场地所在地的名称及在城市中的位置(简述周围自然与人文环境、道路、市政基础设施与公共服务设施配套和供应情况,以及四邻原有和规划的重要建筑物与构筑物);2)概述场地地形地貌(如山丘,水域的位置、流向、水深,最高最低标高、总坡向、最大坡度和一般坡度等);3)描述场地内原有建筑物、构筑物,以及保留(包括名木、古迹等)、拆除的情况;4)摘述与总平面设计有关的自然因素,如地震、湿陷性或胀缩性土、地裂缝、岩溶、滑坡与其他地质灾害。
3 总平面布置1)说明如何因地制宜,根据地形、地质、日照、通风、防火、卫生、交通以及环境保护等要求布置建筑物、构筑物,使其满足使用功能、城市规划要求以及技术经济合理性;2)说明功能分区原则、远近期结合的意图、发展用地的考虑;3)说明室外空间的组织及其与四周环境的关系;4)说明环境景观设计和绿地布置等。
4 竖向设计1)说明竖向设计的依据(如城市道路和管道的标高、地形、排水、洪水位、土方平衡等情况);2)说明竖向布置方式(平坡式或台阶式),地表雨水的排除方式(明沟或暗管)等;如采用明沟系统,还应阐述其排放地点的地形与高程等情况;3)根据需要注明初平土方工程量。
5 交通组织1)说明人流和车流的组织,出入口、停车场(库)的布置及停车数量的确定;2)消防车道及高层建筑消防扑救场地的布置;3)说明道路的主要设计技术条件(如主干道和次干道的路面宽度、路面类型、最大及最小纵坡等)。
6 主要技术经济指标表(表格略)注:1 当工程项目(如城市居住区)有相应的规划设计规范时,技术经济指标的内容应按其执行。
2 计算容积率时,通常不包括±0.00以下地下建筑面积。
7 提请在设计审批时解决或确定的主要问题。
特别是涉及总平面设计中的指标和标准方面有待解决的问题,应阐述其情况及建议处理办法。
3.3.3 设计图纸1 区域位置图(根据需要绘制)。
2 总平面图1)保留的地形和地物;2)测量坐标网、坐标值,场地范围的测量坐标(或定位尺寸),道路红线、建筑红线或用地界线;3)场地四邻原有及规划道路的位置(主要坐标或定位尺寸)和主要建筑物及构筑物的位置、名称、层数、建筑间距;4)建筑物、构筑物的位置(人防工程、地下车库、油库、贮水池等隐蔽工程用虚线表示),其中主要建筑物、构筑物应标注坐标(或定位尺寸)、名称(或编号)、层数;5)道路、广场的主要坐标(或定位尺寸),停车场及停车位、消防车道及高层建筑消防扑救场地的布置,必要时加绘交通流线示意;6)绿化、景观及休闲设施的布置示意;7)指北针或风玫瑰图;8)主要技术经济指标表(表3.3.2),该表也可列于设计说明内;9)说明栏内注写:尺寸单位、比例、地形图的测绘单位、日期,坐标及高程系统名称(如为场地建筑坐标网时,应说明其与测量坐标网的换算关系),补充图例及其他必要的说明等。
3 竖向布置图1)场地范围的测量坐标值(或注尺寸);2)场地四邻的道路、地面、水面,及其关键性标高;3)保留的地形、地物;4)建筑物、构筑物的名称(或编号)、主要建筑物和构筑物的室内外设计标高;5)主要道路、广场的起点、变坡点、转折点和终点的设计标高,以及场地的控制性标高;6)用箭头或等高线表示地面坡向,并表示出护坡、挡土墙、排水沟等;7)指北针;8)注明:尺寸单位、比例、补充图例;9)本图可视工程的具体情况与总平面图合并;10)根据需要利用竖向布置图绘制土方图及计算初平土方工程量。
3.4 建筑3.4.1 初步设计阶段,建筑专业设计文件应包括设计说明书和设计图纸。
3.4.2 设计说明书1 设计依据及设计要求1)摘述设计任务书和其他依据性资料中与建筑本专业有关的主要内容;2)表述建筑类别和耐火等级,抗震设防烈度,人防等级,防水等级及适用规范和技术标准;3)简述建筑节能和建筑智能化等要求。
2 设计说明1)概述建筑物使用功能和工艺要求,建筑层数、层高和总高度,结构选型和对设计方案调整的原因、内容;2)简述建筑的功能分区、建筑平面布局和建筑组成,以及建筑立面造型、建筑群体与周围环境的关系;3)简述建筑的交通组织、垂直交通设施(楼梯、电梯、自动扶梯)的布局,以及所采用的电梯、自动扶梯的功能、数量和吨位、速度等参数;4)综述防火设计中的建筑分类、耐火等级、防火防烟分区的划分、安全疏散,以及无障碍、节能、智能化、人防等设计情况和所采取的特殊技术措施;5)主要的技术经济指标包括能反映建筑规模的总建筑面积以及诸如住宅的套型和套数、旅馆的房间数和床位数、医院的门诊人次和住院部的病床数、车库的停车位数量等;3 多子项工程中的简单子项可用建筑项目主要特征表(表格略)作综合说明。
4 对需分期建设的工程,说明分期建设内容和对续建、扩建的设想及相关措施。
5 幕墙工程、特殊屋面工程及其它需要另行委托设计、加工的工程内容的必要说明。
6 需提请审批时解决的问题或确定的事项以及其它需要说明的问题。
7 必要的计算资料的说明简图。
3.4.3 设计图纸1 平面图1)标明承重结构的轴线、轴线编号、定位尺寸和总尺寸;2)绘出主要结构和建筑构配件,如非承重墙、壁柱、门窗(幕墙)、天窗、楼梯、电梯、自动扶梯、中庭(及其上空)、夹层、平台、阳台、雨篷、台阶、坡道、散水明沟等的位置;当围护结构为幕墙时,应标明幕墙与主体结构的定位关系;3)表示主要建筑设备的位置,如水池、卫生器具等与设备专业有关的设备的位置;4)表示建筑平面或空间的防火分区和防火分区分隔位置和面积,宜单独成图;5)标明室内、外地面设计标高及地上、地下各层楼地面标高;6)标明指北针(画在底层平面);7)标明剖切线及编号;8)绘出有特殊要求或标准的厅、室的室内布置,如家具的布置等;也可根据需要选择绘制标准层、标准单元或标准间的放大平面图及室内布置图;9)列出各类建筑设计规范要求计算的技术经济指标(也可在说明中列出)。