动词的时态和语态

英语动词时态和语态讲解动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。

英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。

下面分别介绍。

1、一般现在时的用法1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理。

句中常用often, usually, every…，sometimes 等时间状语。

例如：a. He goes to school every day. 他每天去上学。

b. He is very happy. 他很开心。

c. The earth moves around the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。

（特性）2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。

例如：a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meetingb. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside. 毕业后我要去乡下。

3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中都带有时间状语），但限于少数动词，如：begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。

例如：a. The meeting begins at seven. 会议七点开始。

b. The rain starts at nine in the morning. 上午九点开始下雨。

4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。

a. I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。

b. The story sound very interesting. 这个故事听起来很有趣。

5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。

2、一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

例如：Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：a.It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。

例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。

b.it is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ，例如It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。

c.would （had）rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。

）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。

）Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。

例如：Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2）情态动词could, would。

例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？重点学习一下，used to / be used toused to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。

例如：Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。

be used to + doing：对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。

He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。

共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

例如：a.I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了）b.I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了）c.Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了）d.Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争）e.He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续）f.He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续）句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time （that）I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。

例如：This is the best film that I've （ever）seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

典型例题（1）---Do you know our town at all? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A. wasB. have beenC. cameD. am coming答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。

（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A. even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeD. ever, have come答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。

即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.重点：比较since和forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。

例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。

I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。

）I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。

）注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

1）（对）Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（错）Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或Harry has been married for six years.7. since的四种用法1）since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half pastsix）。