中国的市场潜力 Chinese Market Potential

Tertiary industry 第三产业Corporate Law 公司法Township Enterprise Law 乡镇企业法Independent legal entities 独立法人Board of directors 董事会Board of supervisors 监事会Shareholders conference 股东大会Entrepreneur 企业家Firm 公司，企业Company 公司Incorporation 公司Corporation 股份公司Group of enterprises 企业集团Conglomerate 企业集团，综合性大企业Company limited by shares 股份有限责任公司Controlling company 控股公司Holding company 控股公司Bank holding company 银行控股公司Company with limited liability 有限责任公司State-owned holding company 国家控股公司Public company 上市公司Private company 非上市公司Listed company 上市公司Overseas-listed company 境外上市公司Parent company 母公司Subsidiary company 子公司Group company 集团公司Large-scale industrial group 大型工业集团International conglomerate 跨国企业集团International corporation 跨国公司Multinational corporation 跨国公司Multinational market group 跨国市场集团Banking institution 金融机构Banking sector 银行部门Intermediary bank 中介银行Development bank 开发银行Commercial bank 商业银行Investment bank 投资银行Credit bank 信贷银行Cooperative bank 合作银行Mortgage bank 抵押银行Clearing bank 清算银行Credit union 信用社Non-bank financial institution 非银行金融机构Financing corporation 金融公司Securities company 证券公司Underwriting company 担保公司Loan and trust company 信托公司Insurance company 保险公司Life insurance company 人寿保险公司Utility company 公共事业公司MERGER AND ACQUISITION 兼并与收购Reorganization 重组Association 联合Merger 兼并Acquisition 收购Joint stock partnership 股份合作Leasing 出租Contract operation 承包经营Auction 拍卖Develop trans-regional and trans-industry enterprise groups 发展跨地区跨行业的企业集团Strategic acquisition 战略性收购Combination of enterprise 企业合并Concentric acquisition 集中收购Conglomerate merger 集团企业合并Consolidation by lease 租赁式合并Consolidation by merger 兼并式合并Leveraged buy-out (LBO’s) 杠杆收购Stock merger 股票兼并Vertical acquisition 纵向收购Vertical merger 纵向兼并Vertical consolidation 纵向合并Vertical integration 纵向合并Horizontal merger 横向兼并Horizontal acquisition 横向收购Horizontal combination 横向合并，同行业合并Horizontal integration 横向联合Acquisition cost 收购成本Acquiring enterprise 收购方企业Corporate reorganization 公司重组Bankruptcy Law 破产法Bankruptcy code chapter 7--- liquidation 破产法第七章清算Bankruptcy code 11 --- reorganization 破产法第十一章重组Act of bankruptcy 破产法案Antitrust Law 反托拉斯法Bankruptcy court 破产法庭Bankruptcy debtor 破产债务人Bankruptcy notice 破产公告Bankruptcy petition 要求宣布破产Declaration of bankruptcy 宣告破产Arrangement in bankruptcy court 破产法庭内的协调Arrangement out of bankruptcy court 不经破产法庭的协调Creditor’s equity 债权人权益Bankruptcy trustee 破产受托人Creditor’s meeting 债权人会议Creditor of bankruptcy 破产债权人MARKET AND COMPETITION 市场和竟争Commodity market 商品市场Securities market 证券市场Bond market 债券市场Stock market 股票市场Futures market 期货市场Options market 期权市场Property rights market 产权市场Capital market 资本市场Free market 自由市场Labour market 劳动力市场Flea market 跳蚤市场Bear market 股票市场的熊市Bull market 股票市场的牛市Market competition 市场竟争Market development 市场开发Market forecast 市场预测Market potential 市场潜力Market risk 市场风险Market share 市场份额Seller’s market 卖方市场Buyer’s market 买方市场Market abroad 海外市场Marketability 市场能力Marketable 销路好的Marketing channel 销售渠道Marketing strategy 销售战略Competition market 竟争市场Perfect competition 完全竟争Imperfect competition 不完全竟争Low-level competition 低水平竟争Monopolistic competition 垄断竟争Competitor 竟争对手Natural monopoly 自然垄断International monopoly 国际垄断Market 市场bear market 股票市场的熊市bond market 证券市场bull market 股票市场的牛市capital market 资本市场emerging market economic 新兴市场经济majority market economic 成熟市场经济market abroad 海外市场market analysis 市场分析market approach to fair market value 求得公平市场价值的市场法market competition 市场竟争market demand price 市场需求价格market development 市场开发market economy country 市场经济国家market factor 市场因素market forecast 市场预测market index 市场指数market information 市场信息market investigation 市场调查market potential 市场潜力market quotation 市场行情market replacement cost 市场重置成本market research 市场调查，市场研究market risk 市场风险market share 市场份额，市场占有率market value method 市价法market-oriented 面向市场的market-to-cost method 市价成本法property right market 产权市场seller’s market 卖方市场social market economy 社会主义市场经济stock market 股票市场Marketing 营销，市场销售marketing channel 销售渠道，市场渠道marketing cost 销售成本marketing manager 市场销售经理markrting strategy 市场经营战略marketing system 市场体系relationship marketing 关系营销Asset, Liability And Equity 资产,负债和权益Asset management 资产管理Tangible assets 有形资产Intangible assets 无形资产Physical assets 实物资产Fixed assets 固定资产Current assets 流动资产Current asset losses in suspense 待处理流动资产损失Deferred assets 递延资产Other assets 其它资产Total assets 总资产Net assets 净资产Book value of the assets 资产的账面值Non-ledger assets 帐外资产Asset account 资产账户Asset disposal 资产处置Asset depreciation 资产折旧Asset inventory shorts 资产盘亏Asset inventory surplus 资产盘盈Asset retirement 资产报废Asset revaluation 资产重估Capital assets 资本资产Monetary assets 金融资产Mortgage assets 抵押资产Long-term assets 长期资产Liability 负债Liability account 负债账户abad debt recovey 呆坏帐收回bad title 失效产权Balance 余额，结余，差额，平衡adverse balance 收支逆差balance budget 平衡预算balance of international trade 国际贸易差额balance of payment 国际收支closing balance 期末差额credit balance 贷方余额foreign currency balance 外汇余额keep balance 保持平衡loss balance 失去平衡negative balance 逆差retained balance from foreign exchange revenue 外汇收入留成余额book depreciation 帐面折旧book-entry securities 记帐证券book inventory 帐面库存book of account 帐簿book profit 帐面利润book value per share 每股帐面价值Cash 现金cash account 现金帐户cash assets 现金资本cash audit 现金审计cash balance 现金余额cash equivalent 视同库存现金cash flow analysis 现金流量分析cash in bank 银行现金cash in hold 库存现金cash payment 现金支付cash purchase 现金购买cash transaction 现金交易free cash flows 活动现金流Certified 注册的，合格的certified appraiser 注册评估师certified copy 正式核准的副本certified financial statement 经会计师证明的财务报表certified invoice 证实发票certified mortgage 证实抵押finance charges 财务费用Classification 分类，科目classification item 分类项目classification of accounts 帐户分类classification of assets 资产分类classification of property 财产分类classification schemes 分类表Classified 分成类的classified balance sheet 分类资产负债表classified depreciation 分类折旧coding of account 帐户代码coding of assets 资产代码Closing 结算，结帐，收盘closing account 结帐，结算closing cost 成交价closing inventory 期末存货Consolidated 合并的，综合的consolidated balance sheet 合并资产负债表consolidated financial statement 合并决算表consolidated income statement 合并损益表，综合损益表consolidated profit and loss statement 汇总损益表consolidated retained earning 合并留存收益consolidated statement 汇总报表Cost 成本，费用acquisition cost 购置成本actual cost 实际成本anticipated cost method 预期成本法average cost 平均成本borrowing- cost 借债成本carrying cost 维持成本cost account 成本帐户cost accounting 成本会计cost allocation 成本分摊cost analysis 成本分析cost and benefit analysis 成本收益分析cost approach to fair market value 求得公平市场价值的成本法cost control 成本控制cost distribution 成本分摊cost free 免费cost method 成本法cost objective 成本目标cost of capital 资金成本cost of investment 投资成本cost of management 管理费cost of marketing 营销成本cost of replacement 重置成本法cost of reproduction less depreciation 重置成本减折旧cost of sales 销售成本cost-benefit analysis 成本收益分析cost-effectiveness 成本效益cost-of-living index 生活费指数cost plus 成本加价indirect cost 间接成本marginal cost 边际成本material cost 材料成本opportunity cost 机会成本ordering cost 订货成本sunk costs 沉没成本variable costs 变动成本current assets 流动资产current account balance sheet 流动资产负债表current account deposits 活期帐户存款current asset losses in suspense 待处理流动资产损失current debt ratio 流动负债比率current fund employed per 100 Y uan ofsales revenue 每百元销售收入占用流动资金current fund employment rate 流动资金占有率current fund loan 流动资金借款current fund turnover days 流动资金周转天数current intangibles 无形流动资产current liability 流动负债current maturity of long term debt 本年内到期的长期负债current-noncurrent method 对国外业务按现行汇率折合算法current ratio 流动比率current surplus 本期盈余current tangible assets 有形流动资产current term net loss 本期净损失current term net profit or loss 本期净损益current assets 流动资产current account balance sheet 流动资产负债表current account deposits 活期帐户存款current asset losses in suspense 待处理流动资产损失current debt ratio 流动负债比率current fund employed per 100 Y uan ofsales revenue 每百元销售收入占用流动资金current fund employment rate 流动资金占有率current fund loan 流动资金借款current fund turnover days 流动资金周转天数current intangibles 无形流动资产current liability 流动负债current maturity of long term debt 本年内到期的长期负债current-noncurrent method 对国外业务按现行汇率折合算法current ratio 流动比率current surplus 本期盈余current tangible assets 有形流动资产current term net loss 本期净损失current term net profit or loss 本期净损益Earning 收益，收入，工资accumulated earnings 积累收益annual earnings 年收益earning assets 盈利资产earning capacity 盈利能力earning of capital 资本收益earnings after tax 税后收益earnings before interest and income tax (EBIT) 税前收益earnings per share (EPS) 每股平均收益earnings rate 收益率earnings ratio 收益率earnings target 收益目标gross earnings 毛利，毛收益real earnings 实际收益retained earnings 留存收益Fixed 固定的fixed assets accounting 固定资产核算fixed assets cost 固定资产成本fixed assets depreciation rate 固定资产折旧率fixed assets investment 固定资产投资fixed assets losses in suspense 待处理固定资产损失fixed assets ratio 固定资产比率fixed deposit 定期存款fixed exchange rate 固定汇率fixed mortgage 定期抵押，固定抵押fixed transfer price 固定转让价格investment in fixed assets 固定资产投资Floating 流动的floating assets 流动资产floating debt 短期债务，流动负债floating exchange rate 浮动汇率floating liability 流动负债floating rate of interest 浮动利率Flow 流动，流量flow of funds analysis 资金流转分析Income 收入，收益gross income 收入总额income account 收益帐户income approach to fair market value 求得市场公平价格的收益法income before tax 税前收入income from investments 投资收益income gap 收入差距income property 收益财产income statement 收益表income tax law 所得税法income tax return 所得税申报表income to net worth ratio 净值收益率Property财产，所有权property account 财产帐户property accounting 财产会计property and assets 财产与资产property damage 财产损失property in land 土地所有权property income 财产收入property rights 产权property rights transfer agency 产权转让机构（产权交易所）property tax 财产税Proprietary 所有人的，财产权proprietary interest 业组权益proprietary lease 产权租赁Proprietor 业主Proprietorial right 所有权Proprietorship 业主权，独资，一人拥有全部财产的业主Asset资产asset account 资产帐户asset depreciation range 资产折旧幅度asset disposal 资产处置asset holdings 资产持有量asset inventory shorts 资产盘亏asset inventory surplus 资产盘盈asset liability ratio 资产负债比率asset retirement 资产报废asset revaluation 资产重估Assets + Liability = Owner’s Equity 资产加负债等于所有者权益assets change statement 资产变动表assets disposal 资产处置assets management 资产管理assets out of accounts 帐外资产assets structure 资产结构assets turnover ratio 资产周转比率capital assets 资本资产current assets 流动资产earning assets 有收益的资产fixed assets 固定资产fixed assets inventory shorts 固定资产盘亏fixed assets inventory surplus 固定资产盘盈fixed tangible assets 固定有形资产gross assets 总资产net current assets 流动资产净值net value of fixed assets 固定资产净值non-ledger assets 帐外资产non-productive assets 非生产性资产original value of fixed assets 固定资产原值physical assets 实物资产pledged assets 抵押资产productive assets 生产性资产return on assets 资产收益available assets 可用资产Liability负债，债务current liability 短期负债direct liability 直接债务fixed liability 长期负债liability account 负债帐户liability dividend 债务股利liability out of book 帐外负债Equity权益，股本，资产净值equity account 权益帐户equity capital 自有资本，股权资本equity capital transaction 产权资本转让equity capital turnover 产权资本周转率equity earnings 参股收益，股本盈利equity financing 产权筹资equity investment 股本投资equity market 权益市场equity ownership 资本所有权equity security 股票equity share 普通股票equity stock 股票，产权股票equity to assets ratio 权益对资产比率equity to debt ratio 权益对债务比率equity transaction 净值交易Insurance保险credit insurance 信用保险insurance company 保险公司insurance coverage 保险范围insurance fund 保险基金insurance industry 保险业Bank银行all-purpose bank 通用银行bank account balance 银行存款余额bank balance sheet 银行财务状况表bank credit 银行信贷bank debt 银行债务bank discount rate 银行贴现率bank holding company 银行控股公司bank interest 银行利息bank line 银行信用额度bank loan 银行借款bank rate 银行贴现率bank reserve 银行准备金bank’s buying rate 银行买价bank’s call loan 银行同行拆借bank’s selling rate 银行卖价clearing bank 清算银行commercial bank 商业银行cooperative bank 合作银行mortgage bank 抵押银行Banking 金融，银行业banking institution 金融机构Banking Law 银行法banking sector 银行部门Check 检查，核对，支票check account 支票帐户check for transfer 转帐支票check up account 对帐Cheque 支票Credit 信用，信贷credit agency 信贷机构credit analysis 信用分析credit and loan 信贷credit bank 信贷银行credit capacity 信贷能力credit capital 信贷资金credit card 信用卡credit crisis 信贷危机credit rating 信用评级credit risk 信贷风险credit standing 商业信誉credit union 信用社rural credit cooperatives 农村信用社urban credit cooperatives 城市信用社Creditor 债权人creditor bank 债权银行creditor country 债权国creditor of bankruptcy 破产债权人creditor’s equity 债权人权益creditor’s meeting 债权人大会secured creditors’committee 有抵押债权人委员会unsecured creditors’committee 无抵押债权人委员会Crisis 危机crisis export 转嫁危机crisis of confidence 信任危机Cumulative 累积的cumulative balance 累积余额cumulative preference share 累积优先股份Currency 货币currency crisis 货币危机currency devaluation 货币贬值currency revaluation 货币增值Discount 贴现，折扣，减价debt discount 债务贴现discount bank 贴现银行discount bond 按面值折价发行的债券discount cash flow 现金收支折现法discount factors 贴现系数表discount for cash 贴现discount interest 贴现利息discount liability 折价债务discount loan 贴现贷款discount market 贴现市场discount method 折扣方法discount of bill 票据贴现discount on share 股票折价discount on stock 股本折价discount rate 贴现率，折扣率discount securities 折扣证券Discounted 已贴现的，已折扣的discounted cash flow technique 现金流量折现法discounted present value 贴现后的现值Interest 利息，股利interest free deposit 无息存款interest free loan 无息贷款interest income 利息收益interest on principal 本息interest rate on deposits 存款利率interest rate risk 利率风险interest-rate cuts 利率下调interest-rate reductions 利率下调Loan 贷款，借贷，借款loan bank 贷款银行loan capital 借贷资本loan financing 贷款筹措loan fund 贷款基金loan guarantee 贷款担保loan interest 贷款利息loan receivable 应收贷款loan-deposit ratio 贷款存款比率allocations of special drawing rights 特别提款权分配额Duty关税Dumping 倾销dumoing code 反倾销法案dumoing duty 倾销税dumping export 倾销出口dumping price 倾销价格Duration 期限Duty 关税countervailing duty 分倾销性关税duty drawback 关税退税duty free 免税merger and acquisition兼并与收购Acquiring enterprise 购方企业Acquisition （公司间的）收购，获得acquisition agreement 收购协议acquisition approach 收购方法acquisition criteria 收购标准acquisition cost 收购成本acquisition price 收购价格acquisition process 收购过程acquisition program 收购程序acquisition value 购置价值friendly acquisition 善意收购(hostile takeover) 敌意收购internal acquisition team 内部收购小组international acquisition 国际收购Horizontal 水平的，横向的horizontal acquisition 横向收购horizontal combination 横向合并，同行业合并horizontal integration 横向联合horizontal merger 横向兼并Vertical 垂直的，纵向的vertical acquisition 纵向收购vertical consolidation 纵向合并vertical integration 纵向合并vertical merger 纵向兼并Leverage 杠杆作用，借贷机会Leveraged buy-out (LBO’s) 杠杆收购Leveraged lease 杠杆租赁Bankrupt破产bankrupt’s assets 破产者的财产Bankruptcy 破产act of bankruptcy 破产法案arrangement in bankruptcy court 迫产法庭调解bankruptcy administrator 破产管理人bankruptcy amendment act 破产修正案bankruptcy code chapter 7--- liquidation 破产法第7 章（清算）bankruptcy code chapter 11--- reorganization 破产法第11章(重组）bankruptcy court 破产法院bankruptcy debtor 破产债务人bankruptcy judge 破产判决bankruptcy law 破产法bankruptcy notice 破产公告bankruptcy ordinance 破产条例bankruptcy petition 要求宣布破产bankruptcy proceedings 破产程序bankruptcy rules 破产规定bankruptcy trustee 破产受托人declaration of bankruptcy 宣布破产bankrupt’s assets 破产者的财产Bankruptcy 破产act of bankruptcy 破产法案arrangement in bankruptcy court 迫产法庭调解bankruptcy administrator 破产管理人bankruptcy amendment act 破产修正案bankruptcy code chapter 7--- liquidation 破产法第7 章（清算）bankruptcy code chapter 11--- reorganization 破产法第11章(重组）bankruptcy court 破产法院bankruptcy debtor 破产债务人bankruptcy judge 破产判决bankruptcy law 破产法bankruptcy notice 破产公告bankruptcy ordinance 破产条例bankruptcy petition 要求宣布破产bankruptcy proceedings 破产程序bankruptcy rules 破产规定bankruptcy trustee 破产受托人declaration of bankruptcy 宣布破产Bond债券，证券，公债bond broker 债券经纪人bond creditor 债券债权人bond discount 债券折价bond issue 债券发行bond market 债券市场bond premium 债券溢价bond rating agency 债券评级机构bond yield 债券收益callable bond 通知偿还债券convertible bond 可转换债券government bond 政府债券junk bond 拉圾债券listed bond 挂牌债券，上市证券mortgage bond 抵押债券municipal bond 市政债券preference bond 优先债券，优先股registered bond 记名债券treasury bond 国库债券unlisted bond 未挂牌债券，未上市证business administration企业管理，工商管理business assets 营业资产business competition 商业竟争business credit 商业贷款business efficiency 经济效率business entity 企业实体business ethics 商业道德business license 营业执照business management 企业管理business performance 经营成绩business policy 经营方针business representative 商务代表business risk 经营风险business strength 业务实力business tax 营业税business valuation 经济评价，企业评估Centralization 集中管理方式，集中化centralization and decentralization 集中与分散Management 管理Manage 管理，经营Managrd 管理的，经营的Management 管理central management 集中管理enterprise’s management 企业管理management accounting 管理会计management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理management decision 管理决策management function 管理职能management qualitymanagement information system 管理信息系统personnel management 人事管理Manager 经理，管理人员，经营者accounting manager 会计主管assistant general manager 助理，副总经理general manager 总经理Managerial 管理的managerial decision-making process 管理决策程序managerial economics 管理经济学managerial know-how 管理专门知识Loan 贷款，借贷，借款loan bank 贷款银行loan capital 借贷资本loan financing 贷款筹措loan fund 贷款基金loan guarantee 贷款担保loan interest 贷款利息loan receivable 应收贷款loan-deposit ratio 贷款存款比率Capital资本，股本additional paid-in capital 追加股本金borrowed capital 借入资本business capital 企业资本capital account 资本帐户capital accumulation 资本积累capital appreciation 资本增值capital and liability ratio 资本负债比率capital appreciation 资本增值capital assets account 资本资产账户capital authorized 法定资本，核定资本capital budget 资本预算capital construction investment 基本建设投资capital cost 资本成本，资本费用capital credit certificate 资本信用证书capital deficit 资本亏损capital export country 资本输出国capital in cash 现金资本capital in budget 预算内资金capital increase 增资capital input 资本投入capital investment 资本投资capital lease 资产租赁capital loan 资本借贷capital loss 资本损失capital market rate 资本市场利率capital net worth 资本净值capital paid in 实收资本，已缴资本capital ratio 资本比率capital reorganization 资本重组，资本改组capital reserve 公积金，准备金capital shortage 资金短缺capital stock 股本，股金总额capital structure 资本结构capital surplus 公积金，资本盈余capital transfer tax 资本转移税capital turnover 资金周转，资本周转capital value 资本价值circulating capital 流动资本，流通资本commodity capital 商品资本constant capital 不变资本corporate capital 公司资本current capital 流动资本dead capital 呆滞资本disposable capital 闲置资本entity capital 自有资本financing capital 金融资本group capitals 集团资本idle capital 呆滞资本monetary capital 货币资本net working capital 净流动资金nominal capital 名义资本，额定资本original capital 原始投资private capital 私人资本production capital 生产资本return on capital 资本收益率share capital 股本venture capital 风险资本，投机资本weighted average cost of capital(WACC) 加权平均资本成本Capital-intensive 资本集约型的，资本密集型的Capitalization 资产化capitalization rate 资产化率capitalization ratio 资产构成比率Stock股票，股份American Stock Exchange(AMEX) 美国证券交易所New York Stock Exchange(NYEX) 纽约证券交易所stock acquisition 股票收购stock and bond 股票和债券stock authorized 额定股本stock averages 股份平均指数stock bonus 股份红利stock capitalization 股份资本化stock certificate 股票stock common 普通股stock dividend 股利，股息stock equity securities 股权证券stock exchange 股票交易所stock exchange firm 证券公司stock index 证券指数stock index futures 股票指数期货stock insurance company 股票保险公司stock ledger 存货簿，股东名册stock market credit 股票市场信用stock market quotation 股市行情stock merger 股票兼并stock option 股票购买权stock ownership 股权stock preferred 优先股stock premium 股票溢价stock purchase warrant 购股证stock transfer 股票转让stock-for asset reorganization 股票资产交换式重组stock-for stock reorganization 股票股票交换式重组voting stock 有投票权的股票NYSE New York Stock Exchange 纽约证券交易所AMEX American Stock Exchange 美国证券交易所NASDAQ National Association od Securities 全国证券商自动报价系统协会Dealers Automated Quotation SystemOTC Over the counter 柜台交易Dow Jones Index 道琼斯指数Dow Jones Industrial Average 道琼斯工业平均数Stockholder 股票持有人，股东Dividend 股息，股利dividend accumulation 累计红利dividend distribution 股息分配dividend from capital 资本股利dividend growth model 红利增长模式dividend payable 应付股息dividend payout ratio 股息分配率，红利支付比率dividend policy 分红政策dividend preference 优先股利dividend rate 股息率dividend tax 股息税dividend yields 红利回报率stock dividend 配股Securities证券，股票securities act 证券管理条例securities analysis 股市分析securities and investment 证券与投资securities company 证券公司Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange tax 证券交易税securities issue 证券发行securities market 证券市场Security 担保，保证，保证金，安全security deposit 保证金security rating 股票，证券的信用风险评级security right 担保权Share股票，股份，份额corporation share 法人股share account 股金帐户share capital 股份资本share consolidation 股票合并share holding economic 股份制经济share of market 市场份额share ownership 股权share price 股票价格share stock 股票，股份share transfer 股票过户share voting right 股份投票权share warrant 认股证Shareholder 股东shareholders’equity 股东权益shareholders’meeting 股东会议shareholders’rights 股东权利Shareholding co-operative system 股份合作制Finance财政，金融finance company 财务公司，金融公司Financer 金融家Financial 财政的，金融的，财务的all-purpose financial statement 通用财务报表certified financial statement 经会计师证明的财务报表consolidated financial statement 合并财务报表Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计标准委员会financial advisor 财务顾问financial aid 财政补助financial budgeting 财务预算编制financial crisis 财政危机financial future 金融期货financial group 财团financial institution 金融机构financial lease 融资租赁financial leverage 财务杠杆financial market 金融市场financial position 财务状况financial statement 财务报表financial status 财务状况financial system 金融体系，金融制度financial year 财政年度non-bank financial instititions 非银行金融机构Financing 筹资，融资，提供资金bank financing 银行融资financing corporation 金融公司financing cost 融资成本financing mix’s risk and reward 融资组合的风险和回报Financially troubled company 财政遇到困难的公司Fiscal 财务的，财政的fiacal burden 财政负担fiscal capital 金融资本fiscal fuction 财政功能fiscal measure 财政措施Foreign 外国的foreign currency account 外汇帐户foreign currency balance 外汇平衡foreign exchange loss 外汇对换损失foreign exchange rate 汇率foreign exchange reserve 外汇储备foreign funded enterprise 外资企业foreign government loans 外国政府贷款international finance center 国际金融中心international financial market 国际金融市场international loans 国际贷款International Monetary Fund(IMF) 国际货币基金组织international monotary crisis 国际货币外危机international multilateral loans 国际多边贷款Internationalization 国际化internationalization of capital 资本国际化Monetary 货币，金融monetary capital 金融资本monetary crisis 金融危机monetary institution 金融机构monetary market 金融市场monetary policy tools 货币政策工具monetary reform 币制改革monetary system 货币制度Money 货币money supply 货币供应Monetary 货币，金融monetary capital 金融资本monetary crisis 金融危机monetary institution 金融机构monetary market 金融市场monetary policy tools 货币政策工具monetary reform 币制改革monetary system 货币制度Money 货币money supply 货币供应Fund基金，专款benevolent fund 慈善基金fund accounting 基金会计fund assets 基金资产fund flow analysis 资金流量分析fund management 基金管理fund raising cost 筹资成本leverage fund 平衡基金，杠杆基金mutual fund 共同基金pension fund 养老基金trust fund 信贷基金Investment投资investment abroad 国外投资investment and trust company 投资信托公司investment enviroment 投资环境investment fund 投资基金investment in capital construction 基本建设投资investment in enterprise 对企业投资investment in outside unit 对外单位投资investment in stock 投资股票investment intention 投资意向investment pool 联合投资组织investment portfolio 投资证券组合investment strategy 投资战略investment target selection criteria 投资目标选择标准Inflation通货膨胀inflation factor 通货膨胀因素inflation indexed security 通货膨胀指数债券inflation of credit 信用膨胀inflation rate 通货膨胀率Inflationary pressure 通货膨胀压力Industry产业，行业aircraft industry 航空业automobile industry 汽车业banking industry 银行业basic industry 基础工业coal and mining industry 煤炭开采业construction industry 建筑业information industry 信息产业high-technology industry 高技术产业materials industry 材料业primary industry 第一产业secondary industry 第二产业service industry 服务业steel industry 钢铁业tertiary industry 第三产业transportation industry 交通运输业Insurance保险credit insurance 信用保险insurance company 保险公司insurance coverage 保险范围insurance fund 保险基金insurance industry 保险业Law法律，法规administrative law 行政法articles of law 法律条款bankruptcy law 破产法company law 公司法law agent 法定代理人law of increasing costs 成本递增规律law of supply and demand 供需法则Lawful 合法的lawful money 法定货币lawful share 合法股份Lawsuit 法律诉讼Lawyer 律师Legal 合法的，法定的legal act 法律行为legal assets 法定资产legal capital 法定资本legal document 法律文件legal entity 法人，法律实体legal force 法律效力legal form 法律形式legal holiday 法定假日legal investment 会法投资legal list 会法证券legal name 依法登记的名称legal obligation 法律责任legal owner 法定所有人legal person responsibility system 法人责任制legal possession 法定所有权legal property 法人财产legal representative 法定代理人legal right 法律权力legal rule 法律规定legal title 合法所有权Legislation 法规，立法Legislative 法制的，立法的legislative authority 立法权legialative body 立法机构legislative control 法律监督legislative series 法律汇编Monetary 货币，金融monetary capital 金融资本monetary crisis 金融危机monetary institution 金融机构monetary market 金融市场monetary policy tools 货币政策工具monetary reform 币制改革monetary system 货币制度Money 货币money supply 货币供应Policy 方针，政策a series of policies and measures 一系列政策措施employment policy 就业政策financial policy 财务政策foreign trade policy 外贸政策policy of deflation 紧缩政策reform and opening up policy 改革和开放政策tax policy 税收政策Tariff关税，税则tariff act 关税法tariff barrier 关税壁垒tariff cartel 关税同盟，关税卡特尔tariff classification 关税分类tariff commission 税则委员会tariff concession rate 关税优惠率tariff customs union 关税同盟tariff cut 降低关税tariff policy 关税政策tariff reform 关税改革tariff system 关税制度tariff wall 关税壁垒Tax税，税务，征税consumption tax 消费税foreign-funded enterprise income tax 外商投资企业所得税individual income tax 个人所得税tax agency 税收代理tax avoidance 合法避税tax bearer 纳税人tax bearing rate 税负率tax bureau 税务局tax collection 征税tax collector 税收员tax cut 减税tax delivery 上交税金tax due 应交税款tax exemption 免税tax farming system 保税制tax law 税法tax loophole 漏税tax on income 所得税tax on land and buildings 土地房产税tax on natural resources 资源税tax on personal income 个人所得税tax on property 财产税tax on transaction 交易税tax on value added 增值税tax payer 纳税人tax rate 税率tax reform 税制改革tax refund 退税tax refunded 已退回的税款tax return 纳税申报表tax system 税制tax year 税收年度tax-free 免税tax-free trade zone 免税贸易区tax-free transaction 免税交易tax-sharing system 分税制value-added tax 增值税Taxable 应纳税的Taxation 税务，税收Tax-exempt 免税。

就业前景The Job Market大学英语作文Many years ago, as China was poor and a lot of people believed that studying abroad was a good choice for them, because they not only could get the high degree, but also could find a job in foreign countries. Now the situation has changed, and many people choose to come back to China.很多年前，中国很穷，所以很多人认为，出国留学是一个不错的选择，他们不仅可以获得高学位，同时也能在国外找到一份工作。

现在不一样了，许多人都选择回到中国。

According to a research, the number of students who go to study abroad is increasing since 2008, so as the number of students who return to China. It can be seem that more and more people pay attention to receive foreign education, but unlike people who decide to stay in foreign countries, now more young people have sensed the great market potential in China.据调查，自2008年以来，去国外学习的学生人数不断在增加，但是毕业后学生回国的数量也在增加。

可以看到的是，越来越多的人注重接受外国的教育，但与那些过去决定留在国外的人不一样，现在越来越多的年轻人已经感觉到中国巨大的市场潜力。

英语作文：巨大的潜在市场英语作文：巨大的潜在市场无论在学习、工作或是生活中，大家都写过作文吧，根据写作命题的特点，作文可以分为命题作文和非命题作文。

相信许多人会觉得作文很难写吧，下面是帮大家整理的英语作文：巨大的潜在市场，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

In China, everybody loves to go to the cinema and watches the American movies. They are attracted by the exciting plots and the fighting scenes. In order to attract more audiences, the cooperations between foreign actors and Chinese actors happen all the time. there is no doubt that Chinese potential market is infinite.在中国,每个人都喜欢走进影院，看美国电影。

他们受到激动人心的情节和打斗场面所吸引。

为了吸引更多观众,外国演员和中国演员之间的合作经常发生。

毫无疑问,中国的市场潜力是无限的。

With the development of Chinese economy, the world is watching us. More and more foreigners have sensed the great potential market and come to China to seek for cooperation. Chinese film market had been ignored before, but now moreHollywood directors show their willingness to work with Chinese actors, so as to catch more Chinese audiences and increase the box office.随着中国经济的.发展,世界正注视着我们。

中国市场的独特性及机会中国市场是世界上最具备潜力的市场之一，其巨大的人口和不断增长的中产阶级消费群体，使得中国市场的发展和变化一直备受关注。

中国市场的独特性体现在很多方面，从人口结构到文化习惯，每一个细节都在影响着市场的发展。

探究中国市场的独特性和机会，有助于我们更好地了解该市场，并把握其中的机遇。

一、人口结构中国是世界上人口最多的国家之一，由此带来的消费群体规模也非常大。

根据中国国家统计局数据，截至2018年，中国人口数已经达到了13.9亿，其中20岁到35岁的人口超过4亿，是中产阶级的核心群体。

这个年龄段的人们通常处于高消费水平阶段，对产品和服务的需求量大，因此他们是企业开拓市场的主要客户。

此外，中国还有亿万农民和广泛的城镇化群体，这些群体对各种生活必需品和服务的需求也非常大。

二、地域差异由于中国广阔的土地面积，地域差异也很明显。

不同的地区有不同的文化、语言和历史背景，这些差异也反映在消费市场上。

比如，广东的消费市场与北京的消费市场有较大的差异，不同地区的消费群体对于产品和服务的需求也不尽相同。

因此，企业要根据不同的地区和消费群体来制定不同的营销策略，以达到更好的市场效果。

三、政策支持中国政府一直在加强市场化改革和开放措施，通过投资、税收和优惠政策等手段来吸引外资和促进企业发展。

在跨境电商领域，政府也出台了一系列支持政策，比如“跨境电商综合试验区”和“海淘新政”等，这些政策有助于企业更轻松地进入中国市场，拓展客户群体。

四、文化差异中国文化十分深厚，有着悠久的历史和传统。

不同的地域和民族有各自独特的文化习惯和社会价值观。

因此，企业在进入中国市场时，必须了解和尊重当地文化，并根据当地文化差异来调整商品和服务。

比如，中国人传统上重视“送礼”，这使得礼品市场成为一个庞大的产业。

此外，中国人还非常重视家庭和社交活动，因此针对家庭和社交的产品和服务也有很大的市场需求。

五、新消费趋势随着科技和社会的不断发展，中国消费市场也在发生着变化。

介绍中国的主要市场概况英语作文China is one of the largest and fastest-growing consumer markets in the world. With a population of over 1.4 billion, China offers a vast and diverse market for both domesticand international businesses. The Chinese market has seen rapid economic growth over the past few decades, leading to a rise in income levels and consumer spending.中国是世界上最大和增长最快的消费市场之一。

中国拥有超过14亿的人口，为国内外企业提供了一个广阔而多样化的市场。

在过去的几十年里，中国市场经济快速增长，导致收入水平和消费支出的增加。

The Chinese market is characterized by its sheer sizeand diversity. It is home to a wide range of consumer preferences, from luxury and high-end products to more affordable and budget-friendly options. This diversity presents both opportunities and challenges for businesses looking to enter or expand in the Chinese market.中国市场以其规模和多样性而闻名。

这里有各种各样的消费者偏好，从奢侈品和高端产品到价格实惠的选择。

一、接待词汇Judge:评委Basic theory:基础理论Endurance:耐力psychological quality:心理素质At an all-time high/stay at a high level:居高不下Resource exhaustion:资源枯竭East coast of china:中国东部沿海A strong supporter of /be strongly supportive in :十分支持Issue:出台，动词Preferential policies:优惠政策Foreign enterprise:外资企业Basic national situation:基本国情Multiply:乘以，增倍Substantial可观的Financial resource, material resource:财力物力All-out war:全面战争Tsar:沙皇Per capita terms:人均水平Reform and opening-up:改革开放Further develop its reformation:深化改革Two-edged sword:双刃剑GDP:gross domestic productBe averaged out:平均为Foreign exchange reserve:外汇储备Chrysanthemum:菊花Imperious/arrogant:专横Resentful/spiteful:怨恨的Treacherous:背叛的Single currency:单行货币Magnetically-levitated vehicle/maglev:磁悬浮Materialistic:物质的Brief talk:匆匆一唔Sales manager: 营销经理PR(Public relations):公关Production department:生产部Vice manager:副经理经济平稳较快发展：Steady and rapid economic development最具经济活力的地区：The most dynamic region economically发达经济体：Developed economies互利合作：Mutually-beneficial cooperation前景广阔：A broad/wide prospect关键：key/crux/hinge关键的：critical/crucial/key简历：Resume尽量：Try吹嘘：boast动词/crow about实事求是：Be practical and realistic /seek the truth from the facts/ practicalism and realism海峡两岸：Cross-strait +N实现统一：Realize the peaceful reunification大陆和台湾：Mainland内地：Inland晚宴：Banquet/dinner party领略：Appreciate大同小异：Much the same市场规模：Market size市场份额：Market shares市场潜力：Market potential市场波动：Market fluctuation/volatility市场结构：Market structure市场框架：Market framework对外投资：Foreign investment经商：Be in business互利互助：Beneficial博鳌论坛：Boao forum for Asia年会：Annual meeting:矛盾冲突：Contradiction and conflicts不可阻挡的：Unstoppable/irresistible/overwhelming历史潮流：Historical trend深化战略合作伙伴关系：deepening the strategic cooperative partnershipSenior minister:高级部长Australian delegation:澳大利亚代表团Higher education:高等教育Expand the cooperation further:扩大合作/深化合作Raw material:原材料At an ever increasing rate:稳定增长Sustainable development:可持续发展支配：Dominate/govern/control外壳：Shell相识：Acquaintance投资银行：Investment bank雷曼兄弟公司：Lehman Brother Company宣布破产：Declare sth bankrupt/ a bankruptcy of sth并购：Merge and acquire强烈担忧：Intense concerns股市大跌：Crash of stock market世界股市大跌：World stock plunge市民：Citizen市政府：Municipal government出台：issue/还有股票发行之含义高峰时段：Peak hour/time非高峰时段：Off-peak time征收费用：Collect the cost公共交通工具：Public transport提高生活水平：Improve the living standard改革体制：Reform the system解放生产力; Emancipate the productive forces资金：Funds承担风险：Take a risk of回报：Repayment/payback/reward股东：Shareholder中国西部地区：West china奠定基础：Lay the foundation of/lay the basis on市场经济：Market-oriented economy计划经济：Planned economy逐步：Step by step建立完善：Establish and perfect mechanism地球另一边：On the other side of the world即时通话：Immediate communication经济持续快速增长：Sustained and rapid economic growth 进一步：Further +nPayoff:清偿，付清资金到位：Fully funded资金调拨：Fund allocation and transfer配套资金：Supporting funds资金外流：Outflow of funds主食：Staple food副食品：Non-staple food主食花样：Staple patterns南方人：Southerner土生土长的南方人：Southerner born and bred年糕：Rice cake馒头：Steamed bun包子：Steamed stuffed bun花卷：Steamed twisted rolls烙饼：Bake pancakesInitiative倡议，主张Reinstate:使恢复Tremendous increase：巨大增长新郎新娘：Groom and bride商品房：commercial residential buildings社会福利：social/public welfare廉租房：low-rent house经济适用房：economically affordable housing商品化：commercialization充分的：full/sufficient根本的：fundamentalCPI：consumer price index罕见的：rare/unusual/冰雪灾害：snow disaster控制物价：control the price/keep the price in the line 抑制通货膨胀：repress/curb the domestic inflation抑制通货紧缩：repress/curb the domestic deflation预期：anticipation/expectation/粮食储备：grains reserves国家粮食储备局：state bureau of grain reserves上涨：rise/go up互补性：complementarity落后的：behindhand/poor/backward落后的管理水平：backward management level经济总量：economic gross准确性：accuracyRaise the accuracy操作手册：User Guide感人事迹：moving story/moving deeds历历在目：haunt sb/be vivid in the mind飞虎队：Flying Tigers驼峰航线:the Hump反法西斯战争：anti-fascist war铝：aluminium飞越：over/beyond国际化人才平台：global platform of talents风景名胜：scenic area;lanscape resort;place of interests名胜古迹：scenic spots and historic sites行业竞争：the industry compitition劳有所得：”make work pay”多劳多得:more pay for more work/good work deserves good pay经济产业：economical industry经济支柱：backbone of the economy/economic pillar恶性竞争：blind/vicious/cut-throat compitition明显优势：obvious superiority/advantages to/over地域辽阔：be vast in land/terrene灿烂文化：splendid culture独特景观：special landscape不断深入：go deeper into/develop further国内旅游：domestic tuorism入境旅游: inbound tourism出境旅游：outbound tourism全面发展：all-round /integrated development坚实产业基础：strong industrial base住宿餐饮设施齐全：lodging and catering facilities are all in readiness综合接待能力：comprehensive receiption capacity自动贩售机：vending machine冷饮：cold drinks急救药品：first-aid medicine大煞风景：ruin the mood年久失修：neglected/in disrepair/out of repaire for years市容：city apperance废铁：scrap iron联合国安理会：the UN security council常任理事国：permanent menber会员国：menber country反映共同愿望和意志：reflect the common wishes and willingness地区平衡：region balance发展不平衡问题：unbanlanced development/imbalance默认：default 动词无奈现实：helpless reality黑心雇主：evil-minded/greedy/black-hearted贬值：devalue/depreciate/devaluate国际化市场：internationalized market高度国际化经营：highly internatinalized operation实施国际化战略：implement/execute/practice the internationalization/internatinalized strategy 品牌知名度：brand (name) awareness/popularity提高知名度raise the awareness of再融资：refinance配售股票：place the share/placement of share发行股票：issue the share主板与创业板：main board香港创业板：HK GEM(Growth enterprise market)上市: TO be listed in HK融资平台：financing platform监管机构：supervision organization/authorities/organs规范的：nomative透明度高：highly transparent市场透明度：transparency of market内地企业：inland enterprise综合管理水平：comprehensive manggement levelAllotted time:专用时间Strenuous:费力的，紧张的The basic ingredients od economy system:经济结构基本构成Management expertise:管理资本Rich deposit of industry materials矿藏丰富By first world standards:以发达国家水平看Direct-to-home satellite TV:直播卫星电视Direct satellite broadecasting:卫星直播数字图像：digital quality picture跟踪选定商品：track the status of an overnight package慕名而来：attracted by its name游乐场：amusement park落差：gap/fall求同存异：seek common ground while putting aside/reserving the difference seek common ground to bridge the gap菜篮子工程:the “shopping blacket”project副食品：subsidiary food/non-staple food生产，加工，运输销售：procucing,processing,transporting,selling共识：consensus着眼：focus on增进相互理解和信任:enhance the mutual understanding and trust协调机构：coordinating organ/argency/organization开创性的：groundbreaking/pioneering/ingenious股票发行：share inssurance证券交易所：xx stock exchange集团公司：group company国际一流的：top-ranking/first-class/world-standard设计师：designer研发人员:：development staff研发中心：DC（development center）设计理念：design philosophy配套设施：supporting facilitiesExtreme weather events:极端气候事件Seasonings:季节性产品Chili powder:辣椒粉Ginder:生姜Ketchup:番茄酱Propell:动词，推动，驱使Digital data transmission：blockbuster:可数。

全国翻译专业二级口译证书（Catti2）备考指南翻译口译专业的学生，最绕不开的考试当属全国翻译专业资格证书（catti）和上海高级口译证书。

2019年，我分别于5月和11月通过了二口和二笔考试，在此分享一下常见备考问题和个人快速备考的经验。

我是翻译专业出身，17年在英国读口译研究生。

回国后的主业虽然和英语相关，但口译实践较少，所以备考以熟悉题型、找到口译临场的状态为主。

本文也比较适合MTI在读生或从事英语相关工作，有一定翻译口译基础的知友们参考。

成绩单如下：一、常见问题1、catti系列考试有啥用？catti考试不仅包括英语，还包括日、韩、法、德等小语种。

catti口、笔译资格证是官方唯一认定的翻译职业资格考试，相比上海高口证书在长三角地区的接受度，这个考试在全国范围内的接受程度更高，也是对考生翻译能力的检验。

在很多翻译类职位的招聘要求中，拥有catti二口及以上的资格证书也是一条硬门槛。

另外，根据人事部相关规定，二级口、笔译证书可以评定企事业单位的中级职称。

2.非英语专业可以报考吗？catti三级和二级报考不限专业，但从19年开始，官网报名需要进行教育部学历认证（学信网），审核时间在24h以内。

我个人不是很清楚其他学历或社会报考的条件。

参加catti一级口笔译考试，需要先获得同类考试的二级证书。

3、通过catti考试是否等于职业译员？catti考试中的实务部分尽可能还原了交替传译的现场，但与实际工作还是有很大差别。

获得catti二级证书只是拿到了一块敲门砖，考生还需要在实践中总结经验，积累人脉，才能成为真正的职业翻译。

4、考试时间和形式？每年两次考试，分别在6月和11月，一般提前2个月左右在官网报名，基本全国的直辖市和省会城市均有考点。

考试前一周打印准考证。

相关信息可以关注微博@ CATTI考试资料与资讯2020年受疫情影响，上半年6月的考试已确定顺延。

从2018年开始，全国范围内的catti考试改革为机考。

英翻常用词汇列表及笔记符号注：以下所有词汇均来自人事部口译考试（CATTI）的历年真题，其对应口译笔记符号为本书作者本人习惯写法，并非官方笔记符号。

读者可根据自身习惯和知识对口译笔记符号进行改编。

并不是所有词都有规定应对的口译笔记符号，一般情况下，口译员只对含义丰富、常用且不容易记录的词记录口译笔记符号。

城市发展livable city宜居城市metropolitan 大都市street furniture公共设施urban populations城市人口地名和地理东京Tokyo TK多哈Doha DH洛杉矶Los Angeles LA伦敦London LD内陆省份inland areasAfrica非洲AFBrazil巴西BR Brussels布鲁塞尔BR Cambodia 柬埔寨KHChina中国CN Copenhagen哥本哈根CP Darfur达尔富尔DFEast Asian Region东亚地区EA Gabon加蓬GB Greensberg, Kansas堪萨斯州格林斯堡GSB, KS Heiligendamm海利根达姆HDHong Kong香港HKHong Kong Special Administrative Region香港特别行政区HKSAR India印度ID Johannesburg约翰内斯堡JBLaos老挝LALatin America拉丁美洲LTA Libya利比亚LY Pittsburg匹斯堡PB Mexico墨西哥MX Republic of Korea韩国SKSan Francisco旧金山SF Scotland 苏格兰SCSeoul首尔SL Singapore新加坡SP South Africa南非ZA South Asia南亚SA South Sahara Africa南撒哈拉非洲SSA Sudan苏丹SD Toronto多伦多TT UK 英国UK Yangtze River 长江购物、消费电子购物electronic shopping购物清单shopping list商品促销commodity promotion网上购物on-line shoppingafter-sale service售后服务brand name品牌retail channel零售渠道；零售商信息advertising slogan广告标语国际组织和会议《服务贸易总协定》GATS美国博物馆协会American Museum Association亚欧首脑会议Asia-Europe MeetingAfrican Union非洲联盟Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 比尔和米琳达盖茨基金会Declaration on Education for All全民教育宣言G8八国集团G20二十国集团MWB工商管理硕士无国界组织NGO非政府组织permanent member of the UN Security Council联合国安理会常任理事国United Nations Charter联合国宪章UNICEF联合国儿童基金会Universal Declaration of Human Rights世界人权宣言Secretary General联合国秘书长World Bank世界银行WHO世界卫生组织WTO世界贸易组织环保地震earthquake警戒线alarming line空气质量air quality空气污染air pollution蓝天行动Blue Sky Movement能源energy能源价格energy price气候变化climate change人均水资源per capita water resource信息时代information age信息通讯技术information communication technologycarbon emission 碳排放challenge 挑战common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities共同但有区别和各自能力的原则coral reef珊瑚礁dilemma 两难境地drought 干旱eco-city 生态城emission intensity排放强度energy efficiency 能源效率energy security 能源安全environmental degradation环境恶化environmental impact环境影响global energy market全球能源市场global fishery全球渔业global resource crisis 全球能源危机green technologies 绿色技术low carbon economy 低碳经济low carbon technology 低碳技术natural resources自然资源oil producers and oil consumers石油生产国和消费国pioneer 先锋；领跑者；先驱pollutant 污染物power station 发电站rainforest雨林renewable energy可再生能源resource 资源scientific development 科学发展terrestrial biodiversity地上生物多样性top soil表层土壤sustainable energy supply可持续能源供给sustainable development可持续发展unsustainable pattern of production and consumption不可持续的生产和消费模式vicious circle恶性循环water conservation and water supply水储存和水供给交通、军事变换线路change route倒车reverse; drive back海军navy航班flight空军air force陆军army小排量汽车small-engine car执法机构law enforcement agencypublic transportation system公共交通系统教育调查survey高等教育higher education手艺craftsmanship; skill研讨会seminar职高vocational schooladolescence to adulthood青春期到成年期case studies案例研究cognitive认知的curriculum课程education 教育gender equality性别平等know-how实用知识；诀窍MBA工商管理硕士Ph.D Degree 博士学位podium讲台presentation报告quality education质量教育research institution科研机构re-skill技能培训ripple effect连锁反应sub-par education低水平教育trainees学员经贸、金融、商务本地注册local registration保护主义protectionism财政货币政策financial and monetary policy产业升级industrial upgrading城镇新开工项目new urban construction project 刺激经济增长boost economic growth高新技术产业high-tech industry工业产值industrial output（规模以上）工业增加值the added value of industries (above a designated scale)固定资产投资fixed assets investment管理经验management expertise国内需求domestic demand合格率percent of pass宏观经济政策macro-economic policy宏观调控macroeconomic control积极财政政策proactive financial policy积极稳妥active and prudent家电下乡“Home Appliance to the Countryside Program”金融机构financial institution金融市场动荡financial market unrest经济复苏economic recovery经济健康平稳增长sound and steady development of economy经济结构调整economic restructuring可支配收入disposable income跨国公司multinational corporation; transnational corporation款式pattern; design利率interest rate联盟alliance粮食播种面积grain acreage贸易壁垒trade barrier贸易投资trade and investment强农惠农政策policy to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers人均现金收入per-capita cash income社会消费品零售总额retail sales of consumer goods社会主义市场经济体制socialist market economic system适度宽松的货币政策moderately easy monetary policy生物生化制品manufacturing industries in biological and biochemical products市场预期market expectation食品安全food security税负tax burden收入分配income distribution同比提高year-on-year growth投资增速investment growth现代化modernization相互投资two-way investment; mutual investment消费品工业consumer goods industry外来直接投资foreign direct investment一揽子计划package plan银行存款准备金率required reserve ratio for commercial banks 佣金commission fee战略环境strategic environment证券securities装备制造业equipment manufacturing industry资本市场capital marketboost growth促进增长brochure宣传小册子business networking业务网络capital needs资本需求continued reform and opening up 深入改革开放cooperate governance合作管理credit market信用市场distribution分销domestic market国内市场economic contraction经济紧缩economic catastrophe经济灾难economic development经济发展economic growth经济增长economic priority经济首要任务economic model 经济模式economic recovery经济复苏expand operations扩展业务export of goods 货物出口export of service 服务出口free market自由市场financial crisis 金融危机finance director金融主管financial market金融市场financial reform金融改革financial regulation金融监管financial service金融服务financial system金融体系financial stability金融稳定global credit crunch全球信用困境global demand全球需求global framework全球框架global standard全球标准human resources人力资源investment 投资liquidity流动性London Stock Exchange伦敦股票交易中心market 市场marketing市场营销market economy市场经济market potential市场潜力macroeconomic stimuli宏观经济刺激medium-term fiscal stability中期财政可持续性new phase of development发展新阶段non-profit organization非营利性组织office 办事处out of poverty脱贫；脱离贫困pension and insurance 退休金和保险pension fund退休金基金product innovation产品创新quantitative ease量化宽松retirement account退休账户soaring commodity prices 飞涨的商品价格strategic partners 战略合作伙伴stock market股票市场submit applications to提交申请sustained economic growth可持续经济增长trade 贸易world leading financial sector世界领先的金融组织科技半导体semiconductor编程programme电器electric appliance电信服务telecommunications services电子公告栏系统BBS电子商务electronic commerce蜂窝电话cellular telephone光纤optical fiber计算机辅助教学CA T开发软件software development聊天室chat room人机交互human computer interaction上网冲浪online surfing数字技术digital technology特技动作stunt通信交换设备communication switch equipment 网站开通website launchingbroadband line宽带digital age数字时代information search process信息查询innovation 创新research paper论文science and technology科学技术scientific research科学研究technological advance技术进步社会、民生艾滋病aids安保措施security measures安全人员security personnel改善民生improve livelihood公众代表public representative肥胖症obesity结核病tuberculosis粮食安全food security马桶stool; toilet农民工migrant worker疟疾malaria求职面试job interview社会福利social welfare社会各阶层人士people of all trades 死亡率death rate; motality rate糖尿病diabetes听证会hearing突发事件emergency洗衣机laundry machine遥控玩具remote control toy自然灾害natural disastercivil society公民社会ethnicity种族health insurance 健康保险individual donation个人捐献job applicant 就业者job creation创造就业middle class中产阶级poverty贫穷reducing poverty消除贫困refugee难民residential community居民区socio-economic background社会经济背景welfare system福利体系体育北京奥运会Beijing Olympic Games长走hiking马拉松Marathon慢跑jogging模拟演习drill; rehearsal; practice骑自行车cycling散步walking盛会grand event体能stamina体育馆indoor stadium志愿者volunteeramateur业余爱好者外交对外交流协会Foreign Exchange Association南南合作south-south cooperation平等互利equality and mutual benefit全面战略伙伴关系comprehensive strategic partnership 外交的diplomatic重要纽带important tiebilateral relation双边关系relationship 关系艺术和文化传统装饰品traditional ornament观众开发audience development广东艺术博物馆Guangdong Museum of Arts音乐会concert展览规划exhibition planning展览设计exhibition design中国结Chinese knot作曲家composercultural relics文化遗迹gala 特别庆祝；盛大活动symphony交响乐政治包容性增长inclusive growth发展中国家developing country分裂主义splittism国际惯例international convention; international practice 国家安全national security国家核心价值观core value of the nation国家战略national strategy国民士气citizen morale极端主义extremism决策decision making科学发展观scientific outlook on development恐怖主义terrorism全面协调可持续发展comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展plan the development between cities and countryside, different regions as well as economy and society以人为本people oriented政府资源government resource综合国力comprehensive national poweraccountability mechanism问责机制ceasefire停火combating terrorism打击恐怖主义Congress of the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党代表大会Cultural Revolution文化大革命daunting challenge严峻挑战deepen partnership深化合作Five-year Plan五年计划globalization 全球化government intervention政府干预international politics国际政治integration一体化；融合long-term prosperity and stability长期繁荣稳定mandatory target 强制目标Millennium Development Goal千年发展目标mutual interest共同利益national policy国家政策putting people first以人为本sovereignty主权其他常用词汇和词组部署deployment筹备工作preparation辞旧迎新at the turn of the new year道德规范ethics动力motivation广泛而深入broad and in-depth徽标emblem渐进/循序渐进gradual里程碑milestone领先地位take a leading role慢性和非传染性疾病chronic and non-infectious disease 每隔一周every other week; every two weeks能力建设capacity building农机agro-machinery全方位、多层次all-dimensional and multi-layered 驱使drive商品房commercial housing使命感和紧迫感a sense of mission and pressure 思维方式way of thinking隐私方面privacy有形的tangible征兵soldier recruitment专项整治rectification装备armingadapt oneself to 适应…bumper丰盛的；轰轰烈烈的cataclysm灾难concerted action一致行动consensus一致disparity不平等dwindle减少；缩小herald预示…的开始inclusive包容的indigenous土生土长的initiative倡议in line with跟…一致；符合integrity诚信impoverished贫穷的long-term vision远见卓识microorganism微生物momentum趋势；势头on a par with 与…不相上下overtake追赶parallel平行的；相对应的perfectionist 完美主义者propriety适度pull someone back from the brink将某人从悬崖边拉回regardless of无论；不管robust强有力的sanitation卫生single out挑出slick聪明的soar翱翔；猛涨stand blows 经受起打击steadfast坚定地stretch across the board 覆盖广泛stretch to the limit几乎枯竭stuck with 受困于under strain 遭受压力unprecedented前所未有的。

第2部分：maintenance strategy 保持战略management overhead 管理费mandatory adaptation 强制性适应manufacturer brand 制造商/全国性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生产商的代理商/销售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生产商的销售办事处/分支机构market aggregation strategy 整体市场战略market attractiveness factors 市场吸引力因素market attractiveness 市场吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市场吸引力/业务地位矩阵market circumstances 市场环境market demorgraphics 市场人口分布/统计特征market dimension 市场量度market entry strategies 市场进入战略market exclusion 市场排斥market expansion strategy 市场扩张战略market factors 市场因素market growth rate 市场增长率market hirarchy 市场等级market inclusion 市场纳入market measurement 市场测量market opportunity analysis 市场机会分析market position factors 市场地位因素market positioning analysis 市场定位分析market potential measurements 市场潜力测度market segment 细分市场market segmentation 市场细分market targeting 目标市场选择marketability 市场开拓能力market-entry strategies 市场进入战略marketing action plan 营销行动计划marketing audit 营销审计marketing channel 营销渠道marketing codes of conduct 营销行为规范marketing communication 营销沟通/传播marketing concept 营销观念marketing control 营销控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 营销决策支持系统marketing environment audit 营销环境审计marketing flows and functions 营销过程和职能marketing function area audit 营销功能领域的审计marketing implications of 对营销的影响marketing information system 营销信息系统marketing institutions 营销机构marketing management 营销管理marketing message 营销信息marketing mix 营销组合marketing policy 营销策略marketing productivity area audit 营销生产力领域的审计marketing program components 营销计划内容marketing program 营销计划/方案marketing relationship 营销关系marketing research 营销研究marketing strategy 营销战略market-management organizational structure 市场管理组织结构mark-up price 产品/溢价价格Marlboro 万宝路Marriott Hotel 万豪酒店mass-market penetration strategy 大规模市场渗透战略mass-market strategy 大市场战略matrix organizational structure 矩阵组织结构Matsushita 日本松下电子mature conformists 成熟的随大流者mature markets 成熟市场mature stage of product life cycle 产品生命周期的成熟阶段McDonald's 麦当劳McDonnell Douglas 麦道公司MCI电讯公司（前世界通信公司）MDSS (Marketing-Decision Support System) 市场决策支持系统measurability 可测度性measure or index 测量指标measurement criteria 计量标准media audiences 媒体受众medical and health services 医疗卫生服务Medico Containment Servicesmemory of consumers 消费者记忆Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰Mercer Management Consulting 美国美智管理顾问公司merchandising 推销merchant middlemen 国内贸易中间商merchant wholesalers 商业批发商message structure 信息结构Michael Porter 迈克尔-波特micro risks 微观风险microsegmentatioin 微观细分Miller Tyding ACT, USA 米勒·泰丁法案minging 矿业Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M) 明尼苏达矿业和制造公司Minolta 美能达miscellaneous sources 多方面来源mission 宗旨missionary selling 推销式销售Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 三菱重工modified rebuy 调整再购monosegment positioning 单一细分市场定位Monsanto 孟山都农业生物技术公司moral appeals 伦理/道德诉求morals 道德Motorola 摩托罗拉multichannel distribution 多渠道分销multidimensional scaling 多维等级法multilevel selling 多级销售multinational coporations (MNCs) 跨国公司multiple test markets 多测试市场multiple-brand strategy 多品牌战略multiple-factor index 多因素指数法multisegment positioning 多重细分市场定位national account management 全国性客户管理national market 国内市场National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司net sales 净销售额network computer (NC) 网络计算机new business selling 新业务销售new buy 购入新产品new entrants 新进入者New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型new-product ideas 新产品创意Newsweek 《新闻周刊》new-task buying 全新采购new-to-the-world products 世界性新产品niche penetration strategy 壁龛/机会市场渗透战略niche-market strategy 壁龛市场战略no-brand brand name 无品牌的品牌名称no-frills product 无虚饰产品noise in communication system 传播系统中的噪音non-financial rewards 非物质性奖励措施non-probability sampling 非概率抽样non-store retailing 无店铺零售业number of stockouts 迟滞数目object-and-task method of promotion budgeting 目标-任务促销预算法objectives and strategy area audit 目标与战略领域的审计objectives 具体目标observation 观察法occupancy costs 房屋占用成本occupation/position 职业/职位odd pricing 奇/余数定价法oeverall quality 总体质量off-invoice discounts 发票之外的折扣offsets 抵消交易on-air testing 广播测试OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 欧佩克（石油输出国组织）opening relationships 建立关系operating supplies 生产供应品operational excellence 运作管理水平opinion leaders 意见领导者opportunity cost 机会成本opportunity identification 机会识别opportunity/threat matrix 机会/威胁矩阵order cycle time 订货周期order processing 订单处理organisational level 组织层次organizaitonal requirement planning 组织需求计划organization area audit 组织领域的审计organization buying center 组织采购中心organizational customer 组织顾客organizational direct selling 组织直销organizational markets 组织市场organizational purchasing 组织采购organzational structure 组织结构outdoor enthusiasts 户外运动爱好者out-of-home media 户外广告媒体overall cost leadership 全面成本领先overheads 日常开支ownership of new product 新产品所有权panel of experts 专家小组parentage 渊源parties involved 交换中的各方payment terms 支付条款pay-off control 支出控制penetration pricing 渗透定价perceived customer value 顾客感知价值perceived quality 感知到的质量perceived value 感知到的价值percentage of sales promotion budgeting method 销售额百分比促销预算法perceptions of consumers 消费者感知/理解perceptual (product) pisitioning 感知（产品）定位perceptual map 感知图perceptual organization 感知组织perceptual vigilance 感性的警惕performance dimension 业绩标准performance evaluation 业绩评估performance measures 表现/业绩测度performance objective 绩效目标performance standards 绩效标准performance 功能perishability 非持久性personal selling 人员推销personal sources 个人的信息来源personnel development 人力资源开发pharmaceuticals industry 医药行业physical (product) positioning 物理（产品）定位physical descriptors 物理变量physical distribution 实物分销Pillsbury 皮尔斯博瑞place utility 地点效用planning and control system area audit 计划与控制系统领域的审计point of sale information 销售点信息point-of-purhcase (POP) promotion 采购点促销point-of-sales (POS) data 销售点数据pontificator 保守派popularity 通用性population trends 人口趋势portfolio models for resource allocation 资源配置的资产组合模式position intensity 地位集中程度possession utility 拥有效用post-purchase dissonance 购买后的不协调post-purchase evaluation 购买后评估power in distribution 分销权力power of buyers 购买者能力power of suppliers 供应商能力predatory pricing 掠夺性定价法pre-empting scarce resources 先占稀缺资源preferential treatment 特惠待遇premiums 额外奖励present competitors 现有的竞争者presenting sales message 提供销售信息pre-test market research 测试前市场研究price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性price fixing 价格设定price leaders 价格领导者price lining 价格排列定价法price/earnings ration 价格/收益比price-off promotions 降价促销price-setting process 定价过程pricing adjustments 定价调整primary demand 基本需求primary sources 第一类/主要数据print media 印刷媒体private/for-profit organization 私营/盈利性组织PRIZM (Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets) 按邮政区划为基础的潜力等级指数proactive new-product development strategy 进取型新产品开发战略probability sampling 概率抽样problem formulation 界定问题problem identificatioin 确定问题process management 过程管理Procter & Gamble (P&G) 宝洁公司product availability 产品的可获得性product category 产品类别product class 产品类别product decisions 产品决策product design 产品设计product dimension or attributes 产品维度/属性product evolution 产品演变product features 产品特征product intent share 产品倾向份额product leadership 产品领导能力product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期product life cycle curve 产品生命周期曲线product manager audit 产品经理审计product offering 供应品product organizaiton of salesforce 按产品组织销售队伍product policies 产品策略product scope 产品范围product space 产品位置product systems 产品体系product type 产品类型product usage 产品用途product(ion)-oriented organization 产品/生产导向型组织product-line pricing adjustments 产品线定价调整product-management organizational structure 产品管理组织结构product-market entry control 产品－市场进入控制product-related behavioral descriptors 与产品相关的行为变量product's market characteristics 产品的市场特征product-use testing 产品使用测试pro-environment 环保profit impact of market strategy (PIMS) 市场战略的利润影响profitability analysis 盈利性分析profitability 盈利性/盈利能力profitable survivor strategy 有利可图的生存者战略project-company resource compatibility 项目与公司资源的协调性projected profit-and-loss statement 预计损益表projective tests 投影测试promotion decisions 促销决策promotion mix 促销组合promotion policies 促销策略promotional allowance 促销折让promotional effort 促销努力promotional pricing 促销定价promptness 及时性propector strategy 探索型战略prospecting for customers 寻找顾客psychographics 心理统计特征psychological cost 心理成本psychological pricing 心理定价法public utilities 公共设施publicity 公共宣传pull strategy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的拉式战略pupil dilation 瞳孔扩张purchase predisposition 购买倾向purchasing agent 采购代理purchasing power perity (PPP) 购买力平价指数push money/spiffs 佣金push stragtegy for control of distribution channels 分销渠道控制的推式战略qualifying prospects 审查潜在顾客资格quality dimensions 质量维度quantity discount 数量折扣question marks 问题类questioning 询问法quotas 定额R & D expenditure 研究开发战略race and ethnic origin 种族和民族rack jobbers 供应超级市场的批发商rank ordering 排序rate of adoption 采购率rate-of-return/target return pricing 回报率/目标回报定价法rational appeals 理性诉求rationale 基本原理reactive and proactive responses 反应及前摄策略reactive new-product development strategy reactor strategy 反应型战略rebates 回扣recall tests 记忆测试receiver 接收者reciprocity 利益互惠recognition of problem/need 发现问题/需求recognition tests 认知测试recreation 娱乐业recruitment and selection 招聘与选拔recycling of packaging 包装回收（利用）reference group 参照群体referent power 参照权refocus 巩固refunds 退款refusal to deal 拒绝经营regression analysis 回归分析法regulation 管制related/concentric diversification 相关/同心多元化relational VMSs 相关式垂直营销系统relative attractiveness of declining markets 衰退市场的相对吸引力relative market potential 相对市场潜力relative market share 相对市场份额reliability 可靠性repeat purchase behavior 重复购买行为repetition 重复repositionings 重新定位产品requirements planning 需求计划reseller 中间商resident buyers 常驻采购员resource allocation/deployment 资源配置response strategies 反应策略response to communication 传播响应responsive strategy 反应型新产品开发战略responsiveness 响应性retail coverage strategy 零售范围战略Retail Index 零售指数retail sales 零售额retailer co-operatives 零售商合作社retailer 零售商retailing trends 零售趋势Return on Equity (ROE) 权益回报率Return on Investment (ROI) 投资回报率Return on Net Assets (RONA) 净资产回报率reverse engineering 反向工程reward systems 奖励系统rivalry determinants 竞争决定因素rivalry 竞争对手roster 名册sales agents 销售代理商sales analysis by customer 顾客销售分析sales analysis by order size 订货规模的销售分析sales analysis by product 产品销售分析sales analysis by territory 区域销售分析sales forcasting 销售预测sales force estimates 销售人员估计sales force size 销售队伍规模sales force 销售队伍sales forecasting 销售预测sales management 销售管理sales organization 销售组织sales personnel incentives 销售人员激励sales personnel 销售人员sales potential 销售潜力sales territory 销售地区sales trends 销售趋势sales/price reduction 销售/价格下降sample design 样本设计sample size 样本大小sampling 抽样sampling 提供样品scale efficiency 规模效率scaled measures 比例测度scoring models 评判模型screening of ideas 创意筛选sealed bidding 招标secondary sources 第二类/次要数据second-but-better new-product development strategy 后者居上型新产品开发战略security 证券业segmentation and targeting 细分与目标选择segmentation criteria 细分标准segmentation descriptors 市场细分变量selective demand 选择性需求selective distribution 选择分销selective exposure 选择性接触selective perception 选择性感知/理解selective retention 选择性保留self-employed person 独立经营的个人self-managing teams 自我管理团队self-oriented 自我导向型selling groups 销售团队selling proposition 销售计划/提议selling 推销/销售service guarantees 服务保证serviceability 服务能力serviceability 适用性services channels 服务渠道servicing products 服务产品servicing the account 客户服务setting quotas 确定定额shake-out stage 动荡阶段shared programs/facilities 分享计划/设备share-growth strategies for followers 追随者的市场份额增长战略shareholder value 股东价值share-maintenance 份额保持Sherman Act, USA 美国谢尔曼法案signal vehicle/carrier 信号载体simulated test marketing 模拟市场测试single-factor index 单因素指数法single-line mass-merchandiser stores 单一类型产品专营连锁店skimming and early withdrawal 撇脂与尽早撤离战略skimming pricing 撇脂定价法sleepwalker/contented underachievers 梦游者/很容易满足的人slotting allowance 安置津贴social acceptability 社会可接受性social class 社会阶层social objectives 社会目标sociocultural environment 社会文化环境soft goods 非耐用品soft technology 软技术sole ownership entry strategy 独享所有权的进入战略source credibility 信息来源的可信度source 广告信息来源sources of new-product ideas 新产品创意来源speciality goods 特殊品speciality retailers 专营零售商speciality stores 专营商店specialization 专门化Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 标准工业分类代码standardization strategy 标准化战略standby positioning 备用定位staple goods 日常用品statement of job qualifications 工作要求说明stock levels 库存水平stockless purchase arrangement 无存货采购计划store brands 零售商品牌straight commission compensation plan 纯佣金制薪酬方案straight rebuy 直接再购straight salary compensation plan 纯薪金制薪酬方案strategic control 战略控制strategic fit 战略协调性strategic group 战略组strategic inertia 战略惯性strategic intent/objective 战略目标strategic marketing program 战略营销计划strategic pricing objectives 战略定价目标strategic withdrawal 战略撤退strategy constraints 战略影响因素strategy formulation and implementation 战略制定和实施strategy implementation 战略实施strategy reassessment 战略重估subculture 亚文化subfactor 次级因素substitute goods 替代品substitution threat 替代产品的威胁Sumitomo 住友商事Sun Microsystems 太阳微系统supplementary media 辅助性广告媒体suppliers' bargaining power 供应商的讨价还价能力surrogate products 替代产品survival pricing 生存定价法sustainable competitive advantage 可持续的竞争优势sweepstakes 彩票抽奖switching cost 转换成本synergy 协同作用tabulation 制表tangibility 有形性target audience 目标受众target level of product quality 产品质量标准target or hurdle level 目标或难度水平target return price 目标回报价格targeting strategy 目标市场选择战略targeting 目标市场选择team selling 团队销售technical selling 技术销售television audience measurement 电视观众测量television home shopping 电视家庭购物territorial restrictions 地区限制territories 区域territory design and deployment 区域设计及部署territory inventory 地区存货test marketing 市场测试testing new product 测试新产品the American Association for Public Opinion Research 美国公共意见研究协会the Council of American Survey Research Organization 美国调查研究组织委员会the Fishbein Model 菲什宾模型the Marketing Research Association 营销研究协会theatre tests 现场测试threat of new entrants 新进入者的威胁three order-hierarchy models 三阶段层级结构模型time frame 时间框架/要求time pricing 时间定价time utility 时间效用Timex 天美时title 所有权total cost 总成本total quality managemnt (TQM) 全面质量管理Toys 'R' Us 美国著名玩具零售商tracking and monitoring 跟踪与监控trade promotion 贸易促销trade selling 贸易销售trade/functional discounts 贸易/职能折扣trade-in allowance 以旧换新折让transactiional efficiency 交易效率transaction cost analysis (TCA) 交易成本分析turnkey construction contract 监督建筑契约turnover 人员流动two-sided presentations 双向信息陈述tying contracts 附带条件的合同types of adverstising 广告种类types of brand 品牌种类types of costs 成本种类ultimate customers/end users 最终顾客/用户underlying dimension 基本组成要素uniform delivered pricing 统一运费定价法Union Pacific Railroad 联合太平洋铁路unit sales 单位产品销售额unitary price elasticity 单位需求价格弹性Universal Product Code (UPC) 统一商品编码universe （样本）总体unrelated/conglomerate diversification 复合多元化unsought goods 非渴求产品usage 用途use tests 使用测试utility/price relationship 效用/价格关系VALS2 价值与生活方式体系2value-based planning 价值基础计划variability 变化性variable costs 可变成本variable incentive 可变激励措施VCR (video cassette recorder) 录像机vending sales 自动售货业vending-machine operators 自动售货机经营商vendor analysis 供应商分析vertical integration 垂直/纵向一体化vertical marketing systems (VMS) 垂直营销系统want 欲求warranty 质量保证wholesale clubs 批发俱乐部wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains 批发商发起的自愿连锁wholesaling trends 批发趋势win-back program 赢回（顾客）方案working capital investment 周转资金投入workload approach 计算工作量方法zero defect 零缺陷zone pricing 分区定价法。