完整word版,2019考博英语练习题

清华大学考博英语真题Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices marked A, B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1.The opinions of his peers are more important to her than her parents* idea.A) friends B) equalsC) enemies D) bosses2.After we join the WTO, the situation that our automobile industry, depends for its survival on government subsidies will be changed.A) financial aid B) personnel supportC) spiritual encouragement D) partial taxation3.My salary has been raised to 100,000 yuan a year, but there is a proportionate increase in my income tax.4. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A) study B) liveC) read aloud D) wander5. Despite the pressure from the president, the provincial government insisted on its autonomous jurisdiction.A) regional B) obstinateC) willful 6. All programs celebrating the Spring Festival in the CCTV have been relayed to even' part of the world through satellites.A) dramatic B) undesirableC) perpetual D) proportionalD) legalC) re broad cast D) enjoyed7.You must be drunk last night. Otherwise how did you manage to drive into a stationary vehicle?A) official B) policeC) parked D) running8.To create a democratic atmosphere in the company, the manager should always be accessible to his staff.A)fair B) equalC) acceptable D) approachable9.The newly imported machine doesn't work in ambient humidity of 50 degrees.A) approximate B) surroundingC) convenient D) high10.Many students are signing the petition against building a steelworksnear the school.A) names B) agreementC) request D) disapproval11.Your appraisal of the current situation is quite different from mine.A) optimistic B) complimentC) agreement D) estimate12.They are boycotting the store because the workers are on strike.A) looting B) banningC) protecting D) destroying13.In the final contest, two athletes are contending for the championship.14. The computer's value will depreciate by half in the first year.17. There has always been an epidemic or bike stealing inC) competing D) quarrelingA) decrease B) increaseC) keep low D) fluctuate15. China Telecomcomputerization.is about to embark on a major program of A) propaganda B) finishC) purchase D) undertake16. The candidate has given a pledge that heenvironment and invest doubly in education. will improve the localA) promise B) declarationC) proposalD) possibility18. It is in Chongqing that the next international symposium on environmental protection will be held.A) debate B) conferenceC) seminar D) negotiation19. Many people suspected the existence of extraterrestrial life.A) snowman B) outside the earthC) spiritual D) underworld20. In case your liabilities outrun your assets, you may go bankrupt.B) enterpriseC) controversy D) bondageschools.A) a theft B) a punishmentC) a plague D) a crimeA) debt21.After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a loathingfor each other.A) boring B) reciprocalC) friendly D) standing22.On the stage many pieces of blue silk were fluctuated to the sea waves.A) simplify B) simulateC) help D) like23.The government lacked money because of biting oilA) prices B) stationsC) buildings D) revenues24.Though the policies of racial had been abolished, manywhites in the South were still dubious about the safety of the communities.A) segregation B) regulationsC) communism D3 extinction25. The proposal was accepted with approval. Everybody believed it would help revive the national economy.A) unanimous B) doubtfulC) pleasant D) searching26. Many social services are provided by societies and organizations that do not expect any material payment.B)voluntaryD)spiritual27. In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me me into the corner little by little.A) dragged B) drewA) wealthy C) helpfulC) frightened D) wedged28.The police, trying to exactly who was at the party are investigating every person concerned.A) ascertain B) arrestC) imagine D) count29.If everybody has arrived the meeting may now.A) commence B) criticizeC) comment D) conclude30.The prodigal son his large inheritance in a few years of heavy spending.A) inherited B) receivedC) accumulated D) dissipated31. In ancient India, there used to be a very formidable in religious and social life.A) hierarchy B) powerC) despot D) president32. delinquency refers to law-breaking by young people.A) Juvenile B) Green-handC) Amateur D) Institute33. It's necessary to make your handwritings when you fill inan official form.A) reconcilable C) legible 34. She has always been a conscientious secretary since the gal, she entered my company. Tine suggestion that I wanted her to resign is quite B) legitimateD) formalmeaning of "yellow" is a color; but it can also meanB) negativeC) underlying36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see of stars.A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling D) myriads36. When I stayed in the country, I used to walk in the fields at night and to see of stars.A) the circulation B) a clusterC) the falling A) thoughtful B) reasonableC) unfounded D) early35. The —“cowardly." A) positive D) literalD) myriads37. Ringing church bells sets up in the Alpine valleys.A) resonanceC) church buildingA) developing D) Christian39. Wouldn't it be easier to move about on the of the mobbedcrowd than to squeeze in tile middle?A) consent B) headsC) fringe D) recreation40. When the new immigration law came into effect, the old one was naturallyB) forestsD) priests38. The students are all fromIndia Korean, and Japan.countries, such as Singapore.B)orientalC) islandA) validated C) repealed Part III Reading Comprehension (50%)Section ADirections: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You loeide on the best choice.Passage IIn the years following the Second World War, the youth hostel idea spread to other parts of the world and the same spirit was maintained. The International Youth Hostel Federation, IYH 匕 which was to co-ordinate activities in the various national associations, incorporated in its constitution the principle that in youth hostels “there shall be no distinctions of race, nationality color, religion, class or political opinions. This, it should be noted, was at a time when the principles of racial equality and brotherhood were by no means so widely acknowledged as they are now."There is normally no age bar at youth hostels. Exceptions are Switzerland and Bavaria. Where there is a maximum age of 25 and 17 years respectively. Generally, however, the hostels are intended to meet the needs of two main groups: senior secondary school children, university and schoolchildren travelling with a teacher on educational visits, and aged between about 11 and 18.B) put offD) put upThe principal contribution of the youth hostel movement to the attack on racism is the fact that in the 4,364 hostels throughout the world the brotherhood of man is taken for granted and practiced quietly and without any ostentation.If you walk into the common-room of a big youth hostel in Gracow or Munich, Lahore of Canberra, you will find young people of' every race and nationality sitting down together to share their experiences and discuss the world's problems. As a Malaysian boy recently remarked:" youth hostel is a place where you will never feel lost"In accordance with its constitution, the IYHF has never admitted to membership youth hostel associations in South Africa and Rhodesia, because legislation in those countries makes it impossible for people of different races to share youth hostel facilities.But an interesting new project is under way in Lesotho, with the financial and technical support of the Federation: the construction of a south hostel specifically designed to carry out an educational task in southern Africa by opening its doors to young people of all races from neighboring and more distant countries. Situated just outside the capital, Maseru, the youth hostel will also provide accommodation for young people of Lesotho attending study and training courses.The very, comprehensive statistics maintained by the IYHF show tile movement of young people form country, to country in some detail, it can be seen, for instance, that 10,828 "overnights11 were recorded in 1972 by young Americans in tile hostels of Japan. and 3.643 by young visitors form India in the youth hostels of West Germany. Although these figures are small in absolute terms, they represent a network of individualhuman contacts among young people which can influence outlooks and opinions at the grass roots.41.It can be interred from this passage that IYHF isA)an organization where young people liveB)an organization that advocates brotherhood of manC)an organization to protect the rights of teenagersD)an international company42."Ostentation11 in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning withA) pretentiousness B) outstandingC) obstruction D) declaration43.The maximum age of people staying at youth hostels in most countries isA) 20 B) 25 C) 17 D) unlimited44.The tone of this article may be described isA) formal B) imaginative C) humorous D) negative45.All the following statements are true EXCEPTA)Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are fined by IYHF.B)Only very, few countries are members of the IYHE.C)Countries where youth hostels are segregated by race are denied membership in the IYHED)All countries are allowed normal memberships in the IYHF.Passage 2Before about 3500 BC, there were cultures, but not civilizations. Prehistoric men and women created societies, constructed houses, lived in villages, hunted and fished, farmed, made pottery, wove cloth, and created languages. But unlike more advanced peoples, they did not build cities, read, or write. Cities are the cornerstone of civilized life because with them came other civilizing elements, including differentiation of classes and employment, sophisticated religious and political systems, monumental architecture, and the formation of states and empires.Historians usually begin the story, of civilization with accounts of the world's first great writers and city-builders, the Sumerians. Because the Sumerians recorded ideas and sagas and listed the names of their rulers, we know more about them than about prehistoric about prehistoric peoples who left their legacy in stones, bones, and pottery.With the ability to build cities and record thought came the ability to communicate ideas and innovations over vast reaches of time and space. Human beings—who hadformerly taken hundreds of thousands of years to learn that a stone ax sharpened on both sides is more useful than an ax sharpened on one side—progressed rapidly from foot travel to horse drawn carts, and later; from railroads to airplanes. With these and thousands of other innovations, people came to live Longer, more comfortable lives.Civilization also brought new ills to humanity. In the 20th century, it brought nuclear carfare global warming, and ozone depletion. More subtly, civilization removed human beings from regular encounters with the wonders of the natural world. Unlike people of modem civilizations primitive people lived close to the sounds and smells of forest and grasslands. They locked at fire and the stars with awe and reverence. Civilization involves the ability to create a new political and cultural world. In the 19th century, the American writer, philosopher, and naturalist Henry David Thoreau noted that this artificial sphere separates humanity from primitive virtue. H Most of the luxuries, he argued, "and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind." Thoreau believed that men and women should simplify their lives.Even those ancient pioneers of civilization, the Greeks, mourned the lost innocence. They expressed this sense of regret in the story, of Prometheus and Pandora. Contrary, to the wishes of other Gods, Prometheus brought to humanity the gifts of fire z art, and science. The jealous gods were unwilling to allow men and women to enjoy, such blessings without cost, and so they sent Pandora to the world with a box containing disease, sorrow, and other evils.Thus, human beings have viewed civilization as a mixed blessing. Civilized people have waged brutal wars, destroyed majestic forests, and persecuted religious minorities. But civilizations have also achieved wonders.46.Which of the following represents civilization of people?A) They build houses. B) They have societies.C) They live in a group. D) They can write.47.'Sumerians11 in the second paragraph refers toA) a person B) a group of peopleC) human beings D) prehistoric people48.In paragraph 4Z there is a sentence given by Henry. Thoreau, "Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts, of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevations of mankind.H This sentence means.A)Most luxuries and comforts are important and can improve the quality, of people's life.B)Most luxuries rind comforts are not so important for they cannot improve the quality of people's life.C)Most luxuries and comforts are not so necessary and also they prevent the progress of human beingsD)Most luxuries and comforts are too important to improve the quality of people's life49.All tile following represent the negative side of civilization EXCEPTA) chemical warfare B) the decrease of fresh airC) greenhouse effect D) the nuclear plant50.In the paragraph that follows this passage, the writer is going to discussA)the importance of civilizationB)the difference between civilization and cultureC)the positive aspect of civilizationD)the GreeksPassage 3One of the foremost authors of the era between the two world wars, Hemingway in his early works depicted tile lives of two types of people. One type consisted of men and women deprived, by World War I, of faith in the moral values in which they had believed, and who lived with cynical disregard for anything but their own emotional needs. The other type were men of simple character and primitive emotions, such as prizefighters and bullfighters. Hemingway wrote of their courageous and usually futile battles against circumstances. His earliest works include the collections of short stories Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), his first work; In Our time (1924),tales reflecting his experiences as a youth in the northern Michigan woods; Men without women(1927), a volume that included "The Killers/1 remarkable for its description of impending doom; and Winner lake Nothing (1933), stories characterizing people in unfortunate circumstances in Europe. The novel that established Hemingway's reputation. The Sun Also Rises (1926), is the story, of a group of morally irresponsible Americans and Britons living in France and Spain, members of the so-called lost generation of the post-world War I period. Hemingway's second important novel, A Farewell to Arms (1929), is the story, of a deeply moving love affair in wartime Italy between an American officer in the Italian ambulance service and a British nurse. The novel was followed by two nonfiction works, Death in the Afternoon (1932), prose pieces mainly about bullfighting; and Green, gills of Africa (1935), accounts of big-game hunting.Hemingway's economical writing style often seems simple and almost childlike, but his method is calculated and used to complex effect. In his writing Hemingway provided detached descriptions of action, using simple nouns and verbs to capture scenes precisely. By doing so he avoided describing his characters* emotions and thoughts directly. Instead, in providing the reader with the raw material of an experience and eliminating the authorial viewpoint. Hemingway made the reading of a text approximate the actual experience as closely as possible. Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity, in writing. Hebelieved that a writer could treat a subject honestly only if the writer had participated in or observed the subject closely. Without such knowledge the writer's work would be flawed because the reader would sense the author's lack of expertise: In addition, Hemingway believed that an author writing about a familiar subject is able to write sparingly and eliminate a great deal of superfluous detail from the piece without sacrifleing the voice of authority. Hemingway's stylistic influence on American writers has been enormous. The success of his plain style in expressing basic, yet deeply felt, emotions contributed to the decline of the elaborate Victorian-era prose that characterized a great deal of American writing in the early 20th century. Many American writers have cited Hemingway as an influence on their own work.51. The novel that brought Hemingway greatest fameA) Three Stories and Ten Poems52 Which of the following can best describe Hemingway's writing style?D) complicated53. According to this passage which of the following is the great contribution of Hemingway?A) He introduced a new subject into literature.B) His writing style influenced a group of American writersB) In Far TimeC) Men Without WomenD) The Sun Also RisesA) simple and preciseB) bullfightingC) superfluousC)He proved that one should write about details.D)He said that writers should know what they are writing.54.This passage is mainly, about Hemingway'sA) life B) backgroundC) novels and writing style D) influence55.The sentence. "Hemingway was also deeply concerned with authenticity inwriting11.,,authenticity,, is closest in meaning withA) author's right B) credibilityC) authorization D) authorshipSection BDirections: After you have read the following passage write out a summary in English with about 70 to 90 words. Put your summary, on the Answer Sheet.It is said that the public and Congressional concern, about deceptive packaging uproar started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10.5 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Lze. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package size to lower the quantity, delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound quantities of break fast foods, cake mixes, etc. A study of drugstore and supermarket shelves will convince any observer that all possible size and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles and tins are in use more same time and as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation in introducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights hat are used for improving a producfs market position.When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply tile price of hard sweets by 2.5,from I dollar to 2.50 dollars by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5-ounce bottle look as though it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensive luxury. It evidently does come high, when an average family pays about 200 dollars a year for bottles, cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can't be used for anything but stuffing the garbage can.注：请将概要用英文写在答题纸上。

2019年宁波大学考博英语真题（A卷）(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that (1)________ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less (2)________ then, however, were the new, positive (3)________ that work against the digital divide. (4)________, there are reasons to be (5)________. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more (6)________, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential (7)________ there are. More and more (8)________, afraid their countries will be left(9)________, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be (10)________ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will (11)________ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for (12)________ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to (13)________ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has(14)________ potential.To (15)________ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices (16)________ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an (17)________ of their sovereignty might well study the history of (18)________ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is (19)________ America’s Second Wave infrastructure-(20)________ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.divide （正确答案）rmationC.worldD.lecture解析：文章第一句开门见山指出目前存在的信息贫富差距（divide），第三句也“this looming danger”指代的就是这种信息差距，因此可以推断第二句介绍的是这种贫富差距仍存在，选A项。

昆明理工大学2019年秋季入学博士生招生考试试题考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：全校考生答题须知1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。

2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。

3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。

4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。

Part I Listening Comprehension (10 points)特别说明：听力理解题的Directions 以印在试题册上的为准。

Directions: In this part you will hear 20 statements. Each statement will be spoken only once. At the end of the statement you will be given 20 seconds to answer each of the questions. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The questions are printed out for youNow please listen:1.The speaker is talking to a ________.A.doctorB. pharmacistC. mechanicD. waiter2.What is the speaker’s attitude ?A.He couldn’t agree any more.B. He agrees completely.C. He agrees partially.D. He couldn’t stand it any more.3.How much did Mr. Dawson pay for the sweater?A. $30B. $13C. $80D. $184.What does staying healthy mean today?A. You should often go to a doctor.B. Going to a doctor regularly helps.C. Keep fit and strong all the time.D. You should never go to a doctor.5.Where is the speaker ?A. In a bank.B. In a restaurant.C. In an office.D. In a shop.6.The speaker regretted having ___________.A. missed the gameB. gone to the gameC. won the gameD. missed the bet7.What does the speaker think about teachers?A.Teachers get much satisfaction from work.B.Teachers get little satisfaction from work..C.Few teachers are satisfied with their work.D.Few teachers feel satisfied with their salary.8.The speaker is comparing two _________.A. research projectsB. political declarationsC. kinds of candiesD. political events9.What does the speaker mean?A. John was unhappy with his dormitory.B. John’s dormitory wasn’t full.C. John didn’t meet me at the door.D. There wasn’t any vacant room.10.What does the statement imply?A. We are sorry that we both failed.B. Mary is envious of Jane’s success.C. We are amazed by the fact.D. Jane is envious of Mary’s success.11.The speaker thinks that ___________.A. writing is his favorite courseB.he prefers other courses to compositionC.one particular course is better than writingD. he doesn’t like any course, least of writing12.What does the speaker imply?A. He didn’t finish the exercises yesterday.B. The exercises were handed in yesterday.C. He knew the exercises should be handed in today.D. He doesn’t need to hand in the exercises today.13.The speaker was _________ minutes late.A. 50B. 15C. 30D. 1014.What does the statement mean?A. The speaker didn’t attend the exam.B. The speaker didn’t do the spelling.C. The speaker was good at spelling.D. The speaker ignored his spelling.15.According to the statement, the house is _________.A. badly builtB. noisy insideC. very dirtyD. in disorder16.The weather last weekend was ___________.A. warm and dryB. cold and wetC. cool and crispD. sunny and lovely17.Joe went to court because he was a __________.A. law breakerB. trainee lawyerC. friend of the judgeD. traffic policeman18.Where did the speaker think they were supposed to meet?A. On the platform.B. On the train.C. Near the stairs.D. At the information desk.19.What is being described?A. Telephone.B. Telegraph.C. Microfilm.D. Microscope.20.How long was the coach delayed?A. Three hours and forty-five minutes.B. Five and a half hours.C. Two hours and forty-five minutes.D. Eight hours and fifteen minutes.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: In this section, there are forty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.21.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens________ the first grade.A.leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances22.That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only ________ necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of23.Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?panyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place24.This platform would collapse if all of us ________ on it.A.standB. stoodC. would standD. had stood25.It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually allfinancial ________ will be conducted by computer.A.transactionsB. transmissionsC. transitionsD. transformations26.The purpose of a ________ is to cut down imports in order to protect domestic industry and workers fromforeign competition.A.taxB. tollC. feeD. tariff27.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always______.A.inexplicableB. healthyC. soundD. straight28.The director was critical ________ the way we were doing the work.A.atB. inC. ofD. with29.He came back later, ________ which time they had left.A.afterB. byC. fromD. foring extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unityin style.A.conflictB. confrontationC. disturbanceD. disharmony31.He promised me a letter, he ought to ________ it days ago.A.have writtenB. writeC. had writtenD. be writing32.The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not ______ for reelection.A.admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable33.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar intheir ________ aspects.A.potentialB. socialC. essentialD. partial34.Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all ________.A.concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns35.We think ________ possible for them to fulfil their task in a few weeks..A.itB. thatC. whatD. this36.________ China is mobilized to go all out to build the country into a powerful, modern, socialist country.A.WholeB. The wholeC. The whole ofD. The all of37.________, we shall go out for a picnic on MondayA.Weather permitsB. Weather permittedC. Weather permittingD. With weather to permit38.Prof. Ward hardly ever went to ________ the theatre.A.neither the cinema norB. either the cinema norC. neither the cinema orD. either the cinema or39.Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end..A.exceedinglyB. excessivelyC. extensivelyD. exclusively40.The monopoly-capitalist group ______ many smaller enterprises last year.A.integratedB. mergedC. combinedD. collected41.This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.A.superiorB. advantageousC. superD. beneficial42.Scholars maintain that social development can easily ________ language changes.A.bring upB. bring aboutC. bring outD. bring forward43.They are a firm of good repute and have large financial ________.A.reservesB. savingsC. storagesD. resources44.The bus moved slowly in the thick fog. We arrived at our ________ almost two hours later.A. designationB. destinyC. destinationD. dignity45.The government is trying to do something to ________ better understanding between the twp countries.A.raiseB. promoteC. heightenD. increase46.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ________ the color of his skin.A.with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of47.That sound doesn’t ________ in his language, so it’s difficult for him to pronounce it.A.happenB. occurC. haveD. take place48.My students found the book ________; it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.A.enlighteningB. confusingC. distractingD. amusing49.I _______ you that the goods will be delivered next week.A.insistB. confirmC. assureD. ensure50.In many countries tobacco and medicine are government ________.A.controlB. monopolyC. businessD. belongings51.In this factory the machines are not regulated ________ but are jointly controlled by a central computersystem..A. independentlyB. individuallyC. irrespectivelyD. irregularly52.They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. itB. thatC. whichD. what53.The last half of the nineteenth century _________ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. toldB. declaredC. viewedD. witnessed54.At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror ________ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. gave way toD. did away with55.In most countries, the metric system has been ________ for all measurement..A. admittedB. adaptedC. appliedD. adopted56.One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to________ further research and furtherthinking about a particular topic.A. inventB. stimulateC. renovateD. advocate57.There is a general ________ that pouring old wine into the same bottles is the wrong way to go.A. consensusB. censusC. censorshipD. conscience58.You are just the same ________you were the day when I first met you.A. thatB. asC. likeD. so59.Jack never dreams of _______ for him to be sent abroad to study very soon.A. being a chanceB. there being a chanceC. there to be a chanceD. there be a chance60.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ________ and should be avoided if possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relativePart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Write the appropriate letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:Psychiatrists who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing ——older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older people’s biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor, often means parents, particularly fathers, “end up retiring much later.”For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.Henry Metcalf, a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he’s also worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader, but he’s learned that young atheart doesn’t mean young. Lately he’s been taking afternoon naps to keep up his energy. “My body is aging,”says Metcalf, “You can’t get away from that.”Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work with middle-aged and aged parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. “They worry they’ll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they’ll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school,” says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one: “that they won’t be alive enough to support and protect their child,” she says.Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband, Randy, had twins. “We both wanted children,” says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins have given the couple what they desired for years, “a sense of family.”Kids of older dads are often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives. “The dads are older, more mature,” says Dr. Silber, “and more ready to focus on parenting.”61. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing?A. Older parents can better balance their resources against children’s demands.B. Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.C. Older parents are often better prepared financially.D. Older parents can take better care of their children.62. What does the author mean by saying “For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable dream” (Line 6-7, Para. 1)?A. They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.B. They can’t get full pension unless they work some extra years.C. They can’t obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of.D. They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retiring age.63. The author gives the example of Henry Melcalf to show that ______.A. many people are young in spirit despite their advanced ageB. taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energyC. older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodiesD. older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children64. What’s the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joann Galst?A. Being laughed at by other people.B. Slowing down of their paces of life.C. Being mistaken for grandparents.D. Approaching of death.65. What do we learn abut Marilyn and Randy Nolen?A. They thought they were examples of successful fertility treatment.B. Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.C. They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.D. Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children.Passage 2Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other “friends” to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to be “ompartmentahze（划分）friendships, having “friends at work”, “friends on thesoftball team”, “family friends”, etc.Because the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly changed atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque（无理的）or impatient. They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel very personal. No insult is intended; the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything “American” in which you may be interested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example, than deal with silence.On the other hand, don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the United States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.66. The general topic of the passage is ________.A. American cultureB. American societyC. Americans’ activitiesD. Americans’ personality67. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. Americans do not like to depend on other people.B. Friendships among Americans tend to be casual.C. Americans know a lot about international affairs.D. Americans always seem to be on the go.68. The phrase “highly changed” (Paragraph 2) most probably means ________.A. extremely freeB. highly responsibleC. very cheerfulD. full of mobility and change69. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.A. Americans want to participate in all kinds of activitiesB. Americans’ character is affected by their social and geographical environmentC. Americans do not know how to deal with silenceD. Curiosity is characteristic of Americans70. According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because _______.A. they are not interested in other countriesB. they are too proud of themselvesC. their country does not have many neighboring nationsD. they are too busy to learn about other countriesPassage 3Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage:The year 1400 opened with more peacefulness than usual in England. Only a few months before Richard II, weak, wicked, and treacherous, had been deposed, and Henry IV declared king in his stead. But it was only a seeming peacefulness, lasting for but a little while; for though King Henry proved himself a just and a merciful man, as justice and mercy went with the men of iron of those days——and though he did not care to shed blood needlessly, there were many noble families who had been benefited by King Richard during his reign, and who had lost somewhat of their power and prestige from the coming in of the new king.Among these were a number of great lords who had been degraded from their former titles and estates, from which degradation免职King Richard had lifted them. They planned to fall upon King Henry and his followers and to massacre them during a great tournament which was being held at Oxford. And they might havesucceeded had not one of their own members betrayed them. But Henry did not appear at the lists; whereupon, knowing that he had been lodging at Windsor with only a few attendants, the conspirators marched there against him. In the meantime, the king had been warned of the plot, so that instead of finding him in the royal castle, they discovered through their scouts that he had hurried to London, and that he was marching against them at the head of a considerable army. So nothing was left but fight. One and another, they were all caught and some killed. Those few who found friends faithful and bold enough to afford them shelter dragged those friends down in their own ruin.71. What does the author seem to think of King Henry ?A. He was the best king England had ever had.B. He was a better ruler than King Richard.C. He was unfair and cowardly.D. He was just as evil as King Richard.72. How did King Henry find out about the plot ?A. His scouts discovered it.B. He saw the conspirators coming.C. One of the conspirators told him.D. He found a copy of the conspirators’ plan.73. Why did the nobles wish to kill King Henry?A. Henry had taken away power given to them by King Richard.B. Henry was weak, treacherous, and wicked.C. Henry had needlessly killed members of their families.D. Henry had killed King Richard.74. It can be inferred that Richard II’s reign was ________.A. peacefulB. corruptC. democraticD. illegal75. The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A. prove that Richard II was a bad kingB. explain the customs of fifteenth-century EnglandC. describe some typical English kingsD. discuss the conspiracy against Henry IVPassage 4Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage:The full influence of mechanization began shortly after 1850, when a variety of machines came rapidly into use. The introduction of these machines frequently created rebellions by workers who were fearful that the machines would rob them of their work. Patrick Bell, in Scotland, and Cyrus McCormick, in United States, produced threshing machines打谷机. Ingenious improvements were made in plows to compensate for different soil types. Stream power came into use in 1860s on large farms. Hay rakes, hay-loaders, and various special harvesting machines were produced. Milking machines appeared. The internal-combustion engine run by gasoline became the chief power source for the farm.In time, the number of certain farm machines that came into use skyrocketed and changed the nature of farming. Between 1940 and 1960, for example, 12 million horses and mules gave way to 5 million tractors. Tractors offer many features that are attractive to farmers. There are, for example, numerous attachments: cultivators that can penetrate the soil to varying depths, rotary hoes that chop weeds; spray devices that can spray pesticides杀虫剂in lands 100 feet across, and many others.A piece of equipment has now been invented or adapted for virtually every laborious hand or animal operation on the farm. In the United States, for example, cotton, tobacco, hay, and grain are planted, treated for pests and diseased, fertilized, cultivated and harvested by machine. Large devices shake fruit and nut from trees, grain and blend feed, and dry grain and hay. Equipment is now available to put just the right amount of fertilizer in just the right place, to spray an exact row width, and to count out, space, and plant just the right number of seeds for a row.Mechanization is not used in agriculture in many parts of Latin America, Africa. Agriculture innovation is accepted fastest where agriculture is already profitable and progressive. Some mechanization has reached the level of plantation agriculture in parts of the tropics, but even today much of that land is laboriously worked bypeople leading draft animals pulling primitive plows.The problems of mechanization in some areas are not only cultural in nature. For examples, tropical soils and crops differ markedly from those in temperate areas that the machines are designed for, so adaptations have to be made. But the greatest obstacle to mechanization is the fear in underdeveloped countries that the workers who are displaced by machines would not find work elsewhere. Introducing mechanization into such areas requires careful planning.76. Which of the following best summarize the main idea of the first paragraph?A. The introduction of machines into agricultural work created rebellions by the workers.B. The use of internal-combustion engine run by gasoline became the chief power for the farm working.C. The mechanization of agricultural work gradually robbed many farmers of their work.D. Steam power began to be used in farming machines in the 1860s to yield production.77. In some areas of Latin America,A. mechanization is not yet used in agriculture.B. mechanization is accepted fastest.C. a lot of farm work is still done in the traditional way.D. primitive plows are no longer in use.78. By saying that “the problems of mechanizing some areas are not only cultural in nature”, the author meansA. mechanization is not yet introduced in some areas for reasons other than culture.B. human and animal labor in some areas are less expensive.C. different kinds of tools are used in different cultures.D. culture is the only factor that obstacles the introduction of mechanization.79. Which of the following statements about farmer’s attitude to mechanization is true?A. Farmers are all very happy to work with farming machines.B. Nearly all the farm works can be done by the machines, so many farmers go to work in cities.C. farm works become easy for the workers, so they love mechanization.D. Farm works don’t need many workers, so they are anxious about their own job opportunities.80. According to the passage, we can infer thatA. mechanization can be introduced to all areas for economic growth.B. human and animal labor in most areas are required.C. mechanization should be considered carefully in some countries.D. different kinds of mechanized farming tools are used in different cultures.Part IV Translation ( 20 points )Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translations should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (81) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (82) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers. They may alter the structure of education; they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. (83) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communication, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (84) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (85) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. Part V Writing (10 points)Directions: Present a written argument based on the following topic.Some people believe that government spends too much money on space research while there are stilla lot of problems on the earth. Do you agree or disagree？You should write no less than 150 words.Use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and with relevant evidence.。

2019年社科院考博英语真题5页word2011年的题目SECTION A1.Long treatment of the elderly drains funds from the health needsof other groups and from urgent social problems.A. restrainsB. detainsC. soarsD. exhausts2.For cancer cells destroy not only all rival cells, in theirruthless biological warfare, but also destroy the larger organization---the body itself—signing their own suicide warrant.A. refinedB. randomC. mercilessD. perpetual3.The report also examined the overall effectiveness of the 43-daybombing campaign carried out by coalition forces and Congress released a brief synopsis to the public.A. compendiumB. bibliographyC. addendumD. postscript4.All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my professionor in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad,I will keep secret and will never reveal.A. businessB. exchangeC. wedlockD.contact5.With the awfully limited vocabulary to only a thousand words orfewer, the reader resembles a color blind artist who is only aware of a few colors and consequently his ability to create on canvas is lamentably restricted.A. auspiciouslyB. deplorablyC. suspiciouslyD.disbelievingly6.The epic is possible because America is an idea as much as it isa country. America has nothing to do with allegiance to a dynastyand very little to do with allegiance to a particular place, but everything to do with allegiance to a set of principles.A. convictionB. loyalty C .conversion D. component7.After a few short but interminable seconds, U.S. Astronaut NeilArmstrong placed his foot firmly on the fine-grained surface of the moon. The time was 10:56 p.m, July 20, 1969.A. inseparableB. fastC. indelibleD. long8.Hopelessly entrapped in the two-year tangle of his own deceit,forced into a confession of past lies, he watched the support of his most loyal defenders collapse in a political maelstrom, driven by their bitterness over the realization that he had betrayed their trust.a. probeb. confusionc. findingd. potential9.Although this could be seen as a strength because it allowsflexibility, it can also be argued that it invalidates the theory;in this case several people’s rights must be relinquished to reach a conclusion.A. given upB.put off c. thought of D. held on10.War is the social cancer of mankind. It is a pernicious form ofignorance, for it destroys not only its “enemies”, but also the whole superstructure of what it is a part—and thus eventually it defeats itself.a. banefulb. optimal C. paradoxical D. perilous SECTION B11. In this great global clash of interests, it is time for both sides to soften their anger and seek new ways to get along with each other. If sanity is to prevail, the guiding policy must not be ------------------------but cooperation and conservation.A. confrontationB. reconciliationC. rationD.resumption12. Looking ahead, the computer industry sees pure gold. Estimates for the number of personal computers in use by the end of the century run as high as 80 million. Then there are all the ---------------------industries: desks to hold computers, luggage to carry them, cleansers to polish them.A concessionary B. feasible c. hypothetical D. auxiliary13. In north Dakota, which had barely an inch of rain in four months, there was no grass for cattle. Farmers tramped their dusty fields watching their dwarfed stand of grain shrivel and --------------.A. survive, b. wail c. perish d. swell14. As most new buyers soon learn, it is not that easy for a novice。

2019年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案（可直接编辑打印）.doc2019年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: There are forty incomplete sentences in this part For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence, and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. The European Union countries, were once worried that they would not have supplies of petroleum.A. sufficientB. efficient C potential D. proficient2. We'd like to a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. reserveC. sustainD. retain3. Britain has the highest of road traffic in the world-over 60 cars for every mile of road.A. popularityB. prosperityC. intensityD. density4. I would never have a court of law if I hadn’t been so desperate.A. sought forB. accounted forC. turned upD. restored to5. The energy by the chain reaction is transformed into heat.A. transferredB. releasedC. conveyedD. delivered6. It is required that during the process, great care has to be taken to protect thesilkfrom damage.A. sensitiveB. sensible C tender D. delicate7. To our , Geoffrey’s illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.A. reliefB. viewC. anxietyD. judgment8. The government will take some action to the two big quarreling companies.A. jigsawB. jotC. impulseD. reconcile9. As automation became popular in most factories, labor was made ?A. disincentiveB. redundantC. diverseD. discontent10. They have her unreasonable request for her annual salary.A. destinedB. chordedC. repelledD. commenced11. When you prepare for your speech, be sure to cite qualified sources of information and examples.A. unbiasedB. manipulatedC. distortedD. conveyed12. It is apparent that winning the scholarship is of one's intelligence in the field of physics.A. parallelismB. alliterationC. testimonyD. rhythm13. In court he repeated his that he was not guilty in front of the jury.A. impressionsB. alliterationsC. clausesD. assertions14. Shopping malls have some advantage in suffering from shorter periods of business.A. staleB. slackC. ferrousD. abundant5. According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall besubject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. RoutinesBefore the general election many senior citizens signed the against the spreading of nuclear arms.A. contractB. petitionC. supplicationD. potential7. Scientists believe that there is not enough oxygen in the Moon’s atmosphere toplantlife.A. adaptB. personalizeC. sustain D, describeI can’t remember exactly what triggered the explosion but it was pretty .A. estimatingB. devastatingC. reprocessingD. preferringThe industry has pumped amounts of money into political campaigns, making itless and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.A. potentialB. substantialC. massiveD. traditional20. I was entrusted to to a newspaper article making predictions for the New Year.A. contributeB. detractC. convertD. entail21. After 1989, the external vanished, but the danger to American civilization remained.A. disruption B, menace C. liability D, emergence22. The government is trying to help these enterprises out of the by various means.A. flightB. plight C delight D. twilight23. An archaeologist has to pay much attention to details of an unearthed object.A. miserableB. minusC. minuteD. moist24. T he girl her tablemate’s arm to see if she was fast asleep at class.A. pinchedB. punchedC. pitchedD. preached25. Most of the local people involved in the affair have been and dismissed.A. smuggledB. prosecutedC. salutedD. thrived26. I can respect someone who is for their actions, but I cannot respect someone who is always pointing the finger.A. millenniumB. dominantC. accountableD. commercial27. All the products made in China are sold and distributed in with the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and also local country rules.A. complianceB. prosperityC. merchandise D‘ intersection28. One of the main reasons is that the university’s attracts students and faculty staff allover the world.A. fraudB. respondentC. misconductD. prestige29. Even though the investigation has been going on for two months, the police have no further details about the accident.A. comprisedB. formulatedC. releasedD. incorporated30. They want to stimulate economic growth in the region by offering to foreign investors.A. incentivesB. abundancesC. warriorsD. outnumbers31. Why be about that old coat? There’s no point in keeping it just because you were wearing it when you first met me.A. sensitiveB. sensibleC. sentimental D, sensational32. and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.A. MutilationB. InnovationC. EmpireD. Strength33. The protests were part of their against the proposed building development in the area.A. commissionB. commitmentC. conventionD. campaign34. Some people seem to on the pressure of working undera deadline.A. render B- evolve C. prevail D. thrive35. These changes have not been sufficient to the losses.A. stemB. stimulate C cause D. compensate36. Psychologists believe that children are easily influenced by their .A. conditionsB. combinations C, peers D. granaries37. Several for global warming have been suggested by climate researchers.A. systemsB. sentences C fallacies D. hypotheses38. These natural resources will be sooner or later if the present rate of exploitation continues.A, depleted B. deployed C. inclined D. mingled39. The military operations yesterday were targeted at the military installations.A. propelledB. commencedC. plaguedD. modulated40. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the between the computer and the human brain.A. profile B- mighty C. analogy D, leakagePart II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games may also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language，，，says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately，it’s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.，，One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said * These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We’re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it，s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.”In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,OCX) people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield. They also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suid de. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist thatpeople are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?41. Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C Those that help people use computer language.D. Those that teach computer technology.42. According to the investigators, .A. the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take part in real violent actsB. the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC. most computer and online games make the players forget the real life resultsD. most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners43. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB- it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC. there are now more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence44. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that ?A. the commercial world is contributing to the increasedviolence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real life Passage TwoThe collapse of the Earth’s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field’s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet’s lines of magnetic force* During a reversal，the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity (极）? The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and anintals that rely on the inagnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite daims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world’s largest effort at tracking the field’s shifts.A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get someidea * of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather，，，said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working on the satellite plan. “I，m personally quite convinced we should be able to work out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”。

2019年考博英语阅读练习（1）The use of heat pumps has been held back largely byskepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unitof electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so eachis in contact with a different body of air： room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely： the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate：the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant — and thus the thermal energy it carries —is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps： in extremely cold climates — where the most heat is needed —heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes.[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.[C] supplying additional relevant facts.[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3. It can be inferred from the text that, in the courseof a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when[A] heating is least essential.[B] electricity rates are lowest.[C] its compressor runs the fastest.[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.4. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-4) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.。

东北林业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when it was first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before lo ng.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do wi th his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90 miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to h ave at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soci ety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-classmovement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply. The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chan cellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check wi th FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the of fspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failureto follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

考博英语分类模拟题2019年(38)(总分57.5, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneWhat are those of us who have chosen careers in science and engineering able to do about our current problems?First, we can help destroy the false impression that science and engineering have caused the current world trouble. On the contrary, science and engineering have made vast contributions to better living for more people.Second, we can identify the many areas in which science and technology, more considerably used, can be of great service in the future than in the past to improve the quality of life. While we can make many speeches, and pass many laws, the quality of our environment will be improved only through better knowledge and better application of that knowledge.Third, we can recognize that much of the dissatisfaction we suffer today results from our very successes of former years. We have been so greatly successful in attaining material goals that we are deeply dissatisfied that we cannot attain other goals more rapidly. We have achieved a better life for most people, but we are unhappy that we have not spread it to all people. We have reduced many sources of environmental disasters, but we are unhappy that we have not conquered all of them. It is our raised expectations rather than our failures which now cause our distress.Granted that many of our current problems must be cured more by social, political, and economic instruments than science and technology, yet science and technology must still be the tools to make further advances in such things as clean air, clean water,better transportation, better medical care, more adequate welfare programs, purer food, conservation resources, and many other areas.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.The author thinks that science and technology ______.•** caused the current world problems•** made life better for more people•**, if not in the past, better people's life in the future** not bring a better life for most peopleA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:B第二段指出，有人认为，科学与技术造成了当今世界的许多问题，对这种错误认识，科技工程人员有义务加以纠正。

中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension(40 points)Part A(30 points)Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．Passage OneQuestions 1~5 are based on the following passage：For the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it；how it’s dying；how we’re headed for an even more wired，underregulated，overinstrusive，privacy-deprived planet．I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder，Time Inc’s mega info mall，and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites；by the mere act of“browsing”(it sounds so passive!)we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago．I know this because I’m a watcher too．When people come to my Website，without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders，recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page，following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings．None of this would bother me in the least，I suspect，if a few years ago，my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come．On Thanksgivingweekend in 1995, someone(presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers)forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine’ where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things．Then，with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages(which to my surprise many Callers, including my mother，did)．This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey…why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”)and got our phone service restored．It seemed funny at first，and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months：The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another’ half a dozen times．They put special pin codes in place．They put traces on the line．But the troublemaker kept breaking through．If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating．He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail．He could have called in my mortgage，discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number．Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity．(Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans，it might be worth it．Just a thought。

2019 考博英语练习题1.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiot-ics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving2.School children ought to be ______ to their parents and teachers.A. alienB. transientC. obedientD. current’s 3. The Collector ’s Edition coin is ______, and represents a true collector treasure to be appreciated for generations to come.A. unlikely any Elvis Presley collectible ever releasedB. unlikely, and Elvis Presley collectible never releasedC. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible never releasedD. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible ever released4.It eliminates the complicated ______, do not have to spend time around friends, you just need to sit at home and can easily be completed.A. engagementB. dateC. itineraryD. appointment5.He was so absorbed in his work that he was ______ to things going on aro und him.A. obliviousB.digestibleC.dormantD.introvert6.We were ______ through the thick undergrowth when we suddenly came across a fast-flowing stream.A. scribblingB. scramblingC. scratchingD. scraping7.Hampshire ’sassertions, far from showing that we can ______ the ancient puzzles about objectivity, reveal the issue to be even more ______ than we had thought.A. dismiss relevantB.adapt pressing C.admire elusiveD. rediscover unconventional8.I found it difficult to ______ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.A. intensifyB.amend C.reconcile D.consolidate9.The reason for the traffic accident in the morning was ______ one ofthe drivers had lost control of his car.A. thatB. whyC. howD. when10.Do you agree with the saying that the monkey was the______ of the hu-man race?A. offspringB. successorC. breederD. predecessor11.John ’s application for _____ to graduate studies in the School of Educa-tion has been approved.A. entranceB.admission C.experience D.allowance12.The old farmer put up iron fences around the flower garden _______ neighbor ’s sheep should break in.A. on condition thatB. nowthat C. lestD. but13.Although a recession is usually characterized by at least two consecutive quarters of _______GDP, this is not a fixed rule.A. fallingB.declining C.fluctuating D.impending14.______ she wondered if she had made a mistake.15.The history of life on earth has been a history of ______ betweenman and his surroundings.A. interactionB. interferenceC.interpretationD.integrity16.— You forgot your keys when you left home in the morning.— Good heavens, ______.A.so did I.B.so I did.C.so you did.D.so did you.17. People must try their best to prevent endangered species of wildlife from becoming extinct in order that their future generations may enjoy the great_______ of animal life.A.perplexityB.incessancyC.diversityD.benevolence18.My parents took the 7 0 ’clock plane yesterday, and they ______ inNew York by now.A. will arriveB. will be arrivingC.will have arrived D.are arriving【翻译练习】1.玛丽给彼得设了个圈套，而他就真的掉了进去。