专四考试翻译指导：英译汉需注意的问题
一、不合习惯的说法
不同的民族有不同的习惯和表达方法。一句话，一个词，在一个国家表达的是好意，引起人们好的联想和情感，在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意，引起人们不好的联想和情感。如果翻译不注意，就有可能引起误解或不快。而如果我们注意这些差异，在译文中加以运用，就可以收到较好的效果。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等重要问题，只涉及生活习惯、日常用语时，可以更灵活些，按照译入语的习惯说法表达意思。
1、见面问候
中国人见面时喜欢问：吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Where areyougoing?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。如果见面就问外国人“到哪里”，人家会以为你要了解人家的私事，对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问：“你好吗?”这句话可以有不少表达方法，如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing?Hello!Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候，取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之，这一类的问候语，直译可能会让人感到莫名其妙，还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。
2、对病人的问候
中国人喜欢对病人深表同情。但外国人则轻易不愿表现出其弱的一面，对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的效果。例如：中国人在听说一个人生病后可能会说：得知贵体欠佳，深感不安和关切。直译：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about yourillness.但这样翻译会使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顾虑，达不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表达习惯，可译为：I am sorry tohear about your illness and wish you a speedyrecovery.这样翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情，又表达了希望病人尽快康复的愿望。
3、对待他人的表扬和感谢
在受到表扬或感谢时，中国人往往比较谦虚，会说：“这没什么。”“这是我应该做的。”或者，“哪里，哪里，我还做得很差。”如果直译：It isnothing. This is my duty. This is what I should do. Well, I have notdone very well. There is still m uch to beimproved.所有这些谦恭的话，在外国人听起来，都会显得做作。西方人通常会说：It’s my pleasure.
Thank you for your kind words. I feel flattered.翻译这些话时，宜根据西方的习惯来译。
4、迎接外宾时
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说：“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after thelongflight(journey)而外国人喜欢在别人面前显得年轻、有朝气，不喜欢被人认为体弱，或有疲劳感。因此，上述问候话直译效果不好，可译成：How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had along flight.
二、不够委婉的语气
有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突，直译可能会使人感到不太客气，甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法，在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而使用针锋相对的语言除外。
例1 中国可作为贵国资源性产品的稳定市场，同时中国的许多工业产品可满足贵国市场的需要。
直译：Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China andChinese industrial products can meet the needs of yourmarket.这么直译也许会让人担心，以为我们的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如：You may find astable market in China for your primary products and may also ge t anumber of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.
例2 我想向大家介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。
直译：I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.
这样翻译，显得讲话者太肯定听众会对他所讲内容感兴趣。尽管讲话者知道听众是有兴趣的，但说得客气一点效果更好。可译为：I would liketo brief you on China’s economic development, which might be ofinterest to you.
另外，我们打交道的人大多是上层人士，我们必须学会使用礼貌文雅的语言，否则，会产生距离、反感，从而失去朋友，有损我形象。
1974年，加拿大“白求恩纪念委员会”访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说，我方翻译像警察，原因是那天早晨，翻译到他房间对他说： Youhave breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave herefor the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌，给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说：Breakfast is at8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going toleave here for the airport at 9.
曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时，大声喊叫“Hello”而不知道说："Excuse me"，在宣布事情时总是：Attentionplease.而不是说：Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attentionplease.结果一位外宾对此感到不快，说：I don’t want to talk to that wildgirl.要人帮忙时，我们时常会说：你能告诉我到×××地方怎么走吗?你能说英语吗?等。如果英文译成：Can you tell me howto get to……?Can you speakEnglish?那将是很不客气的问话。对方会以为你怀疑他的能力。因为英文字can表示能力。如果改为could,含义就不同了。可以译为：Couldyou please tell me how to get……? Do you speakEnglish?一个陌生人问你如何去某地时，你很可能传说：“最好坐公共汽车去。”如将这句话译为You’d better take abus,听起来不够礼貌。因为You’d better……这个句型含有You have a duty to do something,或Youhave an obligation to…的意思。是一种命令语气，常用于晚辈或下属。因此，这样翻译不够礼貌。这句话有许多客气的表达方法。
如：I suggest you take a bus.
It might be better to take a bus.
Perhaps you might like to take a bus.
Why not take a bus?
I think the best way is by bus.
总之，我们翻译工作者必须学会礼貌用语，委婉表达法。中国驻悉尼总领事段津在谈到对外往的沟通艺术时曾介绍了一些礼貌用语。如：在对别人的意见表示不同看法时可以说：
I have to disagree with you, but I would think…或者Well, there’s apoint in what you said, but …对某件事表示不同意见时，可以说：Would it not be betterif…请别人帮忙时，可以说：Could you do me a favour, 或者Excuse me ,I have aproblem,…等等。在绝别人要求时，可以说：I am afraid it doesn’t work.或者I wonder whetherit will work, but I’ll try my best.
一些学识渊博、经验丰富的外交官非常善于使用委婉客气的语气来表达不同意见。譬如，一个外国代表团在一次国际会议上，是这样对一个国际会议领导职位侯选人的提名表示不同意见的。他说：
"As an experienced Minister with a distinguished record of service,we are confident that he has al l the attributes to be an outstandingpresident of this Conference…but I have to place before you some of thereservations that we have about this nomination. If I may, I will sharewith you some of our concerns. Such a presidency will be misread bythose outs ide the ILO as signaling that…”
可以译为：他是一位有经验的部长，并做出了出色的成绩。我们相信，他完全具有条件，可以成为一个杰出的会议主席。但是，我不是不陈述我们对于这一提名的保留意见。请允许我向你们谈谈我们所关注的一些问题。这一主席的提名会被国际劳工组织以外的人误解为发出一个……的信号。”这位团长既清楚地表达了反对意见，但又讲得非常委婉、客气。这些表达方法很值得我们学习、借鉴。
三、动词使用不当
英语动词往往有其特定的用法。如不熟悉，就会出错。以下仅举两例来说明动词的不同形态、类型。
例1 Welcome
中文中经常会出现，“欢迎某人做某事”的句子，按中文语序翻译这样的句子，往往会出现中式英文。北京长安街两个大饭店门前大牌子上有两条表示欢迎的大标语：“北京欢迎您”、“国际饭店欢迎您”。同时又用英语书写了这两条标语的意思：Beijing Is Waiting for You (北京正等着您)和International Hotel WelcomesYou.中国民航赠送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的欢迎词：欢迎乘坐中国民航，Welcome you to flyCAAC.英语中的“欢迎”通常使用"welcome"这个词。Welcome作动词时有两种形式可用：动
词+宾语，动词+宾语+副词短语。
习惯上可以译为welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to aplace.显然上述译法不符合这个英文词的通常表达习惯。应译为：Welcome to Beijing, Welcome toInternational Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻译“欢迎贵国工商界人士到中国去投资”，不能译为：Wewelcome people from the business community of your country to makeinvestment in China.可译为：i)People from the business community here inthis country are welcome to make investment in China.或ii)We hope thatpeople from the business community here in this country will go andinvest in China.
四、禁语的译法
任何社会都会有一些要求大家遵循的行为准则。如：公共场合不准吸烟、不准乱扔果皮纸屑、不准大声喧哗等。有些单位还根据本单位情况制定一些规则。如何翻译禁语是需要注意的又一个重要问题。中文禁语比较严肃，用词直截了当，以体现其法律效力。而外国人有时以比较婉转的口吻表达同样的意思。我们应尽量以译入语禁语的习惯表达方式来翻译禁语，并力求简洁。请比较下述两例的两种译法，第一种译法是我国一些地方标出的译文。第二种译法是建议译文。
例1 禁止拍照
Forbid photograph
No Photos
例2 禁止吸烟
Forbid Smoking
No Smoking或者Thank you for not smoking.
专八翻译笔记 武汉新东方刘畅? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, nor be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go. – Joshua 1:9 第一章综述 一、何谓翻译？ ? T —— tell ? R —— reader ? A —— authentic ? N —— native ? S —— smooth ? L —— language ? A —— and ? T —— touch upon ? E —— essence ? 英语的翻译“translation”是由trans-和-late构成。翻译是指两种语言的信息转换，即甲方说的意思换成乙方的语言表达。Steiner说：“翻译就是理解。”理解的对象就是原文的意义，理解原文的意义是达到翻译标准“忠实、通顺”的前一项（忠实）的前提，“通顺”只是表达阶段的事。不论是什么翻译，意义为先，形式为次。因此，可以说，理解为先，表达为次。 ? 二、大纲要求 ? 1、教学大纲 ? 能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250~300个英文单词。英文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。 ? 2、考试大纲 ? 汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时250~300汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。 ? 英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度为每小时约250~300词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 ? 三、试题特点 – 1、文体： ? 汉译英：记叙、介绍、散文、论说 ? 英译汉：散文、论说、评论、演讲 – 2、语域： ? 人文历史，无科技翻译 – 3、内容：无专门学术领域知识 ? 注意： ? 1、各年的翻译选段都是较正式的语体，未见不正式的讽刺性杂文，也未见不正式的小说对话。即使涉及文学，也是作家的作品或思想介绍。 ? 2、为了帮助考生更好地理解待翻译的篇段，一般都提供较多的上下文。但考生务必只翻译划线部分。
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
（一）英译汉练习 1. The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth. 十一月的寒风，对他就像夏天吹拂的凉风一样。舒适的冷空气使他容光焕发，两颊通红，两眼闪光。他生气勃勃，叫别人感到是一团炙手的火。（英语material warmth 字面意思是"物质的温暖"，这里具体译作"一团炙手的火"言明意清，让人一看就懂。） 2. It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。（英语the ripples of the gentle sea 译成汉语时在结构上作了调整，这样译文念起来意思清楚，行文漂亮。） 3. To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。这个句子的译文死抠原文形式，死抠字典释义，翻译腔严重，让人难以明白其意思，可改译为：读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。所谓过分表达，就是指译文画蛇添足，增加了原文没有的东西；而欠表达则是省略或删节原文的内容。翻译时均应避免这类错误。 4. Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。 （a mirror image 如直译为"镜子里的形象"，就让人感到非常别扭，远不如"毫无二致"自然。） 5. Up Broadway he turned, and halted at a glittering café, where are gathered together nightly the choicest products of the grapes, the silkworm and the protoplasm. 他拐到百老汇路上，在一家灯火辉煌的饭店前停下来，那里每晚汇集上好的美酒、华丽的衣服和有地位的人物。 6. Words are not themselves a reality but only representation of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. 单词本身并不是客观物体，只不过是代表客观体而已；像日尔曼人的盎格鲁法语一样，标准英语也是一种代表客观体的语言。 （King's English 不能直译为"国王英语"，它是指标准英语，相当于汉语中的"普通话"。） 7. At 19 he had commenced one of those careers attractive and inexplicable to ordinary mortals for whom a single bankruptcy is good as a feast. 他19 岁时就已经走上了一条在普通人看来是极富吸引力而又不可理解的道路，普通人认为，只是一次破产就叫人够呛了。 (good as a feast 如直译为"像丰盛的宴席一样好",意思正好反了.直接释明其意"叫人够呛",地道通顺.) 8. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们必须小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。 （Red Brick 又称Red Brick Universities，指英国除牛津、剑桥大学以外的其他地方性二流大学。因其建筑主要是红砖砌成，不象牛津、剑桥的建筑均为古色古香的石块所建成，故得此名。 9. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument. 我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词 10. An individual human existence should be like a river-small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.
2014年英语专八翻译来源 汉译英 当我在小学毕业的时候，亲友一致地愿意我去学手艺，好帮助母亲，我晓得我应当去找饭吃，以减轻母亲的勤劳困苦。可是，我也愿意升学。我偷偷地考入了师范学校--制服、饭食、书籍、宿处，都由学校供给。只有这样，我才敢对母亲提升学的话。入学，要交十元的保证金。这是一笔巨款!母亲作了半个月的难，把这笔巨款筹到，而后含泪把我送出门去。她不辞劳苦，只要儿子有出息。当我由师范毕业，而被派到小学任校长，母亲与我都一夜不曾合眼。我只说了句：“以后，您可以歇一歇了!”她的回答只是一串串的眼泪。 老舍着；老树画画绘,真正的生活者,中国画报出版社,,第6页 老舍着,茶馆想北平猫城记,巴蜀书社,,第74页 我的母亲（节选）——老舍After I graduated from primary school, relatives and friends all suggested that I should drop out and learn a trade to help my mother. Although I knew that I ought to seek a livelihood to relieve mother of hard work and distress, I still aspired to go on with study. So I kept learning secretly. I had no courage to tell mother about the idea until admitted to a normal school which provided free uniforms, books, room and board. To enter the school, I had to pay ten Yuan as a deposit. This was a large sum of money for my family. However, after two weeks’ tough effort, mother managed to raise the money and sent me off to school in tears afterwards. She would spare no pains for her son to win a bright future. On the day when I was appointed the schoolmaster after graduation, mother and I spent a sleepless night. I said to her, "you can have a rest in the future." but she replied nothing, only with tears streaming down her face. 2015年英语专八翻译来源 汉译英 2014上海茶花展今天开幕60种云南山茶首次来沪 产生日期：2014-01-29来源：新华网? “茶花闹春暖意迎新”2014上海茶花展今天在上海植物园拉开序幕，花展将持续到3月16日。此次花展通过丰富的茶花品种和景点，营造缤纷花卉闹新春的节日气氛。 茶花的自然花期在12月至翌年4月，以红色系为主，另有黄色系和白色系等，花色艳丽。品种展示、花卉造景……本届花展充分展示了茶花的品种资源和科研水平，是近三年来本市规模最大的一届茶花展。为了使广大植物爱好者有更多与茶花亲密接触的机会，本届茶花展的布展范围延伸至整个园区，为赏花游客带来便利。 此次茶花展历时2个月，展期内200多个茶花品种、1000余株茶花将陆续亮相。 根据茶花品种和花期的不同，花展分为两个阶段:第一阶段为“滇茶风情”，从春节至元宵节。重点推出两个以云南茶花品种为主的温室展区:一个以“茶马道，丽江情”为主题；一个集“云南茶花品种展示”“茶花花朵艺术展示”和“上海植物园茶花新品种展示”于一体。春节期间，共有60多个云南山茶品种首次在沪与游客见面。第二阶段主题为“名品争艳”，从二月中旬至三月中旬。元宵节后茶花将进入盛开期，届时多个室外景点的“特色茶花品种展示区”将集中布置各类花型的茶花，成为最值得期待的赏茶区域。 此外上海植物园内名字中带“马”的植物均被挂上了特制的“标签”隆重推出，是上海植物园马年新春花展的一大亮点。本次花展由上海市绿化和市容管理局主办，上海植物园和上海星源农业实验场共同承办。 参考译文：Camellia’s flowering period starts from December and ends in the next April，and
英译汉 Chapter One 词义的选择、引申和褒贬 一．词义的选择 （一）根据词性 He likes physics. They are shining like gold. Like knows like. (二) 根据上下文联系 He is the last man to do it. He should be the last to blame. He is the last man to come. He is the last person for such a job. 二．词义的引申 （一）将词义做抽象化的引申 1．将表示具体形象的词译成该形象代表的属性 Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活有甜有苦。 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them. 他们的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 2．将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的词 see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad 时好时坏这两种情况不断地交替出现 Their troops goosestepped into power. 他们的军队耀武扬威地夺取了政权。 （二）将词义做具体化的引申 The car in front of me stopped and I missed the green. 我前面的车停下来了，我错过了绿灯。 三．词义的褒贬 （一）英语中有些词本身具有褒贬意义 He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 His notoriety didn’t come until his death. 他的恶名是他死后才传开的。 （二）中立意义的词在上下文中译出褒贬 The politician talked about his hopes and ambitions. 我们要求他谈了他的希望和抱负 He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。 练习: Information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.
历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。
2013汉译英 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。Life is like a cup of wine；people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. 将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。Hold in the hand and gaze at it，the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood，which is the impress of life.抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste，the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life，which is complicated and blurred. 喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。Once the sip is swallowed，the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind，leaving a person lifelong benefit. 红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine：the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows，just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. 当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 When life comes to twilight years，it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity，just like a bottle of wine to be savored. 英译汉 联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。 2012汉译英 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. ―Just leave it here‖, she told herself, ―This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center‖. The chi ld was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. 英译汉But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的 数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 2011：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛
TEM-8翻译真题汇总(2008-2014) (一) 汉译英 2008年 都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。 我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的渐损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。(191字) 2009年 今天没有手机的人是奇怪的，这种人才需要解释。我 们的所有社会关系都储存在手机的电话本里，可以随时调出使用。古代只有巫师才能拥有这种法宝。 手机刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条通告：请与会者关闭手机。可是会议室里的手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征我们与这个世界的联系。手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。最为常见的是，一个人走着走着突然停下来，眼睛盯着手机屏幕发短信。他不在乎停在马路中央还是厕所旁边。(171字) 为什么对于手机来电和短信这么在乎?因为我们迫切渴望与社会保持联系。 请翻译2010年(选自<意林> “人性丛林中的忌讳”作者：刘清海) 朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的, 容不得半点强求、干涉和控制。朋友之间, 情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交; 反之, 则离、则绝。朋友之间再熟悉, 再亲密, 也不能随便过头，不恭不敬。不然，默契和平衡将被打破, 友好关系将不复存在。每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。待友不敬，或许只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉。(208字) 2011 年(选自茶书网原文名“茶文化与现代人的生活方式”作者:吴军红) 现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛盾，许多时候你却别无选择。匆忙与休闲是截然不同的两种生活方式。但在现实生活中，人们却在这两种生活方式间频繁穿梭，有时也说不清自己到底是“休闲着”还是“匆忙着”。譬如说，当我们正在旅游胜地享受假期，却忽然接到老板的电话，告诉我们客户或工作方面出了麻烦——现代便捷先进工具在此刻显示出了它狰狞、阴郁的面容——搞得人一下子兴趣全无，接下来的休闲只是徒有其表，因为心里已是火烧火燎了。(234字) 请翻译2012年(文学类选自台湾作家蔡素芬的新书《烛光盛宴》) 注意: 只翻译划线部分 泊珍看他第一眼，彷似一声雷劈头而来，令她晕头涨脑，这一岁的孩子脸型长相如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去! 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪，她在育生所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩，每人一张围着栅栏的床，整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑，就让这孩子留下来吧，这里有善心
专八翻译技巧
翻译是专八最让人头疼的问题，有些句子用中文都无法理解，特别是涉及到中国博大精深的文化，让我们一起来看看这样的翻译有哪些技巧可以掌握。 翻译长句时首先要仔细阅读长句，理解主从句的关系，并联系上下文，弄懂全句的意思，然后用通顺的英语表达出来。 (1) 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子基本相似，则可按原文顺序译。 President George Bush has rejected the treaty, calling it unfair in allowing developing countries – such as China, India and Brazil—to carry on emitting greenhouse gases unabated while rich countries must cut theirs. (布什总统已拒绝签署该条约，称该条约不公平，因为它允许诸如中国、印度和巴西等发展中国家继续不受限制地排放温室气体，而发达国家却必须减少它们的排放量。)
(2) 逆序法 “Neither believe nor reject anything, because any other person has rejected or believed it …” (“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信或拒绝它……”) Yesterday, Iraqis got a glimpse of what life without Saddam Hussein may hold, as protests and politicking marked the first day of meetings to decide the country’s fate. (昨天是伊拉克召开决定国家命运的会议的第一天，各种抗议和其它政治活动令人瞩目，让伊拉克人初次瞥见了没有萨达姆的生活会是什么样子。) (3) 分译法 我们可以在翻译中将英语长句中一连串后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，将短语或从句分拆译为短句。