非谓语动词——分词
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第十六讲:非谓语动词——分词教学重点:掌握分词这一语法知识。
了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用。
命题趋势:分词的考点依次为作状语,作定语,做宾补及表语。
一些固定的基本知识应记牢。
知识点回顾:1.分词的基本概念:分词也是非谓语动词之一。
分词在形式上有两种形式:(1)现在分词,动词原形+ ing(同动名词形式)(2)过去分词,(规则动词)动词原形+ ed(不规则动词)构成没有什么规律4.分词的用法(1)分词做表语①跟在系动词之后分词做表语,一般跟在be, get, become, look, sound, feel, keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等系动词后面。
现在分词做表语:一般表主动或主语的性质和特征。
含有“令人….”的意思。
主语多数为物。
过去分词做表语:一般表示被动或主语所处的状态。
含有“感到….”的意思。
主语多数情况是人。
例如:The news sounds encouraging.His father seems pleased with his results.②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作,而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。
The blackboard was broken by LiMing.The blackboard is broken.③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质。
The situation in our country is encouraging.进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作。
The situation in our country is encouraging the people.另外,在分词作表语的结构中,可以用其它系动词来代替be,但在进行结构中,则不可以。
因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing。
The news is surprising. = The news sounds surprising.④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别分词作表语:主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态主语和表语的位置不可以互换。
考研长难句:非谓语动词之分词1.分词作定语(1)分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语。
其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例如:Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)预定的座位在哪里?This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)这是一个紧迫的问题。
(2)分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
例如:The funds raised(= which have been raised)are mainly used for helping the homeless.筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。
There are many students waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined.有许多学生在等待检查。
This book,written(= which is written)in simple English,is suitable for beginners.本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。
(3)分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。
例如:The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。
(4)有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。
这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。
非谓语动词非谓语动词(一)——分词【基本概念】1.对英语动词的基本认识英语中动词的语法作用同汉语区别很大。
动词除了在句子中充当谓语之外,还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。
按照动词是否充当谓语,我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。
每一类动词所包含的主要语法知识如下。
时态(按高考要求共九个时态)谓语动词语态(主动语态和被动语态)语气(陈述语气和虚拟语气)主谓一致动词动词不定式非谓语动词分词(现在分词和过去分词)动名词非谓语动词是指不充当谓语而做其他句子成分的动词,凡是用作非谓语的动词在形式上都要有所变化,以区别于谓语动词。
2.分词的语法作用分词分现在分词和过去分词两类,具有形容词和副词的语法功能,在句子中可以充当表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。
例1:The news that the Chinese team won the gold medal was very encouraging.(P.51, Senior Book 2B)句中的现在分词encouraging充当句子的表语。
例2:The people performing all play different instrument. (P.49, Senior Book2B) Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death. (P.52, Senior Book2A) 现在分词performing作后置定语,修饰the people; 过去分词polluted作定语修饰rivers and lakes。
例3:So he left France, preferring to give up the fortune that would one day cometo him, and went to live in English. (P.57, Senior Book2B) 现在分词短语 preferring to give up the fortune that would one day come to him 作状语,表示he left France and went to live in England 的原因。
非谓语动词(一):分词分词是"非谓语动词"的一重要组成部分,分为:现在分词(v-ing)和过去分词(v-ed)。
它兼具动词、形容词和副词的性质,在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补足语。
1.分词作定语和表语现在分词和过去分词作定语和表语的区别主要在于:现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作,过去分词表示被动或完成的动作;现在分词表示主语的特征,常用于事物,过去分词表示主语的状态,常用于人。
例如:China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。
America is a developed country.美国是一个发达国家。
The game sounds interesting.这游戏听起来有趣。
I'm interested in the game.我对这个游戏感兴趣。
另外,分词作定语还有"being + 过去分词"的形式。
这种表达形式的意义是"分词动作正在进行;但分词动作与其所修饰的词之间是动宾关系" 。
例如:The cloverleaf intersection being built is designed by a young man .那座正在兴建的立交桥是一位年轻人设计的。
【翻译】1. The designers decided to ___________________________________.(设计者决定改变所用的材料。
)2. We must keep a secret of the things _________________________ here.(我们须对正在讨论的问题保密。
)3. Charlie, ________________________________, decided to return to London.(在巴黎呆过多年,查理决定重返伦敦。
)2.分词作状语分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步和方式等情况,一般放在句首和句尾,由逗号分开。
分词非谓语动词讲解分词非谓语动词是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式,常见的分词有现在分词(-ing形式)和过去分词(-ed/-en形式)。
分词非谓语动词在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾补、状语等成分,具有形容词和副词的特点。
下面是对分词非谓语动词的详细讲解及相关参考内容。
一、现在分词的用法:1. 作定语:现在分词作定语时修饰名词,表示该名词所描述的事物或状态形如:- The running water sounds very pleasant.(现在分词作定语修饰名词water)- She saw a crying baby on the street.(现在分词作定语修饰名词baby)参考内容:-《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》2. 作状语:现在分词作状语时修饰整个句子或句子的某一部分。
分词短语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件等相关意义。
如:- Feeling tired, she decided to take a break.(现在分词短语表示原因)- Understanding the task, they started to work.(现在分词短语表示条件)参考内容:-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》-《英汉大词典》二、过去分词的用法:1. 作定语:过去分词在句中作定语时,修饰名词,表示该名词被动、完成或被描述的状态,如:- The broken vase needs to be repaired.(过去分词作定语修饰名词vase)- The information provided is accurate.(过去分词作定语修饰名词information)参考内容:-《朗文当代高级英语辞典》-《剑桥国际英语高级词典》2. 作表语:过去分词可以作表语,表示主语的状态或特征,如:- He is interested in the books written by the famous author.(过去分词作表语修饰主语)- The glass is broken.(过去分词作表语修饰主语)参考内容:-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》-《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》三、分词作宾补的用法:分词非谓语动词可以作及物动词的宾语补足语,表示被动、完成的意义,如:- She found the door locked.(分词作宾补修饰宾语door)- They heard the news announced on the radio.(分词作宾补修饰宾语news)参考内容:-《韦氏英语用法词典》-《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》综上所述,分词非谓语动词的用法主要包括现在分词作定语、状语,过去分词作定语、表语和宾补等。
第十六讲:非谓语动词—-分词教学重点:掌握分词这一语法知识。
了解这一语法知识在高考中的应用。
命题趋势:分词的考点依次为作状语,作定语,做宾补及表语。
一些固定的基本知识应记牢。
知识点回顾:1。
分词的基本概念:分词也是非谓语动词之一。
分词在形式上有两种形式:(1)现在分词,动词原形+ ing(同动名词形式)(2)过去分词,(规则动词)动词原形+ ed(不规则动词)构成没有什么规律4.分词的用法(1)分词做表语①跟在系动词之后分词做表语,一般跟在be,get,become, look,sound,feel, keep,remain,grow,seem, appear等系动词后面。
现在分词做表语:一般表主动或主语的性质和特征。
含有“令人…。
”的意思。
主语多数为物。
过去分词做表语:一般表示被动或主语所处的状态.含有“感到…。
"的意思.主语多数情况是人。
例如:The news sounds encouraging.His father seems pleased with his results.②做表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别被动语态表示主语受到的动作表示主语的动作,而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。
The blackboard was broken by LiMing.The blackboard is broken.③作表语的现在分词和进行时态的现在分词的区别作表语的现在分词表示主语的特征和性质。
The situation in our country is encouraging.进行时态中的分词表示主语正在进行的动作。
The situation in our country is encouraging the people.另外,在分词作表语的结构中,可以用其它系动词来代替be,但在进行结构中,则不可以。
因为进行时的句型必须是be + doing。
The news is surprising。
= The news sounds surprising。
④分词、动名词和不定式作表语的区别分词作表语:主要是表示主语的特点和所处的状态主语和表语的位置不可以互换。
动名词和不定式作表语:主要是表示主语的具体内容。
主语和表语的位置常常可以互换.The film is disappointing.这部电影令人失望.We are disappointed with the film.我们对这部电影感到失望。
My job is teaching English。
= Teaching English is my job。
Our aim is to enter the universities。
= To enter the universities is our aim。
(2)分词作定语一般来讲,和分词做表语一样,现在分词修饰事物,过去分词修饰人。
When they heard the exciting news,they got excited. Then the excited people shouted and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时,他们变得激动起来。
然后这些激动的人们大声叫喊,欢呼。
①何时用现在分词的被动语态形式?如果一个及物动词作定语,既要表达进行意味,又要表达被动意味时,用此形式。
The question being discussed is very important。
= The question that is being discussed is very important.Do you know the boy being punished by our teacher?= Do you know the boy who is being punished by our teacher?如果指的是将来的动作就要用不定式的被动形式(或定语从句)来表示.You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:30 pm。
Dec。
25。
②何时用过去分词作定语?过去分词包含完成和被动意味,一般表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。
This is a picture painted by my father。
= This is a picture that was painted by my father.(3)分词作宾语补足语I heard someone calling me.I had a decayed tooth pulled off.我让大夫把我一颗蛀牙拔了。
常用的动词有:感觉动词:hear,see, notice,watch, feel, find,leave使役动词:make,let, have,get,keep①现在分词和过去分词做宾补的区别现在分词:与句子的宾语是主动关系,它表示动作的进行。
过去分词:与句子的宾语是被动关系,它表示动作的完成和结果。
I heard someone calling me.(someone calling me = someone is calling me。
)I heard my name called.(my name called = my name was called.)We found the snake eating the eggs.We found the eggs eaten by the snake。
②过去分词在动词have, get两词后面作宾语时,常常表示这个动作不是由主语完成的,而是由别人完成的,还有一种情况就是表示这是主语的经历。
You’d better have (get)the dangerous building pulled down。
你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒了。
How ofter do you have (get)your hair cut?你每隔多久理一次发?LiMing had his bike stolen.李明的自行车被偷了。
(是主语的一种经历,遭遇)③重要的词组:make oneself donemake oneself understood = to make one's meaning clear to othersmake oneself heardI can’t make myself understood because of my broken English.I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall。
④现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾补的区别例如:Do you hear someone calling you?(现在分词)(= Someone is calling you,do you hear?)Yes,I did。
I heard him call me several times.(不定式)Oh, you mean you hear your name called several times.(过去分词)(= Your name was called several times,do you hear?)When he was decorating his house, he got the bedroom painted first。
(过去分词作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,他首先把卧室粉刷了.When he was decorating his house, he had some workers paint his bedroom first.(不定式作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,他首先让工人把卧室粉刷一新。
In order to finish it, he had the workers painting his bedroom all the day and night.为了完成它,他让工人们从早一直干到晚。
注意:<1〉由省去to的不定式构成的符合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原,但let这个词例外,被动语态时,to可还原,也可省略。
I watched the boy cross the street. →The boy was watched to cross the street。
The teacher let the students write the composition at class.→The students were let (to) write the composition at class.<2〉have…do这一句型不可以变为被动式,而make…do和let…do则可以。
The boss had Tom clean the room. →Tom was made to clean the room.(√)Tom was had to clean the room.(×)〈3>find的用法find + 宾语+ doing (宾补)(√)find + 宾语+ done (宾补)(√)find + 宾语+ 不定式(√)He found a wallet lying on the ground.He found the city changed a lot。
He found them change the city。
(×)<4>seat和sit的用法Please be seated. = Please sit down.What surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated (sitting)on the benches at the end of room.最使我惊奇的是看见村民们坐在房后的长登上。
(此句中的seated不能写成seating,但可以写成sitting)〈5>如果有一系列动作作宾语时,一般用不定式,而不用现在分词.I saw her enter the room, sit in a chair, open a book and begin to read。
我看见她走进房间,坐在一把椅子上打开一本书开始读起来了。
(4)分词作状语分词和分词短语可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。
但分词状语一般表示一个次要的动作。
分词作状语时,一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。