翻译的历史

•Translation has a long history of about two thousand years . During the centuries quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contribution to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.
•See the following facts:
•(1) From the Eastern Han to the northern and Southern Dynasties.(25-581 A.D.)
•China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China to translate Buddhist Scripture . Among them An Shih-ko (安世高)from Persia , Indu Dharmarakeha 竺法护and Kumarajiva 鸠摩罗氏from India.
鸠摩罗氏
玄奘
From the Sui Dynasty (581—618A.D.)to the Tang Dynasty : Golden age of translation in ancient China
•Xuan Zang 玄奘
•Xuan zang was sent to India to make a study of the Buddhist scriptures. He stayed there for 17years. After he returned home from India, he translated 75 volumes of Buddhist scriptures in the following 19 years. He also translated some works of Laozi into Sanskrit , he was the first person to introduce Chinese classics to foreigners. His translation standard “ to be both true and coherent” （既须求真，又须喻俗）is still acceptable . He made great contribution to the theory and practice of translation. •Kumarajiva鸠摩罗氏
•He translated works such as <金刚经>,<法华经>, <维摩经>,<中观论>, <十二门论>, <百论> and so on.
•Paramartha (also called Gunarata)真谛
•Invited by the king Liangwu , he came to China from India. His translation “ On Great Vehicle” ＜摄大乘论＞had a great influence in China.
•(3)In the Ming Dynasty (1363-1644A.D.)
•During this period , translation began to focus on science, literature and philosophy instead of religion. Xu Guangqi and M.Ricci(利马窦an Italian) translated Euclid’s Elements (几何原本）cooperatively.
•(4) In the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911A.D.)
•There were great translator like Yanfu and Linshu d uring this period . Yan fu proposed the translation standard “ Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” He translated the following works: 1. Evolution and ethics and other essays (TH Huxley)天演论；２. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations (A.Smith) •<原富＞亚当．斯密, 3. The study of Sociology by H. Spencer科学肆言斯宾塞；４．On liberty (l) 群己权界论 5. A history of politics 社会通诠甄克思
严复林纾
利马窦徐光启
•Lin Shu was another well-known translator at that time, he translated 183 novels from English and French. It is interesting to know that he di dn’t know any foreign languages. He did like this: someone would tell him the meaning of each sentence in the original, and Lin would take notes in Chinese and then rewrite it in Chinese. •He translated the following works:
•1) La Dama aux Camelias 巴黎茶花女遗事
•2) Uncle Tom’s Cabin 黑奴吁天录
•3) David Copperfield 块肉余生述
•4) Hamlet 王子复仇记
•《巴黎茶花女遗事》译于１８９７年，公开刊行则在两年后的１８９９年。

此书一出，立即风靡，以致严复诗称“可怜一卷《茶花女》，断尽支那荡子肠”。

(5) After the May Fourth New literature Movement to Now
•The May Fourth New Literature Movement was inseparably linked to translation. Luxun’s Diary of a mad Man was created under the influence of Russian literature. Lu Xun had done a lot of translation work. Lu Xun’s translation of Destruction and Dead Soul, Qu Qiubai’s Song of the Seagull and others have served as models for translation.
•There appeared a lot of famous translators in China today, such as : 傅雷, 朱光潜, 曹靖华, 朱生豪,钱钟书,冰心,戈宝权,萧乾,王佐良,and so on.
•傅雷（1908-1966），一代翻译巨匠。

早年留学法国，回国后曾任教于上海美专，因不愿从流俗而闭门译书，几乎译遍法国重要作家如伏尔泰、巴尔扎克、罗曼·罗兰的重要作品。

数百万言的译作成了中国译界备受推崇的范文，形成了“傅雷体华文语言”。

译作：罗曼·罗兰著《贝多芬传》《独一无二的艺术家莫扎特》“三巨人传”（弥盖朗琪罗传、贝多芬传、托尔斯泰传）。

•朱生豪（1912—1944），著名的莎士比亚戏剧翻译家、诗人。

出生于浙江嘉兴一个破落的商人家庭。

1929年入杭州之江大学，主修中国文学，同时攻读英语。

毕业后于1933年在上海世界书局任英文编辑。

•朱生豪从24岁起，以宏大的气魄、坚韧的毅力，经数年呕心沥血，翻译出版了《莎士比亚戏剧全集》（含戏剧31种）。

他英年早逝，只度过了32个春秋。

而他所译莎剧《全集》由世界书局出版后，轰动文坛，被时人叹为“宏伟的工程”、“伟大的业绩”。

•朱生豪的翻译态度严肃认真，以“求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵”为其宗旨。

译笔流畅，文词华丽。

他所译的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》是迄今我国莎
士比亚作品的最完整的、质量较好的译本。

•冰心(１９００－１９９９)原名谢婉莹，福建长乐人，她的译作如黎巴嫩凯罗．纪伯伦的《先知》《沙与沫》，印度泰戈尔的《吉檀迦利》《园丁集》及戏剧集多种，都是公认的文学翻译精品，１９９５年曾因此经黎巴嫩共和国总统签署授予国家级雪松勋章。

她的文学影响超越国界，作品被翻译成各国文字，得到海内外读者的赞赏。

钱钟书傅雷冰心朱生豪。