Endomorphic Elements in Banach Algebras

ISSN 1715-7862 [PRINT] ISSN 1715-7870 [ONLINE] Advances in Natural ScienceV ol. 5, No. 1, 2012, pp. 139-147DOI:10.3968/j.ans.1715787020120501.1155Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary CyclesRavikumar Kurup A.1,*; Parameswara Achutha Kurup 11The Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, TC 4/1525, Gouri Sadan, Kattu Road, North of Cliff House, Kowdiar PO, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.*Corresponding author.Received 21 December 2011; accepted 22 March 2012.AbstractAim: A hypothesis regarding cholesterol based abiogenesis and its role in the evolution of universe is elucidated. Endomyocardial fibrosis along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile as well as organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have been implicated in the etiology of these diseases. Actinidic archaea has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Actinide based primitive organism like archaea have a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism. This points to cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule and evolution of actinidic archaea and viroids from a primitive isoprenoid organism. The role of magnetotactic actinidic archaea in the origin of the biological universe is discussed.Methods: Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimations were carried out:- Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoAreductase, digoxin and bile acids.Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to the patient’s plasma produced the same changes but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls.Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Metal actinides in beach sands have been postulated to play a role in abiogenesis. A hypothesis of cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it and a self replicating cholesterol lipid organism as the initial life form is presented. A cholesterol based theory of abiogenesis and evolution of actinidic archaea and viroids from the primitive isoprenoid organism is discussed. The role of magnetotactic actinidic archaea in the evolution of universe is elucidated. The role of actinidic archaea in global warming and evolutionary cycles is also discussed.Key words: Actinide; Archaea; Galactic evolution; Global warming; Catastrophic cyclesRavikumar Kurup A., Parameswara Achutha Kurup (2012). Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary Cycles. Advances in Natural Science , 5(1), 139-147. Available from URL: /index.php/ans/article/view/j.ans.1715787020120501.1155 DOI: /10.3968/j.ans.1715787020120501.1155Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary CyclesINTRODUCTIONA hypothesis regarding cholesterol based abiogenesis and its role in the evolution of universe is elucidated. Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) along with the root wilt disease of coconut is endemic to Kerala with its radioactive actinide beach sands. Actinides like rutile producing intracellular magnesium deficiency due to rutile-magnesium exchange sites in the cell membrane has been implicated in the etiology of EMF[1,2]. Organisms like phytoplasmas and viroids have also been demonstrated to play a role in the etiology of these diseases[3,4]. Actinidic archaea has been related to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolic syndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronal degeneration. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere of archaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease states is described. Actinide based primitive organism like archaea have a mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism[5, 6, 7]. Davies has put forward the concept of a shadow biosphere of organisms with alternate biochemistry present in earth itself[8]. This points to cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule and evolution of actinidic archaea and viroids from a primitive isoprenoid organism.Metal actinides in beach sands have been postulated to play a role in abiogenesis[6]. Actinide mineral like rutile, monazite and illmenite by surface metabolism would have contributed to abiogenesis[9]. A hypothesis of cholesterol as the primal prebiotic molecule synthesised on actinide surfaces with all other biomolecules arising from it and a self replicating cholesterol lipid organism as the initial life form is presented. The role of actinidic archaea in the genesis of the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as the interstellar magnetic fields important in the evolution of the universe is hypothesized. The role of actinidic archaea in global warming and evolutionary cycles is discussed.MATERIALS AND METHODSInformed consent of the subjects and the approval of the ethics committee were obtained for the study. The following groups were included in the study:- endomyocardial fibrosis, alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, non-hodgkin’s lymphoma, metabolic syndrome x with cerebrovascular thrombosis and coronary artery disease, schizophrenia, autism, seizure disorder, creutzfeldt jakob disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. There were 10 patients in each group and each patient had an age and sex matched healthy control selected randomly from the general population. The blood samples were drawn in the fasting state before treatment was initiated. Plasma from fasting heparinised blood was used and the experimental protocol was as follows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) same as I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline each in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Cholesterol substrate was prepared as described by Richmond[10]. Aliquots were withdrawn at zero time immediately after mixing and after incubation at 37o C for 1 hour. The following estimations were carried out: - Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, muramic acid, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids[11,12,13,14]. Cytochrome F420 was estimated flourimetrically (excitation wavelength 420 nm and emission wavelength 520 nm). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon was estimated by measuring hydrogen peroxide liberated by using glucose reagent. The statistical analysis was done by ANOV A.RESULTSThe parameters checked as indicated above were:- cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA, muramic acid, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide, serotonin, pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, cytochrome C, hexokinase, ATP synthase, HMG CoA reductase, digoxin and bile acids. Plasma of control subjects showed increased levels of the above mentioned parameters with after incubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterol substrate resulted in still further significant increase in these parameters. The plasma of patients showed similar results but the extent of increase was more. The addition of antibiotics to the control plasma casued a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels. The addition of antibiotics to the patient’s plasma caused a decrease in all the parameters while addition of rutile increased their levels but the extent of change was more in patient’s sera as compared to controls. The results are expressed in tables 1-7 as percentage change in the parameters after 1 hour incubation as compared to the values at zero time.Ravikumar Kurup A.; Parameswara Achutha Kurup (2012).Advances in Natural Science, 5(1), 139-147Table 1Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Cytochrome F420 and Muramic AcidGroupCYT F420 %(Increase with Rutile)CYT F420 %(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)Muramic acid % change(Increase with Rutile)Muramic acid % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.480.1518.240.66 4.450.1418.250.72 Schizo23.24 2.0158.727.0823.01 1.6959.49 4.30 Seizure23.46 1.8759.278.8622.67 2.2957.69 5.29 AD23.12 2.0056.90 6.9423.26 1.5360.917.59 MS22.12 1.8161.339.8222.83 1.7859.847.62 NHL22.79 2.1355.907.2922.84 1.4266.07 3.78 DM22.59 1.8657.058.4523.40 1.5565.77 5.27 AIDS22.29 1.6659.027.5023.23 1.9765.89 5.05 CJD22.06 1.6157.81 6.0423.46 1.9161.56 4.61 Autism21.68 1.9057.939.6422.61 1.4264.48 6.90 EMF22.70 1.8760.468.0623.73 1.3865.20 6.20F value 306.749 P value < 0.001F value 130.054P value < 0.001F value 391.318P value < 0.001F value 257.996P value < 0.001Table 2Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Free RNA and DNAGroupDNA % change(Increase with Rutile)DNA % change(Decrease withDoxy+Cipro)RNA % change(Increase with Rutile)RNA % change(Decrease withDoxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.370.1518.390.38 4.370.1318.380.48 Schizo23.28 1.7061.41 3.3623.59 1.8365.69 3.94 Seizure23.40 1.5163.68 4.6623.08 1.8765.09 3.48 AD23.52 1.6564.15 4.6023.29 1.9265.39 3.95 MS22.62 1.3863.82 5.5323.29 1.9867.46 3.96 NHL22.42 1.9961.14 3.4723.78 1.2066.90 4.10 DM23.01 1.6765.35 3.5623.33 1.8666.46 3.65 AIDS22.56 2.4662.70 4.5323.32 1.7465.67 4.16 CJD23.30 1.4265.07 4.9523.11 1.5266.68 3.97 Autism22.12 2.4463.69 5.1423.33 1.3566.83 3.27 EMF22.29 2.0558.707.3422.29 2.0567.03 5.97F value 337.577 P value < 0.001F value 356.621P value < 0.001F value 427.828P value < 0.001F value 654.453P value < 0.001Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary CyclesTable 3Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on HMG CoA Reductase and ATP SynthaseGroup HMG CoA R % change(Increase with Rutile)HMG CoA R % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)ATP synthase %(Increase with Rutile)ATP synthase %(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.300.2018.350.35 4.400.1118.780.11 Schizo22.91 1.9261.63 6.7923.67 1.4267.39 3.13 Seizure23.09 1.6961.628.6923.09 1.9066.15 4.09 AD23.43 1.6861.688.3223.58 2.0866.21 3.69 MS23.14 1.8559.76 4.8223.52 1.7667.05 3.00 NHL22.28 1.7661.88 6.2124.01 1.1766.66 3.84 DM23.06 1.6562.25 6.2423.72 1.7366.25 3.69 AIDS22.86 2.5866.53 5.5923.15 1.6266.48 4.17 CJD22.38 2.3860.65 5.2723.00 1.6466.67 4.21 Autism22.72 1.8964.51 5.7322.60 1.6466.86 4.21 EMF22.92 1.4861.917.5623.37 1.3163.97 3.62F value 319.332 P value < 0.001F value 199.553P value < 0.001F value 449.503P value < 0.001F value 673.081P value < 0.001Table 4Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Digoxin and Bile AcidsGroupDigoxin (ng/ml)(Increase with Rutile)Digoxin (ng/ml)(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)Bile Acids % change(Increase with Rutile)Bile Acids % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal0.110.000.0540.003 4.290.1818.150.58 Schizo0.550.060.2190.04323.20 1.8757.04 4.27 Seizure0.510.050.1990.02722.61 2.2266.62 4.99 AD0.550.030.1920.04022.12 2.1962.86 6.28 MS0.520.030.2140.03221.95 2.1165.46 5.79 NHL0.540.040.2100.04222.98 2.1964.96 5.64 DM0.470.040.2020.02522.87 2.5864.51 5.93 AIDS0.560.050.2200.05222.29 1.4764.35 5.58 CJD0.530.060.2120.04523.30 1.8862.497.26 Autism0.530.080.2050.04122.21 2.0463.84 6.16 EMF0.510.050.2130.03323.41 1.4158.707.34F value 135.116 P value < 0.001F value 71.706P value < 0.001F value 290.441P value < 0.001F value 203.651P value < 0.001Ravikumar Kurup A.; Parameswara Achutha Kurup (2012).Advances in Natural Science, 5(1), 139-147Table 5Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Pyruvate and HexokinaseGroupPyruvate % change(Increase with Rutile)Pyruvate % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)Hexokinase % change(Increase with Rutile)Hexokinase % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.340.2118.430.82 4.210.1618.560.76 Schizo20.99 1.4661.239.7323.01 2.6165.87 5.27 Seizure20.94 1.5462.768.5223.33 1.7962.50 5.56 AD22.630.8856.408.5922.96 2.1265.11 5.91 MS21.59 1.2360.289.2222.81 1.9163.47 5.81 NHL21.19 1.6158.577.4722.53 2.4164.29 5.44 DM20.67 1.3858.758.1223.23 1.8865.11 5.14 AIDS21.21 2.3658.738.1021.11 2.2564.20 5.38 CJD21.07 1.7963.907.1322.47 2.1765.97 4.62 Autism21.91 1.7158.45 6.6622.88 1.8765.45 5.08 EMF22.29 2.0562.37 5.0521.66 1.9467.03 5.97F value 321.255 P value < 0.001F value 115.242P value < 0.001F value 292.065P value < 0.001F value 317.966P value < 0.001Table 6Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on Hydrogen Peroxide and Delta Amino Levulinic AcidGroupH2O2 %(Increase with Rutile)H2O2 %(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)ALA %(Increase with Rutile)ALA %(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.430.1918.130.63 4.400.1018.480.39 Schizo22.50 1.6660.217.4222.52 1.9066.39 4.20 Seizure23.81 1.1961.087.3822.83 1.9067.23 3.45 AD22.65 2.4860.19 6.9823.67 1.6866.50 3.58 MS21.14 1.2060.53 4.7022.38 1.7967.10 3.82 NHL23.35 1.7659.17 3.3323.34 1.7566.80 3.43 DM23.27 1.5358.91 6.0922.87 1.8466.31 3.68 AIDS23.32 1.7163.157.6223.45 1.7966.32 3.63 CJD22.86 1.9163.66 6.8823.17 1.8868.53 2.65 Autism23.52 1.4963.247.3623.20 1.5766.65 4.26 EMF23.29 1.6760.52 5.3822.29 2.0561.917.56F value 380.721 P value < 0.001F value 171.228P value < 0.001F value 372.716P value < 0.001F value 556.411P value < 0.001Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary CyclesTable 7Effect of Rutile and Antibiotics on PAH and SerotoninGroupPAH %(Increase with Rutile)PAH %(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro)5 HT % change(Increase with Rutile)5 HT % change(Decrease with Doxy+Cipro) Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SD Mean+ SDNormal 4.410.1518.630.12 4.340.1518.240.37 Schizo21.88 1.1966.28 3.6023.02 1.6567.61 2.77 Seizure22.29 1.3365.38 3.6222.13 2.1466.26 3.93 AD23.66 1.6765.97 3.3623.09 1.8165.86 4.27 MS22.92 2.1467.54 3.6521.93 2.2963.70 5.63 NHL23.81 1.9066.95 3.6723.12 1.7165.12 5.58 DM24.10 1.6165.78 4.4322.73 2.4665.87 4.35 AIDS23.43 1.5766.30 3.5722.98 1.5065.13 4.87 CJD23.70 1.7568.06 3.5223.81 1.4964.89 6.01 Autism22.76 2.2067.63 3.5222.79 2.2064.26 6.02 EMF22.28 1.5264.05 2.7922.82 1.5664.61 4.95F value 403.394 P value < 0.001F value 680.284P value < 0.001F value 348.867P value < 0.001F value 364.999P value < 0.001DISCUSSIONThere was increase in cytochrome F420 indicating archaeal growth. The archaea can synthesise and use cholesterol as a carbon and energy source[15, 16]. The archeal origin of the enzyme activities was indicated by antibiotic induced suppression. The study indicates the presence of actinide based archaea with an alternate actinide based enzymes or metalloenzymes in the system as indicated by rutile induced increase in enzyme activities[17]. There was also an increase in archaeal HMG CoA reductase activity indicating increased cholesterol synthesis by the archaeal mevalonate pathway. The archaeal beta hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase activity indicating digoxin synthesis and archaeal cholesterol hydroxylase activity indicating bile acid synthesis were increased[7]. The archaeal cholesterol oxidase activity was increased resulting in generation of pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide[16]. The pyruvate gets converted to glutamate and ammonia by the GABA shunt pathway. The archaeal aromatization of cholesterol generating PAH, serotonin and dopamine was also detected[18]. The archaeal glycolytic hexokinase activity and archaeal extracellular ATP synthase activity were increased. The archaea can undergo magnetite and calcium carbonate mineralization and can exist as calcified nanoforms[19].There was an increase in free RNA indicating self replicating RNA viroids and free DNA indicating generation of viroid complementary DNA strands by archaeal reverse transcriptase activity. The actinides modulate RNA folding and catalyse its ribozymal action. Digoxin can cut and paste the viroidal strands by modulating RNA splicing generating RNA viroidal diversity. The viroids are evolutionarily escaped archaeal group I introns which have retrotransposition and self splicing qualities[20]. Archaeal pyruvate can produce histone deacetylase inhibition resulting in endogenous retroviral (HERV) reverse transcriptase and integrase expression. This can integrate the RNA viroidal complementary DNA into the noncoding region of eukaryotic non coding DNA using HERV integrase as has been described for borna and ebola viruses[21]. The noncoding DNA is lengthened by integrating RNA viroidal complementary DNA with the integration going on as a continuing event. The archaea genome can also get integrated into human genome using integrase as has been described for trypanosomes[22]. The integrated viroids and archaea can undergo vertical transmission and can exist as genomic parasites[21,22]. This increases the length and alters the grammar of the noncoding region producing memes or memory of acquired characters[23]. The viroidal complementary DNA can function as jumping genes producing a dynamic genome.The presence of muramic acid, HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol oxidase activity inhibited by antibiotics indicates the presence of bacteria with mevalonate pathway. The bacterial with mevalonate pathway include streptococcus, staphylococcus, actinomycetes, listeria, coxiella and borrelia[24]. The bacteria and archaea with mevalonate pathway and cholesterol catabolism had aRavikumar Kurup A.; Parameswara Achutha Kurup (2012).Advances in Natural Science, 5(1), 139-147evolutionarily advantage and constitutes the isoprenoidal clade organism with the archaea evolving into mevalonate pathway gram positive and gram negative organism through horizontal gene transfer of viroidal and virus genes[25]. The isoprenoidal clade prokaryotes develop into other groups of prokaryotes via viroidal/virus as well as eukaryotic horizontal gene transfer producing bacterial speciation[26]. The RNA viroids and its complementary DNA developed into cholesterol enveloped RNA and DNA viruses like herpes, retrovirus, influenza virus, borna virus, cytomegalo virus and Ebstein Barr virus by recombining with eukaryotic and human genes resulting in viral speciation. Bacterial and viral species are ill defined and fuzzy with all of them forming one common genetic pool with frequent horizontal gene transfer and recombination. Thus the multi and unicellular eukaryote with its genes serves the purpose of prokaryotic and viral speciation. The multicellular eukaryote developed so that their endosymbiotic archaeal colonies could survive and forage better. The multicellular eukaryotes are like bacterial biofilms. The archaea and bacteria with a mevalonate pathway uses the extracellular RNA viroids and DNA viroids for quorum sensing and in the generation of symbiotic biofilm like structures which develop into multicellular eukaryotes[27, 28]. The endosymbiotic archaea and bacteria with mevalonate pathway still uses the RNA viroids and DNA viroids for the regulation of muticellular eukaryote.Pollution is induced by the primitive nanoarchaea and mevalonate pathway bacteria synthesised PAH and methane leading on to redox stress. Redox stress leads to sodium potassium ATPase inhibition, inward movement of plasma membrane cholesterol, defective SREBP sensing, increased cholesterol synthesis and nanoarchaeal/ mevalonate pathway bacterial growth[29]. Redox stress leads on to viroidal and archaeal multiplication. Redox stress can also lead to HERV reverse transcriptase and integrase expression. The noncoding DNA is formed of integrating RNA viroidal complementary DNA and archaea with the integration going on as a continuing event. The archaeal pox like dsDNA virus forms evolutionarily the nucleus. The integrated viroidal, archaeal and mevalonate pathway bacterial sequences can undergo vertical transmission and can exist as genomic parasites. The genomic integrated archaea, mevalonate pathway bacteria and viroids form a genomic reserve of bacteria and viruses which can recombine with human and eukaryotic genes producing bacterial and viral speciation. The change in the length and grammar of the noncoding region produces eukaryotic speciation and individuality[30]. The integration of nanoarchaea, mevalonate pathway prokaryotes and viroids in to the eukaryotic and human genome produces a chimera which can multiply producing biofilm like multicellular structures having a mixed archaeal, viroidal, prokaryotic and eukaryotic characters which is a regression from the multicellular eukaryotic tissue. This results in a new neuronal, metabolic, immune and tissue phenotype leading to human disease[31-34].The metal actinides provide radiolytic energy, catalysis for oligomer formation and provide a coordinating ion for metalloenzymes all important in abiogenesis[6]. The metal actinide surfaces would by surface metabolism generate acetate which could get converted to acetyl CoA and then to cholesterol which functions as the primal prebiotic molecule self organizing into self replicating supramolecular systems, the lipid organism[8,9,35]. Cholesterol by radiolysis by actinides would have formed PAH generating PAH aromatic organism[8]. Cholesterol radiolysis would generate pyruvate which would get converted to amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, porphyrins, fatty acids and TCA acids. Anastase and rutile surfaces can produce polymerization of amino acids, isoprenyl residues, PAH and nucleotides to generate the initial lipid organism, PAH organism, prions and RNA viroids which would have symbiosed to generate the archaeal protocell. The archaea evolved into gram negative and gram positive bacteria with a mevalonate pathway which had an evolutionary advantage and the symbiosis of archaea with gram negative organism generated the eukaryotic cell[36]. The data supports the persistence of an actinide and cholesterol based shadow biosphere which throws light on the actinide based origin of life and cholesterol as the premier prebiotic molecule.T h e a r c h a e a c a n s y n t h e s i s e m a g n e t i t e b y biomineralization. The archaeal cholesterol catabolism can generate PAH. The archaea can exist as nanoarchaea and can have calcified nano forms. The actinidic magnetotactic nanoarchaea and its secreted PAH organisms are extremophiles and survive in the interstellar space and can contribute to the interstellar grains and magnetic fields which play a role in the formation of the galaxies and star systems[37]. The cosmic dust grains occupy the intergalactic space and are thought to be formed of magnetotactic bacteria identified according to their spectral signatures. According to the Hoyle’s hypothesis, the cosmic dust magnetotactic bacteria plays a role in the formation of the intergalactic magnetic field.A magnetic field equal in strength to about one millionth part of the magnetic field of earth exists throughout much of our galaxy. The magnetic files can be used to trace the spiral arms of the galaxy following a pattern of field lines that connect young stars and dust in which new stars are formed at a rapid rate. Studies have shown that a fraction of the dust particles have elongated shape similar to bacilli and they are systematically lined up in our galaxy. Moreover the direction of alignment is such that the long axes of the dust tend to be at right angles to the direction of the galactic magnetic field at every point. Magnetotactic bacteria have the property to affect the degree of alignment that is observed. The fact thatEndosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea, Galactic Evolution, Global Warming and Catastrophic Evolutionary Cyclesthe magnetotactic bacteria appear to be connected to the magnetic field lines that thread through the spiral arms of the galaxy connecting one region of star formation to another support a role for them in star formation and in the mass distribution and rotation of stars. The nutrient supply for a population of interstellar bacteria comes from mass flows out of supernovas populating the galaxy. Giants arising in the evolution of such stars experience a phenomenon in which material containing nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, helium, water and trace elements essential for life flows continuously outward into space. The interstellar bacteria need liquid water. Water exists only as vapour or solid in the interstellar space and only through star formation leading to associated planets and cometary bodies can there be access to liquid water. To control conditions leading to star formation is of paramount importance in cosmic biology. The rate of star formation is controlled by two factors: Too high a rate of star formation produces a destructive effect of UV radiation and destroys cosmic biology. Star formation as stated before produces water crucial for bacterial growth. Cosmic biology of magnetotactic bacteria and star formation are thus closely interlinked. Systems like solar systems do not arise in random condensation of blobs of interstellar gas. Only by a rigorous control of rotation of various parts of the system would galaxies and solar system evolved. The key to maintaining control over rotation seems to lie in the intergalactic magnetic field as indeed the whole phenomena of star formation. The intergalactic magnetic fields owes its origin to the lining up of magnetotactic bacteria and the cosmic biology of interstellar bacteria can prosper only by maintaining a firm grip on the interstellar magnetic field and hence on the rate of star formation and type of star system produced. This points to a cosmic intelligence or brain capable of computation, analysis and exploration of the universe at large- of magnetotactic bacterial networks. The interstellar PAH aromatic organism is formed from nanoarchaeal cholesterol catabolism. The PAH and cholesterol are the interconvertable primal prebiotic molecules. PAH aromatic organism and nanoarchaeal magnetite can have a wave particle existence and bridge the world of bosons and fermions. The nanoarchaea can form biofilms and the PAH aromatic organism can form a molecular quantum computing cloud in the biofilm which forms a interstellar intelligence regulating the formation of star systems and galaxies.The magnetite loaded nanoarchaeal biofilms and PAH aromatic organism quantal computing cloud can bridge the wave particle world functioning as the anthropic observer sensing gravity which orchestrates the reduction of the quantal world of possibilities in to the macroscopic world.The origin of life on earth according to the Hoyle’s hypothesis would be by seeding of bacteria from the outer intergalactic space. Comets carrying microorganisms would have interacted with the earth. A thin skin of graphitized material around a single bacteria or clumps of bacteria can shield the interior from destruction by UV light. The sudden surge and diversification of species of plants and animals and their equally sudden extinction has seen from fossil records point to sporadic evolution produced by induction of fresh cometary genes with the arrival of each major new crop of comets[38, 39].The actinide based nanoarchaea can regulate the earth’s carbon cycle by methanogenesis, nitrogen cycle by ammonia oxidation and rain formation by contributing the seeding nucleus. The earth’s temperature and global warming and cooling are regulated by nanoarchaeal synthesised PAH from cholesterol and methanogenesis. The archael synthesis of PAH and methane may be the principal contribution to global warming. Global warming and pollution are pivotal inducers of evolutionary innovation.Catastrophic evolutionary cycles may be related to extensive nanoarchaeal growth in the ocean beds. The increased nanoarchaeal growth in ocean beds and soil leads to increased methane production and movement of the earth’s crust producing tsunamis and massive earthquake leading to catastrophic mass extinction[40]. The eternal nanoarchaea survive and start the cycle of evolution once more. The actinide based nanoarchaea regulates the human system and biological universe.REFERENCESValiathan, M.S., Somers, K., Kartha, C.C. (1993).[1] Endomyo-cardial Fibrosis. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Kurup, R. & Kurup, P.A. (2009).[2] Hypothalamic Digoxin,Cerebral Dominance and Brain Function in Health and Diseases. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Hanold, D. & Randies, J.W. (1991). Coconut Cadang-Cadang [3]Disease and Its Viroid Agent. Plant Disease, 75, 330-335.Edwin, B.T. & Mohankumar[4] an, C. (2007). Kerala Wilt Dis-ease Phytoplasma: Phylogenetic Analysis and Identification of a Vector. Proutista Moesta,Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 71(1-3), 41-47.Eckburg P.B., Lepp, P.W., Relman, D.A. (2003). Archaea and [5]Their Potential Role in Human Disease. Infect Immun,71, 591-596.Adam, Z. (2007). Actinides and Life’s Origins.[6] Astrobiology,7, 6-10.Schoner, W. (2002). Endogenous Cardiac Glycosides, a New [7]Class of Steroid Hormones. Eur J Biochem, 269, 2440-2448.Davies, P.C.W., Benner, S.A., Cleland, C.E., Lineweaver,[8]C.H., McKay, C.P., Wolfe-Simon, F. (2009). Signatures of aShadow Biosphere, Astrobiology, 10, 241-249.Wächtershäuser,[9] G. (1988). Before Enzymes and Templates:Theory of Surface Metabolism. Microbiol Rev, 52(4), 452-84.Richmond, W. (1973). Preparation and Properties of[10]a Cholesterol Oxidase from Nocardia Species and ItsApplication to the Enzymatic Assay of Total Cholesterol in。

小学下册英语第二单元测验卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1._____ (草原) are home to many wildflowers.2.Which type of tree produces acorns?A. PineB. MapleC. OakD. Birch答案:C3.What do we call the force that opposes motion?A. GravityB. FrictionC. TensionD. Compression4.The Earth's crust is continuously undergoing ______.5.The _____ (pen/pencil) is on the desk.6.My friend is __________ (值得信赖的).7.What do you call a person who designs buildings?A. ArchitectB. EngineerC. ContractorD. Surveyor答案:A8.What do you call the part of the plant that grows above the ground?A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. Flower答案:B9.What do we call the device used to take pictures?A. CameraB. ProjectorC. MonitorD. Scanner答案:A10.My cat enjoys catching ______ (小虫) in the garden.11.The ancient pyramids were built as ________ (墓葬) for pharaohs.12.She wears _____ (glasses/hats).13.The _______ is important for pollination and growth.14.What do we call the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole?A. EquatorB. LongitudeC. LatitudeD. Meridian答案:D Meridian15.What is the name of the fairy tale character who kissed a frog?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. The Princess and the FrogD. Rapunzel16.What is the term for a baby rabbit?A. KittenB. PuppyC. BunnyD. Fawn答案:C17.The first successful bone marrow transplant was performed in ________.18.I like to collect __________ after a storm. (雨水)19.I love to _______ (煮饭) on weekends.20.What is the primary ingredient in chocolate cake?A. FlourB. SugarC. CocoaD. Eggs答案:C21.What do you call a person who writes books?A. NovelistB. EditorC. PublisherD. Librarian22.My _____ (表弟) is visiting next week.23.The cat is ___ (chasing/sleeping) a mouse.24.What do you call a person who studies insects?A. BiologistB. EntomologistC. ZoologistD. Botanist答案:B25.The __________ (历史的反击) challenge established norms.26.Animals that are active at night are called __________.27.My cousin has a pet _______ (我表弟有一只宠物_______).28.I enjoy ______ (hiking) on trails.29.What is the capital of Qatar?A. DohaB. Al RayyanC. Al WakrahD. Lusail答案:A30.The _____ (小狗) loves to chase its tail. It is very entertaining! 小狗喜欢追自己的尾巴。

小学下册英语第1单元真题(含答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：The ______ (树叶) change color in fall.2. 选择题：Which animal is known for its ability to climb trees?A. FishB. MonkeyC. SnakeD. Frog答案:B3. 填空题：I like to build models with my ____ kit. (玩具名称)4. 填空题：I enjoy going camping with my family. We set up a ______ (帐篷) and roast marshmallows over the fire.5. 选择题：Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. VenusD. Jupiter答案:B. Mars6. 填空题：My favorite book is about a __________ (英雄) who saves the day.7. 选择题：What is the name of the famous rock formation in Australia?A. Ayers RockB. UluruC. Great Barrier ReefD. Kakadu答案:B. Uluru8. 选择题：What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. London BridgeD. Tower Bridge答案:B9. 选择题：What is the name of the ship that sank in 1912?A. TitanicB. LusitaniaC. BritannicD. Mayflower10. 听力题：Flowers bloom in _______.11. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies the past?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist12. 选择题：What is the capital of Guinea?a. Conakryb. Kankanc. Nzérékoréd. Kindia答案:a13. 填空题：The capital of Equatorial Guinea is ________ (赤道几内亚的首都是________).14. 填空题：My friend has a toy that can _________ (变形) into different shapes.15. 听力题：My brother plays the ____ (trumpet) in the band.16. 听力题：I want to be a ___. (teacher)17. 听力题：I see a _____ (bird/fish) in the tree.18. 填空题：A _____ (种子库) preserves different types of seeds.19. 听力题：A ____ is a friendly pet that loves being around people.20. 填空题：A gecko can climb up ________________ (墙壁).21. 选择题：What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. BB. AC. CD. D答案:B22. Colosseum was used for ________ (竞技). 填空题：The Roma23. 选择题：Who is the main character in a story?A. HeroB. VillainC. Supporting characterD. Protagonist答案:D24. 听力题：A ____ is known for its loud, distinctive call at night.25. 填空题：Countries near the __________ have a tropical climate. (赤道)26. (19) States has 50 states. 填空题：The ____27. 填空题：The bear catches fish with its _________. (嘴)28. 小果子) grows on trees. 填空题：The ___29. 听力题：A ______ is an animal that can live in trees.30. 听力题：The Earth's layers include the crust, mantle, outer core, and __________.31. 选择题：What do you call a person who serves food in a restaurant?A. ChefB. WaiterC. CustomerD. Manager答案: B32. 听力题：The chemical formula for tartaric acid is ______.33. 选择题：What do we call a scientist who studies the weather?a. Geologistb. Meteorologistc. Biologistd. Astronomer答案:b34. 听力题：The chemical symbol for zirconium is _______.35. 填空题：The _____ (温度) can affect how fast a plant grows.36. 填空题：The __________ in summer is often very hot and dry. (天气)37. 选择题：What is the primary diet of pandas?A. MeatB. FishC. BambooD. Fruits答案:CWhat is the main function of the lungs?A. Pump bloodB. Digest foodC. Take in oxygenD. Produce hormones答案: C39. 填空题：We will _______ a big celebration.40. 填空题：We can _______ (踢足球) in the park.41. 听力题：Sodium chloride is the chemical name for ______.42. 填空题：A ____(green building) incorporates sustainable materials.43. 填空题：I think it’s important to treat everyone with _______ (尊重). It creates a better _______ (环境).44. 填空题：The __________ (历史的传递) conveys wisdom.45. 填空题：A ________ (水道) is used for navigation.46. 填空题：古代的________ (historians) 通过研究遗留物来了解过去。

小学上册英语第2单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The clock shows ___ o’clock. (five)2.Which of these is not a primary color?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. YellowC3.Which animal is known as the king of the jungle?A. TigerB. LionC. BearD. Elephant4.The _____ (花粉) is transferred during pollination.5.Which of these is a cold drink?A. SoupB. CoffeeC. Ice teaD. PastaC6.What do we call a person who studies the impact of technology on society?A. SociologistB. TechnologistC. AnthropologistD. HistorianA7.She is ______ (乐于助人).8.The clock is ________ on the wall.9. A force can change the _______ of an object.10.The _____ (生态调查) assesses plant health in an area.11.What is the main source of light during the day?A. StarsB. SunC. MoonD. Lamp12.My neighbor is very __________. (友好)13.An element's atomic number is determined by the number of ________ in its nucleus.14.We visited a __________ (博物馆) in the capital.15. A _______ is a reaction that occurs under pressure.16.The process of creating a solid from a solution is called _______.17.The turtle is known for its _______ (耐心).18.I believe that everyone should have the chance to pursue their __________.19._____ (今天) is Monday.20.The _____ (小猴子) swings from tree to tree.21.The ancient Romans used _______ for their buildings.22.The ________ (乡镇) has a friendly community.23.The Atlantic Ocean is located to the _______ of the United States.24.An element that conducts electricity well is called a _____ (conductor).25.The ant's strength lies in its ability to work as a ________________ (团队).26.The flower is ___ (blooming) nicely.27.The ______ helps us learn about music.28.The chemical formula for calcium nitrate is __________.29.What is the term for the longest day of the year?A. Winter SolsticeB. Summer SolsticeC. EquinoxD. AphelionB30.What do you call the act of giving or receiving money for work done?A. DonationB. PaymentC. TradeD. ExchangeB31.What do you call a baby kangaroo?A. JoeyB. CalfC. KitD. PupA32.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her shoe?A. RapunzelB. CinderellaC. BelleD. Ariel33.I like to collect ________ (硬币).34.The __________ (历史的情感表达) enhance connections.35.What is the term for the study of the universe?A. BiologyB. AstronomyC. GeologyD. Chemistry36.In a chemical reaction, the substances produced are called ________.37.The ________ is a colorful bird that sings.38.Rabbits love to eat ______ (胡萝卜).39.An animal that changes colors is a ______.40.We will _____ (travel/stay) at home.41.My ________ (玩具名称) helps me learn numbers.42.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Mexico?A. Chichen ItzaB. TulumC. TeotihuacanD. All of the above43.My sister enjoys __________ (打篮球) with friends.44.The classroom is very ________.45. A lion is a type of ______.46.My dad is a great ____ (storyteller).47.The process of breaking down a compound into simpler substances is called ______.48.Which word means the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. ColdC. SpicyD. Boiling49.The invention of the radio revolutionized _____ communication.50.My dad cooks _____ (breakfast/lunch) on Sundays.51.She made a _____ drawing. (nice)52.In the afternoon, I go back home. I feel tired but happy. After a quick shower, I sit down to do my homework. I like ______ (6) because it helps me learn new things.53.What do you call a house made of ice?A. IglooB. CabinC. CastleD. HutA54.The girl has a beautiful ________.55.The chemical formula for potassium bromide is __________.56.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Calf57.ts have _____ (刺) to protect themselves from animals. Some pla58.The process of rusting is a type of ______ reaction.59.The process of refining metals involves removing _______.60.How many legs does a butterfly have?A. FourB. SixC. EightD. TenB61.The ancient Egyptians celebrated ________ to honor their deities.62. A frog's tongue is fast and ______ (黏).63.The owl hoots _______ (在晚上).64.The invention of the printing press allowed for widespread _____.65.The _______ can add interest to your home decor.66.The _____ (music/dance) is fun.67.What is the name of the famous river in Russia?A. VolgaB. DanubeC. AmazonD. Nile68.The chemical symbol for gallium is __________.69.What is the main function of leaves on a plant?A. SupportB. PhotosynthesisC. ReproductionD. StorageB70.The ancient Romans had a complex system of ________ (道路).71.What do you call a young elephant?A. CalfB. FoalC. PupD. KitA72.I like to eat ______.73.The teacher fosters a love of _____ (学习) in students.74.Which planet spins on its side?A. VenusB. UranusC. MarsD. Mercury75.What is the name of the famous giant in the story "Jack and the Beanstalk"?A. GoliathB. Fe-fi-fo-fumC. OgreD. Cyclops76.The ________ (土地利用) is important for agriculture.77.What color is a ripe strawberry?A. GreenB. RedC. YellowD. Blue78.What is the name of the longest bone in the human body?A. FemurB. TibiaC. HumerusD. Radius79.The _______ of light can create optical illusions.80.The __________ (印刷术) revolutionized communication.81.What is the sound a cow makes?A. BarkB. MeowC. MooD. QuackC82.The chemical formula for potassium phosphate is _______.83. A ____ has a long neck and eats leaves from tall trees.84. A _______ is a type of chemical bond formed by sharing electrons.85.She is _______ (playing) with dolls.86.What is the capital of Bostwana?A. GaboroneB. FrancistownC. MaunD. KasaneA87.I saw a _______ (小鸭子) following its mother.88.The _____ (狮子) is a powerful predator.89.In spring, there are also many holidays. For example, we celebrate ______, when families get together and have a big meal. I always look forward to this time because I can spend time with my ______ and enjoy delicious food.90.What do you call a person who studies the stars?A. AstronomerB. AstrologerC. ScientistD. All of the aboveA91.The ______ (颜色) of leaves changes with the seasons.92.The ________ was a significant moment in the fight for equality.93.They like to _______ (swim) in the pool.94.The kittens are ______ in the basket. (sleeping)95.What do you call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. ArtistC. PerformerD. SingerA96.The process of respiration in humans involves oxygen and _______.97.What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam Spade98.My brother loves _______ (打篮球).99.I like to _____ (explore) the city.100.I wish I could fly like a ________ (鸟).。

小学上册英语第2单元真题试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ______ of a wave is the distance between two peaks.2.I enjoy ______ (参加) cultural events.3.I love to ______ (创造) new things.4.My brother has a toy ______ (赛车). He loves to race it on the ______ (地板).5. A ______ is a massive body of salt water.6.The ________ is very wise and lives in trees.7. A garden needs _______ to thrive.8.What do we call the place where we keep books?A. LibraryB. BookstoreC. ArchiveD. Museum答案:A9.The Milky Way galaxy is a spiral ______.10.The orca is a type of ________________ (鲸).11.My brother is a ______. He dreams of becoming a pilot.12.Martin Luther King Jr. fought for __________ (平等权利) for African Americans.13. A __________ is a large-scale geological event.14.My favorite color is the color of a ________.15.The _____ (lettuce) grows quickly in cool weather.16.The chemical formula for sodium acetate is _______.17.I like to go to ______ (展览) to see new art and ideas. It broadens my perspective.18.The capital of Antigua and Barbuda is ________ (圣约翰).19.The main component of natural gas is _____.20.The flower is very ___. (pretty)21. A ________ (植物景观设计) can transform spaces.22.Which of these animals can swim?A. DogB. BirdC. FishD. Lion答案:C Fish23. A _____ (秋天) walk reveals many colorful leaves.24.I think it’s important to be curious. Asking questions helps us learn and grow. I love discovering new facts about __________ and sharing them with my friends.25.我会连一连。

(0,2) 插值||(0,2) interpolation0#||zero-sharp; 读作零井或零开。

0+||zero-dagger; 读作零正。

1-因子||1-factor3-流形||3-manifold; 又称“三维流形”。

AIC准则||AIC criterion, Akaike information criterionAp 权||Ap-weightA稳定性||A-stability, absolute stabilityA最优设计||A-optimal designBCH 码||BCH code, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codeBIC准则||BIC criterion, Bayesian modification of the AICBMOA函数||analytic function of bounded mean oscillation; 全称“有界平均振动解析函数”。

BMO鞅||BMO martingaleBSD猜想||Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture; 全称“伯奇与斯温纳顿－戴尔猜想”。

B样条||B-splineC*代数||C*-algebra; 读作“C星代数”。

C0 类函数||function of class C0; 又称“连续函数类”。

CA T准则||CAT criterion, criterion for autoregressiveCM域||CM fieldCN 群||CN-groupCW 复形的同调||homology of CW complexCW复形||CW complexCW复形的同伦群||homotopy group of CW complexesCW剖分||CW decompositionCn 类函数||function of class Cn; 又称“n次连续可微函数类”。

Cp统计量||Cp-statisticC。

小学上册英语第三单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ________ is my favorite animal to watch.2.Asteroids can be found in the ______ belt between Mars and Jupiter.3. A saturated solution occurs when no more solute can ______.4.My grandma enjoys making __________ (传统食品).5.What do we call the act of gathering information?A. ResearchB. InvestigationC. InquiryD. All of the aboveD6.What is the capital of Greece?A. RomeB. AthensC. IstanbulD. CairoB7.How many continents are there in the world?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight8._____ (春天) is when many flowers bloom.9.Chemical bonds can be ionic or ______.10.Black holes are regions in space with a very strong ______.11.The turtle moves very _______ (慢) but is very wise.12.The _______ (The Industrial Revolution) transformed economies and societies.13.Many plants have __________ (不同的) colors.14.The _____ (自然) has a way of balancing ecosystems.15.The __________ is a famous area known for its luxury goods.16.I often visit my cousins during ____.17.My ________ (玩具名称) is a delightful companion.18.What is the value of 10 3 + 5?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 13B19.What is the main purpose of a library?A. Borrow booksB. Watch moviesC. Play gamesD. Study scienceA20.What instrument is used to measure temperature?A. RulerB. ScaleC. ThermometerD. StopwatchC21.I like to ___ in the garden. (help)22.________ (植物保护措施) are necessary for survival.23.The squirrel collects _______ (坚果) in autumn.24.How many colors are in the rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 825.The pizza is very _____. (yummy)26.What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. WheatC. SugarD. Milk27.The __________ can indicate areas at risk of geological hazards.28.We seek ________ (opportunities) for growth.29.The doll wears a pretty _______ (娃娃穿着漂亮的_______).30.I love to draw ______.31.What is the name of the boundary that defines the edge of the observable universe?A. Cosmic HorizonB. Observable EdgeC. Event HorizonD. Singularity32.What do we call a person who runs a business?A. ManagerB. OwnerC. EntrepreneurD. All of the above33.What is the name of the process of making something less clean?A. PollutingB. ContaminatingC. DirtyingD. SoilingA34.What do you call the place where you go to learn?A. SchoolB. StoreC. ParkD. LibraryA35.She is very ________ at math.36.My teddy bear is soft and ______.37.The porcupine can defend itself with its sharp ________________ (刺).38.What do you put on a sandwich?A. WaterB. MeatC. PencilD. Soap39.My mom is a great __________ (社区领导者).40.Which animal hops?A. ElephantB. FrogC. FishD. Snake41.What do we call the process of moving from one place to another?A. TransportationB. TravelC. CommuteD. MigrationB42.What is the name of the famous bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood?A. Paddington BearB. Winnie the PoohC. Yogi BearD. BalooB43.What do we call the center of the Earth?A. CrustB. CoreC. MantleD. SurfaceB44.The _____ (图书馆) is a great place to study.45.My sister is my best _______ who loves to share secrets.46.I _____ (like/hate) rainy days.47.My grandma has a wealth of __________ (知识) about history.48.I like to help my dad ________ (修理) things around the house.49.salinity) of seawater affects marine life. The ____50.The ice cream is ___ (melting/freezing).51.I love to play ______ (instruments) in the band.52.What is the capital of Australia?A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. BrisbaneC53.My brother plays the ____ (cello) in the orchestra.54.What is the capital of Nauru?A. YarenB. Nauru CityC. AiwoD. BuadaA55.My aunt loves to volunteer at the ____ (shelter).56.Acids taste ________ and can be corrosive.57.The __________ (历史的复制) can occur in various forms.58.She is _______ (practicing) her piano skills.59.I have a ___ (dream) of being an astronaut.60.My brother is very good at ____ (drawing).61.The panda eats _____ bamboo. (lots of)62.I like to read ________ (杂志) about animals.63.What is the name of the process by which a caterpillar becomes a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. AdaptationD. TransformationA64.The _____ (花园设计) includes planning for plant placement.65.What do you call a period of seven days?A. MonthB. WeekC. YearD. FortnightB66.My _____ (小兔) likes to nibble carrots.67. A ________ (植物教育活动) fosters community engagement.68.The __________ (土壤的质量) is vital for growth.69.The main gas emitted from vehicles is __________.70.What do you call a small, soft fruit?A. GrapeB. CherryC. RaspberryD. All of the above71.The first human-made object in orbit was ______ (斯普特尼克).72.The ________ was a significant moment in the history of labor rights.73.How many days are in a year?A. 365B. 366C. 364D. 36074.The _______ (鸵鸟) runs very fast.75.The __________ (文化教育) enriches lives.76.What is the name of the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue whaleC. GiraffeD. Hippopotamus77.The chemical symbol for arsenic is ______.78.What is the opposite of ‘begin’?A. StartB. CommenceC. EndD. Continue79.What do we call the time of day when it gets dark?A. NoonB. DuskC. DawnD. Midnight80. A _____ (植物活动) can raise awareness about conservation.81.I like to ______ puzzles on rainy days. (solve)82. A __________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.83. A spring can store ______ energy.84.The ancient Egyptians built ______ (金字塔) for their pharaohs.85.What is the currency used in the United States?A. EuroB. DollarC. YenD. PoundB86.The ________ was a pivotal moment in the narrative of national identity.87.After school, I sometimes visit my ________ (邻居). She bakes cookies and lets me help her in the ________ (厨房).88.The __________ (冷战) lasted several decades.89.The cake has _____ (chocolate) on top.90.The ________ were nomadic tribes that lived in Mongolia.91.My _____ (表弟) is visiting next week.92.The _____ (手链) is shiny.93.I like to feed my ______ in the morning.94.The girl sings very ________.95.The _____ (snail) moves slowly.96.The chemical formula for citric acid is ______.97. A mudslide is a rapid flow of ______ down a slope.98.Which food comes from cows?A. EggsB. MilkC. HoneyD. CheeseB99.The ant can lift objects many times its _______ (重量). 100.The chemical symbol for aluminum is _____ (Al).。

小学上册英语第2单元测验卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My favorite subject is ________.2.The Grand Canyon is a famous ______ that was formed by the erosion of the Colorado River.3.The ______ is very supportive of her students.4.What is the color of a typical eggplant?A. GreenB. YellowC. PurpleD. RedC5.How many days are there in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8C6.What is 4 + 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 97.What is the main character in a story or play called?A. HeroB. VillainC. ProtagonistD. AntagonistC8.My brother, ______ (我弟弟), loves to play chess.9.What is the capital of Qatar?A. DohaB. Al RayyanC. Al WakrahD. LusailA10.The ________ is a small animal.11. A _______ is a reaction that occurs when an acid reacts with a base.12.I love to ______ (与他人交流) my ideas.13.What do you call a person who collects stamps?A. PhilatelistB. CollectorC. DealerD. HistorianA14.I like to _______ in the summer.15.We have a ________ (field trip) scheduled.16.What do you call the main character in a movie?A. LeadB. Supporting actorC. ExtraD. DirectorA17.The ancient Mayans are known for their ________ calendar.18.What is the capital city of Nigeria?A. LagosB. AbujaC. KanoD. Ibadan19.The __________ is a large area of frozen ocean. (北冰洋)20.What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. RiceB. FlourC. SugarD. MilkB21.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. OsloB. CopenhagenC. HelsinkiD. StockholmD22.The ________ (小溪) runs through our backyard.23.Hydrogen is the lightest ______.24.The ________ (生态影响评估工具) assists in decision-making.25.She wears ________ (sneakers) for running.26.The _____ (果实) develops after flowers bloom.27.We will _______ (attend) a concert next week.28.The _____ (猴子) swings from tree to tree. It is very agile. 猴子在树间荡来荡去。

高二英语生物分类单选题50题1. Which of the following belongs to the phylum Arthropoda?A. EarthwormB. StarfishC. ButterflyD. Sponge答案：C。

解析：节肢动物门（Arthropoda）的典型特征包括具有分节的附肢等。

蝴蝶（Butterfly）属于节肢动物门。

蚯蚓（Earthworm）属于环节动物门 Annelida）。

海星 Starfish）属于棘皮动物门Echinodermata）。

海绵 Sponge）属于多孔动物门 Porifera）。

2. The organism which is classified in the class Mammalia should have the following feature:A. Gills for breathingB. Feathers on the bodyC. Hair or fur and produce milk to feed their youngD. Scales on the body答案：C。

解析：哺乳纲（Mammalia）的生物具有毛发或皮毛并且能够产奶哺育幼崽。

用鳃呼吸（Gills for breathing）是鱼类等水生生物的特征，它们属于鱼纲等，不属于哺乳纲。

身上有羽毛（Feathers on the body）是鸟类的特征，鸟类属于鸟纲（Aves）。

身上有鳞片（Scales on the body）是爬行动物等的特征，爬行动物属于爬行纲（Reptilia）。

3. Which kingdom does the mushroom belong to?A. AnimaliaB. PlantaeC. FungiD. Protista答案：C。

解析：蘑菇属于真菌界（Fungi）。

动物界（Animalia）的生物具有能运动、异养等特点。