语言学第二章

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题——第二章：语音您所查看的帖子来源于考研加油站考研论坛() Chapter 2 Speech SoundsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Sound assimilation32. Suprasegmental feature33. Complementary distribution34. Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative以下内容跟帖回复才能看到==============================Key:I.1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABBII.11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes 30. air streamIV.31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme neveroccur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.。

第二章语言是符号系统第一节:语言的符号性质一、语言和说话关键字：材料和规则说话的行为和说出的话都属于语言现象，语言现象是无穷尽的。

但是无限的句子中包含着有限的词和为数不多的规则，学话就是掌握这套材料和规则。

语言学所研究的“语言”，也正是指有限的材料和有限的规则组成的系统，而不是指具体的话语。

说出来的一句一句的话和说话时所用的词与规则是两回事。

词与规则好比打字机的键盘，说出来的话好比是打出来的文章。

（这个比喻很精妙）每个人说话是自由的，但说话时选择什么材料，遵循什么规则是不自由的，必须服从社会的习惯。

所以，语言又是社会的规约，对每个语言使用者都具有强制性。

语言研究就是要把说话中反复使用的材料和规则找出来，把那隐藏在无数话语中的语言找出来。

二、语言与符号语言是符号系统，这句话概括了语言本身的性质和特点。

符号的概念：符号：1.包括形式和意义两个方面。

形式是人们的感官可以感知的，而这些感知的形式都有专门的意义，因此这些形式就具有了符号的功能。

符号的形式和意义是不能分离的，二者的结合才构成符号，没有无意义的符号形式。

2.符号的形式和意义都是一般性的。

3.符号的形式和意义之间没有本质上的、自然属性上的必然联系。

在这一点上，符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。

征候是事物本身的特征，它传递的某种信息，可以通过自身的物质属性来判断，例如看见远处炊烟的升起，就知道有投宿的人家等。

而符号的意义，完全在于符号使用者的约定。

语言符号与客观现实的关系：如下图。

编码认知语言符号心理现实客观现实音(约定）义指称反映1.语言符号的音与义是社会约定关系，即语言符号的任意性。

2.从编码的角度看，语言符号和心理现实之间的关系是相互的。

从解码的角度看，语言符号“指称”离散化了的小块心理现实，只能指称心理现实的一部分而非全部，所以我们常会有“言不能尽意”的遗憾。

3.从编码的角度看，心理现实和客观现实的关系也是相互的，是以人的感官和大脑（以及其他延长的感知工具）作为中介而彼此联系的。

语言学第2章习题Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.220. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. 30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stressand s_________ stress.3III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.4A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics5656. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is7usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.8。

第二章语言的物质载体——声音一、单项选择题1.下列关于语音性质的表述中，不正确的是A.语音使语言成分物质化B.生理属性是语音的本质属性C.语音和语义联系在一起D.语音有民族性和地域性【解析】B 本题考查语音的本质属性。

语音的本质属性是社会属性，而不是生理属性。

2.下面各项中，属于被动发音器官的是A.唇B.硬腭C.软腭D.小舌【解析】B 本题考查被动发音器官。

在人类的发音器官中，有些是能够活动的，如嘴唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、下腭等，叫作“主动发音器官”；有些则不能活动，如牙齿、齿龈、硬腭等，叫作“被动发音器官”。

3.音素是A.最小的语言单位B.最小的语言类型单位C.最小的音义结合体D.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位【解析】D 本题考查音素的含义。

音节及其他大大小小的语音单位，切分到最后就是音素，或者说所有语音单位从最底层算起都是由音素组成的。

所以音素是最小的语音单位。

4.汉语音节zhang有A.一个音素B.两个音素C.三个音素D.四个音素【解析】C 本题考查音节的划分。

从音素角度划分，汉语音节zhang 可以切分为辅音zh、元音a和辅音ng三个音素，故本题正确答案为C。

5.下列关于元音和辅音的表述，正确的一项是A.发辅音声带不振动，发元音声带振动B.辅音大多是乐音，元音则都是乐音C.发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有D.发辅音口腔肌肉不紧张，元音则紧张【解析】C 发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有，其他项错误。

6.[i]是A.前低不圆唇元音B.后高不圆后元音C.前高不圆唇元音D.后低圆唇元音【解析】C [i]是前高不圆唇元音。

7.下列各项中都是不圆唇元音的组是A.[i，u]B.[e，o]C.[o，y]D.[a，α]【解析】D 本题考查舌面元音的发音特征，根据舌面元音舌位图可知，[a]是前低不圆唇元音，[α]是后低不圆唇元音。

故本题答案为D。

A、B.C三项中，[u]、[o]、[y]都是圆唇元音，可排除。

第二章语言的本质名词解释：1、任意性：符号虽然是由形式和内容构成的结合体，但形式和内容之间没有必然的联系。

也就是说，作为形式的替代者和作为内容的被替代者之间没有必然的联系。

换句话说，形式和内容之间的关系是任意的，是不可论证的。

完全是使用语言符号的社会长期以来约定俗成的习惯决定的。

比如中国人的习惯是用“点头”表示“肯定”,用“摇头"表示“否定"，而保加利亚则刚好相反,用“点头"表示“否定”，用“摇头"表示“肯定"。

（P61）2、组合关系：组合关系是指在同一层级上组合起来的各个符号之间所形成的横向关系。

比如:“鸡吃小米”，“鸡”和"吃小米组合构成了主谓关系，而“吃”和“小米”的组合构成了述宾关系，主谓和述宾这样的关系是组合关系在语法层面的表现。

再如：jian、和“ian”是声韵关系，“i”、”a“、“n”是韵头、韵腹、韵尾的关系，这是组合关系在语音层面的体现。

又如：“我喝水”，“我”是施事，“喝”是动作，水”是受事，它们之间构成“施事－动作一受事”的语义结构关系，这是组合关系在语义层面上的体现。

3、聚合关系：聚合关系是指在一定条件下,在语言链条的某一环节上，能够互相替换的具有某种相同作用的各个符号之间形成的纵向关系。

比如:在“我读书”、“你唱歌”、“他打球”这三个结构体中“我"、“你”、"他"位置相同，作用相同,可以替换，“我”、“你”、“他"之间的关系就是聚合关系。

（P69）4、思维：思维是指人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程，他所反映的是客观事物的本质特征以及客观事物之间的本质联系。

5、语用学：语用学作为语言学的一门新兴的独立学科。

研究在特定情，特别是研究在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解和运用语言的过程。

复习思考题1、谈谈语言符号和非语言符号共有的特点。

①任意性。

符号虽然是有形式和内容构成的结合体，但形式和内容之间，作为形式的替代者和作为内容的被替代者之间直接没有必然的联系。

《语言学概论》第二章：语言是符号系统本章要注意语言是符号、语言符号的任意性特点、语言的层级体系三大要点。

第一节：语言符号的性质和特点一、什么是符号1．符号的含义：符号就是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记，包括形式和意义两个方面，其作用是指称现实现象。

符号是人们用来指代某种事物的标记。

2．符号的构成：符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。

形式就是符号外在的形状、结构，它是以某种物质的方式存在的，或者是声音，或者是线条，或者是色彩，等等。

意义就是符号所代表的具体内容，任何一个符号，都有一定的意义。

形式和意义在一定的符号系统中是密不可分的统一体，不能割裂二者之间的关系。

二、语言符号及其特点1．语言符号：从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和意义两个方面，具有符号的一切特点。

语言符号是由声音形式和意义内容构成，语言符号是音与义相结合的统一体，是说的和听的。

语言符号的音义结合是社会约定俗成的。

同一般符号一样，用什么样的声音形式代表什么样的一样，是使用语言的社会集团的成员共同约定的，大家共同遵守。

2．语言符号又不同于一般符号。

可从以下几个方面认识理解，首先，语言符号是声音和意义的结合体，是说的和听的；其次，一般符号的构成比较简单，而语言符号却是非常复杂的，可分不同的层级；再次，一般符号由于构造简单，因而只能表达有限的内容，而且这种内容是简单而固定的，语言符号则可以表达丰富多彩的意义；最后，语言符号具有以少驭多的生成机制，具有生成新的结构的能力，一般符号表达的意义是固定的，因而不能生成新的意义。

3．语言符号的特点：语言符号具有任意性和线条性的特点，其中重点理解任意性特点。

（1）所谓任意性，是指语言的声音形式和意义内容之间的联系是任意的，由社会约定俗成的，没有必然的、本质的联系。

什么样的声音表达什么样的意义，什么样的意义由什么样的声音表达，是由社会全体成员共同约定并共同遵守的。

为什么人类会有这样多形形色色的语言？这也只能从语言符号的声音和意义联系的任意性角度来解释。

第二章语言是符号系统第一节语言的符号性质语言和说话说话的行为和说出的话都属于语言现象。

语言学研究的“语言”指由有限的材料和有限的规则组成的系统，而不是指具体的话语。

语言又是社会的规约，对每个语言使用者都具有强制性。

语言与符号符号包含形式和意义两个方面。

符号的形式和意义是不可分离的，二者的结合才构成符号，没有无意义的符号形式。

符号的形式和意义之间没有本质上的，自然属性上的必然联系。

在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然征候不同。

一种可感知的物质形式，它的符号功能的取得以及具有什么样的符号意义，全在于符号使用者的约定，不在于符号形式载体的自然属性。

符号是社会的产物，它要经过人们的约定，赋予一定的价值，才能起到符号的作用。

语言符号的第一性的形式是人类发出的声音。

语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心理现实的概括。

这首先设计心理现实和客观现实的关系，其次涉及语言符号意义的概括性。

客观现实是指四维空间中外在于人的所有存在：当下。

历史上所有的人和物、事物、现象、以及他们的相互关系及变化。

心理现实是指客观现实经过人的认知储存在人的大脑中的各种知识信息。

（这些信息主要来自于：①人对客观现实的直接感知，被大脑接受储存起来。

②人对语言文字的接收处理。

（间接获得。

）心理现实要受到生理心理机制、生存环境和认知水平的制约。

人的直接感知和大脑的接收处理而获得的直觉性心理现实为语言符号的最初编码提供了初步的材料。

这些心理现实再经过大脑进一步的“概括”、并经过社会的约定与特定的语音形式相联系，归类切分为一个个离散的意义。

语言符号的意义是对人们通过感知而接收到的具体多样的心理现实现象的概括。

符号的意义是认识活动的成果，代表一个一般的概念。

语言符号的意义是一般的，概括的东西；既能指代任何具体的个体（“我家的房子”：村头那所新盖的房子”），也能指概括程度不同的类（“所有的房子”“北京的房子”“北京的旧房子”）语言符号由音和义结合而成。

语言符号的音和义是社会约定的关系，叫做语言符号的任意性。

第二章语言是符号系统一、填空1、说出的话语句子是无限的，但无限多的句子都是由有限的(词）和( 规则 )组装起来的。

２、符号包含( 形式 )和(意义）两个方面,二者不可分离。

３、语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类(心理现实）的概括。

４、我们是通过（听话)认识到“孔子是中国古代的思想家”这个( 心理现实）的。

5、语言的表达是对心理现实的（编码）。

6、心理现实是存在于( 客观现实）和(语言符号 )之间的人脑中的信息存在状态．7、语言符号的（任意性）和（线条性 )，是语言符号的基本性质。

8、语言符号二层性的一大特点是（音位）层的最小单位一定大大少于（符号 )层的最小单位。

9、( 组合关系）和（聚合关系）是语言系统中的两种根本关系。

１０、动物无法掌握人类的语言,从生理基础看是不具有(大脑的结构 )和( 功能）．二、判断正误（对）１、一种语言可说出的句子是无限的。

( 错)2、语言是一种社会规约,所以每个人说话是不自由的。

（对)3、符号的形式和意义都具有一般性.( 对）4、语言是丰富人的心理现实的重要途径。

( 错）５、心理现实是对客观现实的认知，与客观现实是等同的。

（对）６、语言符号形式与意义的关联很大程度上受制于它所属的符号系统。

( 错 )7、现实中的句子是无穷的，所以组合关系也是无限的。

( 错）8、音位和音位组合构成语素。

( 错 )９、句子是比词组高一层级的符号单位,所以句子的长度一定大于词组。

（错）10、“飞鸟”和“小鸟"具有同样的组合关系。

三、思考题１、听到一个熟人在说话,就能判断出是谁在说话,这个过程是语言符号在传递信息吗？为什么?这是语言符号在传递信息。

因为符号存在形式和意义两个方面，语言符号传递信息都是通过将意义与形式组合的。

但是语言符号的形式与一般符号的形式不同,它是一种声音实体。

每个人说话都有自己独特之处，如音高、响亮度等发音的特点，我们听一个人说话，长时间地接触后，就将这种声音特点与意义结合了起来,从而理解了这种声音所传送的意义.2、语言符号如何增进人的认识客观现实的能力?心理现实为语言符号的最初编码提供了初步的材料。

语⾔学练习第⼆章Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, theo_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? ⾳韵学和语⾳学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?。