汉英翻译之二

第三章词语英译1.这姑娘是漂亮。

This girl is really beautiful.2.此人是书就读。

This man reads every book he can reach .3.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?4.是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present5.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。

When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----this is knowledge .6.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。

这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。

The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,which stands for fortune.7.去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。

We had no confidence in today's ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.8.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。

... Because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of Darling and Precious.9.克明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming: Juexin, I want you to pay particular attention to this.10.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的花朵……As guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.11.……三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。

那年冬天，祖母死了，父亲的差使也交卸了， 正是祸不单行的日子。 Misfortunes never come singly. In the winter of more than two years ago, grandma died and father lost his job.
屋子里总是散乱着碗碟，弥漫着煤烟，使人不 能安心做事。 The room was so cluttered up with dishes and bowls and filled with smoke that it was impossible to work steadily there.
形合/意合与翻译（二）
Enlightenment in translation
汉译英的过程就是从形合走向意合的过程； 从流散型走向聚集型的过程； 从语义型走向语法型的过程； 从话题句，流水句，连动句 走向主谓句的过程。
连动句(verbal expressions in series) 是指同一主语下几个动词连用成谓语,它是一种 复杂谓语,其复杂性体现在这些动词的关系中.连用 的动词之间,有并列关系,也有其他关系(包括条件, 方式,承接,因果,假设,目的等).
上海行路难,乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题. In Shanghai people found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.

我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉,觉得他满身 灰尘的身影,刹时高大了,而且愈走愈大,须仰视才见 . Suddenly I had a strange feeling. His dusty, retreating figure seemed larger at that instant. Indeed, the further he walked the larger he loomed, until I had to look up to him.

英译汉教程
2 Contrastive Studies of
English and Chinese
2.3 English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features
Simon Teaching
2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analytic（综合 语与分析语）
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. Modern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English（a synthetic language）. It is therefore a synthetic-analytic language（综合-分析语）. Chinese is a typical analytic language（分析语）. When the words of a language are inflective in form, they are said to be associative in quality and therefore synthetic in construction. On the other hand, words not inflective in form are considered as isolating in quality and therefore analytic in construction. Inflection（变化词形），word order（安排词序）and the use of function words（运用虚词） are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences.

据统计，英语中动词使用的频率要低于名词，汉语中动词的频率偏高于名词；就英汉两种语言相对比，汉语动词的使用频率要高于英语动词。在英汉互译中，可遵循“词类转换原则”来进行语言转换。
1)林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，得首先把鸦片销毁。
2)徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。
3)你已经知道你想要什么。
（三）英汉形容词对比
2)这个古旧的小寨座落在青秀的群山之中。
3)清冷的夜空繁星密布。
2．名词的句法功能
在英汉语中，英汉语名词(名词词组)语法功能的差异在英语名词不能作谓语用，而汉语名词可以。例如：
1)明天星期天。
2）莎拉澳洲人。
3)小张上海人。
4)星期三春节。
5)大米五块钱一斤。
（二）汉英动词对比
1、形式变化
英语动词有丰富的词形变化，汉语动词没有形态变化，语法意义的实现由上下文、词汇(时间词、副词、助词等)、语调等体现。
归化：
内部颠覆者、起内部破坏作用的因素
异化：
特洛伊木马计
2）她在戏中扮演包公。
二、汉英词汇对比
（一）汉英名词对比
1、形式变化
英语可以直接用可数名词的复数形式来表达模糊的、不确定的数量关系，而汉语中，则要使用其他手段，如用数量词组、名词重叠形式以及带数字的固定词组等等来表达类似的意思。
1)一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。
1、句法功能
英语句子的谓语只能是限定动词词组，其他词类不能担任谓语。汉语形容词可以作谓语，形成形容词谓语句例如：
汉语的形容词谓语句翻译成英语时，一般可遵循“增词原则”，增添适当的动词，以符合英语的句法结构。也可以遵循“词类转译原则”。例如：
1）她聪明，漂亮，又善解人意，大家都愿意接近她。