2024-2025学年广东省深圳市深圳实验学校初中部七年级上学期期中英语试题1. —________ does it take you to go to school?—About ten minutes.A．How far B．How soon C．How much D．How long 2. —Do you know there ________ a badminton game next month?—I’m so ________ to hear that!A．will have;excitedB．will be; excited C．will be; exciting D．is; exciting 3. —There ________ just a book and two pens in the bag. ________ bag may it be?—It may be Tom’s.A．is; Who’s B．are; Whose C．are; Who’s D．is; Whose 4. There is ________ in today’s homework, so you should do it ________.A．nothing difficult; on your own B．difficult nothing; by yourselfC．nothing difficult; with your own D．difficult nothing; on your own5. —Our class teacher ________ to prepare for the class meeting on Mondays.—From the class meeting, we can learn many good personal ________.A．will need; qualities B．will need;qualityC．needs; qualities D．needs; quality6. — ________ your brother do well in Maths?—Yes, because he is always busy ________ Maths exercises.A．Is; with B．Does; with C．Does; in D．Is; in7. —You eat so many candies! Do you know that candies are harmful ________ our teeth? —Sure! So I brush my teeth ________ a day.A．to; three time B．for; three times C．for; three time D．to; three times 8. —________ is it from here to the station?—It’s about five ________ ride.A．How far; minute’s B．How long; minute’sC．How far; minutes’D．How long; minutes’9. —Hi, Paul, let’s _________ computer games.— That ________ interesting.A．play; sound B．play; sounds C．plays; sounds D．plays; sound 10. —I like the Sports Day in our school, because it’s ________ to watch the running races. —I enjoy ________ the long jump instead.A．interesting; to watch B．interesting;watchingC．interested; watch D．interested;watching11. —Linda is good at ________ care of animals.—Really? I need someone to help me ________ after my cat because I will go on a trip soon.A．taking; look B．taking; looking C．take; to look D．take; looking 12. —Lucy, it’s amazing ________ you to get 100 in such a difficult exam.—Actually, I should thank you. It’s so kind ________ you to help me with my study.A．for; of B．for; for C．of; for D．of; of13. —________ my mother’s help, I ________ the difficult problems last night.—I’m glad to hear that.A．Under; solved B．By; solve C．With; solved D．With; solve 14. —The snacks smells _________. You need to throw them away because ants can smell things _________.—OK, I will do it right now.A．bad; well B．bad; good C．badly; well D．badly; good 15. —Thanks to my English teacher, I learnt ________ new words last year.—________ clever you are!A．hundreds of; What B．eight hundreds;HowC．hundreds of;HowD．eight hundreds;What16. The shop near our school ________ at eight and it ________ for twelve hours.A．is open; opens B．opens; is openC．is opening; is open D．opens; is opened17. —The Art Festival is coming. We are looking forward to ________ on our play. —Practice makes perfect. Let’s ________ it together.A．put; get ready to B．putting; getready to C．put; get readyforD．putting; getready for18. The garden ________ flowers. It look ________. I look ________ at them.A．is filled with; beautifully; happily B．is full of; beautiful; happilyC．is full of; beautiful; happy D．is filled of; beautiful; happily 19. —In the last class, we ________ into 7 groups to play games.—It was so great! Everyone was willing to ________ the games.A．were divided; join B．divided; take partinC．were divided;join inD．divided; join in20. —Trees play an important part in our life. They provide ________.—________, they keep the air cool and clean.A．wood with us; What’s worse B．us with wood; What’s moreC．wood for us; However D．us for wood; BesidesWe all need good friends and want to get on well with them. But what do you do when you and your best friend have ________ ideas? At first, I didn’t know what to do when this happened to my best friend Karina and me.When we first met at a summer camp, we got along so ________ that we shared stories, laughed a lot, and quickly became inseparable (形影不离的) friends. But then something happened at a picnic. “Did you hear the news about the shopping center?” asked one of our friends Levar. “Some people plan to ________ many trees to make room for a shopping center.”“That’s terrible! It will be bad for our environment (环境). We have to ________ that,” I said.“I don’t think so,” said Karina. “The shopping center will give people new jobs.”“But animals will ________ their homes!” I said. “I want people to have ________ , but it doesn’t have to do such a terrible thing.”I wanted Karina to join me in ________ trees, but she didn’t want to. I was so angry that I didn’t________ her for days. Later, my mother knew it and said to me seriously (严肃地), “No two people are the same. You should ________ each other. Don’t let the ________ make you lose a good friend.” After listening to my mom’s words, I said sorry to Karina. Now we’re still good friends. 21.A．wonderful B．basic C．different D．successful22.A．well B．slowly C．hard D．bravely23.A．climb up B．sit by C．watch over D．cut down24.A．support B．stop C．trust D．leave25.A．lose B．build C．clean D．find26.A．homes B．jobs C．rooms D．friends27.A．planting B．watering C．saving D．climbing28.A．write to B．talk to C．think of D．care for29.A．respect B．support C．love D．encourage30.A．difference B．story C．confidence D．importanceThe Tree-planting ClubTrees are useful. They provide food and oxygen. They help save energy, clean the air, and improve climate. Join it, and you will get a “GREEN” medal. Time: Monday-Wednesday Tel:3457-6788The Riding ClubBike more and drive less. It helps to reduce pollution and it’s good for your health because it’s good exercise. At the same time, it helps to save money. Time: From Monday to FridayTel:3458-6789The Volunteering ClubThe Shopping ClubTry green shopping. Use fewer plastic bags and bring reusable shopping bags. Don’t buy more than you really need. Before going to the store, make a list of the things you have to buy. This way, you may make less waste. Time: Every day except Friday Tel:3458-698731. As a member of the Tree-planting Club, what will you get?A．Some deicious food. B．A “GREEN” medal.C．A lovely animal. D．Some plastic bags.32. If Jenny wants to protect the environment and keep fit, she may join ________.A．the Tree-planting Club B．the Riding ClubC．the Volunteering Club D．the Shopping Club33. Bill often helps clean the parks with other volunteers ________.A．on Monday B．on Wednesday C．on Thursday D．on Sunday34. Which of the following is TRUE?A．Call 3457-6878 to join the Tree-plantingClub.B．Go to the Riding Club on weekends.C．Join the Volunteering Club to protect animals. D．Pay some money before joining each club.35. The material may be ________.A．a poster B．a news report C．a postcard D．an e-mail Plastic is useful. It’s in a lot of things we use every day, from clothes to pens, and bottles to toys.But there’s a problem. Most plastic is not biodegradable (可生物降解的), and a lot of it ends up in the sea.How big is the problem?There are billions of bits of plastic in the world’s sea! Every ocean and every beach has plastic, from large objects to small pieces called microplastics. Tons of plastic go into the sea every year. Increasing like this, by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the sea!How does plastic harm sea animals?Fish, sea turtles, and birds think plastic is food, and they eat it. The plastic stays in their stomachs. Dead seabirds are found with stomachs full of plastic. Whales, dolphins, and seals are caught by plastic bags or fishing nets. It’s said that millions of ocean animals die each year because of plastic rubbish in the sea around the world.What can we do?Many people and organizations around the world are taking action. In some countries, plastic bags aren’t allowed to use. Scientists are developing new biodegradable plastic. Many communities are trying to use less plastic and recycle more. Kids are playing their part, such as working to make their schools “zero plastic”.Plastic pollution is becoming more and more serious, so it’s necessary for us to produce, buy and use fewer plastic products. Above all, one person can’t solve it alone, but together we will make a difference.36. What w ill happen to the world’s oceans by 2050 according to the passage?A．Tons of plastic will enter the ocean. B．There will be more plastic than fish.C．There will be billions of bits of plastic. D．Every ocean and beach will have plastic.37. Many fish, sea turtles, and birds die because ________ according to the passage.A．they eat plenty of plastic B．they don’t have food to eatC．they are caught by fishermen D．they are caught by plastic bags38. In Paragraph 5, the writer advises us to ________.A．make the problem more serious B．solve the problem on our ownC．buy more plastic products alone D．work together to solve the problem39. In which part of the newspaper can we read the text?A．Travel. B．Science. C．History. D．Sport.40. How is the text organized? (① = Paragraph 1, ② = Paragraph 2, ...)A．B．C．D．In May, 16-year-old Alktur Dibat became the youngest Chinese climber to reach the top of Qomolangma (珠穆朗姆峰).The boy is from Urumqi, Xinjiang. He arrived at the South Base Camp in Nepal on April 15. He spent 28 days getting used to (习惯) the new place and then started his climb with about 10 other good climbers.On May 19, Alktur finally reached the top of the world, breaking the record set last year by Xu Zhuoyuan, a girl from Hunan. Reaching the top of Qomolangma is my biggest dream. I feel very happy that I made my dream come true,” Alktur said. During his climb, he sometimes felt terrible, but it didn’t stop him from keeping going.Alktur is a student at Urumqi No.13 Middle School. He started to learn rock climbing at 7, skiing at 8, and ice climbing at 9. He climbed his first mountain with his father when he was 10. July last year, they climbed a high mountain called Muzta Ata in Xinjiang. In February this year, Alktur climbed Siguni Mountain in Sichuan.To climb Qomolangma, Alktur ran 10 kilometers every morning and took special training classes on weekends. He also took a training class organized by the Chinese Mountaineering Association.Alktur now wants to climb the other highest mountains. He loves the feeling of climbing and wants to keep trying.41. Why did Alktur spend 28 days at the South Base Camp?A．To taking training classes. B．To wait for other climbers.C．To get his body ready for the high place. D．To relax and enjoy the beautifulmountain.42. Which one shows the correct order of the events of Alktur?①Alktur learned skiing. ②Alktur climbed Siguni Mountain.③Alktur climbed to the top of the world. ④Alktur kept practicing running and training.A．①②③④B．③①②④C．①②④③D．③②①④43. What is the main idea of Paragrah 5?A．How Alktur became interested in climbing. B．Why Alktur wanted to climb Qomolangma.C．What Alktur did to make his dream come true. D．Who helped Alktur make his dream come true.44. What do you know about Alktur?A．He climbed Qomolangma with his father.B．He set a new record after a girl called Xu Zhuoyuan.C．He wouldn’t go on climbing after reaching the top of Qomolangma.D．He tried to climb the mountain with 10 climbers in his first climb.45. Which of the following words can best describe Alktur?A．honest and funny. B．helpful and patient.C．Outgoing and kind. D．hard-working and brave.You talk for a long, long time. Any silly topic can become interesting. Any joke you tell to each other makes you laugh loudly. These may be the most fun parts of hanging out (闲逛) with friends.46 If young people don’t learn how to keep friendships, they can easily become lonely and depressed (沮丧的), according to the University of Arizona in the US.Unlike being with one’s parents, hanging out with friends is good for developing social skills (社交技巧). 47 “If we have different ideas, we usually take a vote (投票) to decide where to go,” said Yang Kaiyue, a 14-year-old schoolgirl from Anhui.In China, most kids like to go shopping, go to the cinema and have lunch or dinner together. 48 And kids in the US often play video games together or play sports, like basketball, in the park. What should you remember when you are hanging out with friends? 49Choose a time when your friends are all free. It is even more fun to play with a group of friends than just one.When you are hanging out at a friend’s home, do not be afraid of making a mess (弄乱). 50 Share the money equally (相等地). Do not let one person pay all the money unless it is a special treat (请客).Choose the place before you go so that you will not waste (浪费) time deciding where to go. 根据短文内容，将下面方框内的选项还原到文中空白处，使短文内容完整、通顺，每个选项只能用一次，其中有一个选项是多余的。
Marco A.Wiering marco@cs.uu.nl Intelligent Systems Group,Institute of Information and Computing Sciences,Utrecht University1.IntroductionThe backgammon learning program TD-Gammon of Tesauro(1995)was probably the greatest demonstra-tion of the impressive ability of machine learning tech-niques to learn to play games.TD-Gammon used re-inforcement learning techniques,in particular tempo-ral difference learning(Sutton,1988)for learning a backgammon evaluation function from training games generated by letting the program play against itself. For learning a game evaluation function for mapping positions to moves(which is done by the agent),there are the following three possibilities for obtaining expe-riences or training examples;(1)Learning from games played by the agent against itself(learning by self-play),(2)Learning by playing against a(good)op-ponent,(3)Learning from observing other(strong) players play games against each other.The third pos-sibility might be done by letting a strong program play against itself and let a learner program learn the game evaluation function from observing these games or from database games played by human experts. One advantage of learning from games provided by another expert or a database is that games are im-mediately played at a high level instead of completely random when the agent would play its own games.An-other advantage is that for particular games such as draughts,chess,and Go,usually expensive lookahead searches are necessary to choose a good move.Since lookahead is expensive,learning from a database of played games could save a huge amount of computa-tion time.A disadvantage of learning from databases games or from observing an expert play is that the learning agent is never allowed to try the action which it would prefer.Basically,the exploration is gov-erned by human decisions and there is no exploitation. Therefore,the agent might remain biased to particu-lar moves which the experts would never select and are therefore never punished.We will examine in this paper whether learning from game demonstrations for the game of backgammon is really fruitful compared to other paradigms for generating training games.2.Experiments with Backgammon Tesauro’s TD-Gammon program learned after about 1,000,000games to play at human world class level,but already after300,000games TD-Gammon turned out to be a good match against the human grand-master Robertie.In our research,first an expert backgam-mon program was trained so that we have a program against which we can train other learning programs and which can be used for generating games that can be observed by a learning program.Finally,we will evaluate the learning programs by playing test-games against this expert.To make the expert player we used TD-learning combined with learning from self-play using a hierarchical neural network architecture consisting of9neural networks of40hidden units that evaluate different kinds of strategical positions.This program was trained by playing more than1million games against itself during which intermediate tests were held tofinally keep the best program. Experimental setup.Wefirst made a number of simulations in which200,000training games were used and after each5,000games we played5,000test games between the learner and the expert to evaluate the learning program.Because these simulations took a lot of time(several days for one simulation),they were only repeated two times for every setup.For the learn-ing program we made use of different architectures. First of all,we used the same large architecture con-sisting of9neural networks.Furthermore,we used a smaller architecture consisting of three networks;one for the endgame of20hidden units,one for the long endgame(racing game)of20hidden units,and one for the other board positions with40hidden units.We also used a larger network architecture with the same three networks,but with80hidden units for the other board positions,andfinally we used an architecture with20,20,40hidden units with a kind of radial basis activation function.These architectures were trained by playing training games against the expert.We also experimented with the small network architecture that learns by self-play or by observing games played by the expert against itself.Experimental results.Table 1shows that all archi-tectures and training paradigms,except for the archi-tecture using RBF neurons,obtained an equity higher than 0.5in at least one of the 80tests.Testing these found solutions 10times for 5000games against the ex-pert indicated that their playing strengths were equal.Small Network (SN)0.3270.4830.4780.508Network 80hidden 0.3090.4730.4850.505SN Self-play0.2980.4710.4770.502Table 1.Results for the different methods as averages of matches of 5,000games against the expert.The results are smoothed so that the equity for 5000games is the mean of the 6tests after 100,5000,and 10,000games.Results of smaller simulations.We performed a number of smaller simulations of 15,000training games where we tested after each 500games for 500test-games.We repeated these simulations 5times with the small neural network architecture and different paradigms for generating training games.The results displayed in Figure 1and Table 2show that observ-ing the expert play and learning from these generated games (expert plays against expert)progresses slower and reaches slightly worse results within 15,000games.00.10.20.30.40.50.603000600090001200015000E v a l u a t i o n s c o r eNumber of gamesSmall network learns from own evaluation Trainer plays against Expert Trainer plays against Trainer Expert plays against ExpertFigure 1.Results for the small architecture when using a particular paradigm for generating games.Self-play0.0060.200.360.410.46Observing expert0.0030.010.160.410.43λ1005001000500010,0000.20.0020.240.340.430.450.60.0070.260.360.450.461.00.120.230.310.390.40。
a learning curve意思-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述学习曲线是一种描述个体学习过程的模型，也是表现学习效率或成功率随着学习经验增加而变化的图形。
学习曲线并不是一成不变的，它受到许多因素的影响，包括个体的学习能力、学习方式、学习环境等。
通过研究学习曲线，我们可以更好地了解个体在学习过程中的表现和成长。
本文将探讨学习曲线的定义、类型以及在不同领域的应用，旨在深入探讨学习曲线在个人学习和发展中的重要性，以及对未来学习曲线研究的展望。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分可以简要介绍整篇文章的组织结构，包括引言部分介绍了文章的背景和目的，正文部分详细探讨了学习曲线的定义、类型和应用领域，结论部分对学习曲线的重要性、对个人发展的影响以及未来研究方向进行总结和展望。
通过这种组织结构，读者可以清晰地了解整篇文章的主要内容和逻辑框架，帮助他们更好地理解学习曲线的概念和意义。
1.3 目的本文旨在探讨学习曲线在个人学习和发展中的重要性和影响。
通过对学习曲线的定义、不同类型以及在各个领域的应用进行分析和总结，我们希望能揭示学习曲线对个体学习和成长的意义和价值。
同时，本文也将探讨学习曲线对个人学习策略和方法的影响，以及展望未来学习曲线研究的发展方向，为个人学习和发展提供指导和启示。
通过本文的阐述，我们期望读者能更深入地了解学习曲线的概念和意义，从而更好地应用于实际生活中，提升自身学习能力和发展潜力。
2.正文2.1 学习曲线的定义学习曲线是指一个人在学习新知识或技能时所经历的难度和进步的过程。
它描述了学习者在一段时间内掌握新知识或技能的速度和效率。
学习曲线通常呈现出一种曲线状的趋势，开始时进步较快，随着时间的推移，学习的速度逐渐减缓。
学习曲线的形状可以因学习的内容、学习者的个人特点和学习环境的不同而有所不同。
有些学习曲线呈现出陡峭的开始和平稳的后续阶段，有些则呈现出缓慢的开始和迅速的进步阶段。
不同学习曲线形状反映了学习者的学习能力、毅力和适应能力的差异。
