高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧
《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）》提出学生对语篇整体理解的要求。具体的语言技能内容要求为：从语篇中提取主要信息和观点，理解语篇要义。区分、分析和概括语篇中的主要观点和事实。
此项考查要求学生通过阅读文章，抓住文章的主旨大意所在，在理解文章内容的基础上，找到文章大意或段落大意，主要考查学生归纳概括信息的能力。主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以选择文章最佳标题(title/topic)，概括文章中心大意(main idea)、文章段落大意(topic)等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题型，属于能力型题目。研究近几年课标地区的高考阅读理解题可以发现，主旨大意题几乎年年都有，而且在大部分地区的阅读理解题中会有1~3道此类题。其考查形式主要有以下几种：1标题概括类做此类试题时，要注意标题的三个特性，即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。常见设问形式有：What is the best title for this passage?Which of the following is the best title of the passage? What can be a suitable title for the text?What might be the best title for the passage?The best title of the passage is ______.The suitable headline of the passage may be ______.2文章大意类每篇文章都有中心思想，可以通过找主题句来获取文章中心思想。主题句通常在首段或结尾段，但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因此，在阅读时要倍加关注文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句。常见设问形式有：What is the main idea of the passage?Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the message conveyed in the story?What does the passage mainly present?What is the main theme of the story?What does the story mainly tell us?What does the passage mainly talk about?The passage is mainly about ______.The main purpose of the passage is to ______.The passage is mainly written to ______. 3 段落大意类每个段落通常都有一个中心思想，通常会在本段首句体现出来，即常说的段落主题句。一般来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首，则文章多为说明文和议论文。主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。常见设问形式有：What is the main idea of paragraph 1/the last paragraph?What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with?What does the writer try to express in paragraph 3?Which of the following can best summarize paragraph 1?What is the main idea discussed in paragraph 2?The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that ______.
应对策略
1标题概括类（1）快速浏览全文，了解文章梗概；（2）找到文章主旨句或关键句，去掉修饰成分，保留中心词；（3）结合选项与中心词，选出能够全面概括文章内容的标题。解答此类题目时，注意所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容，即标题涵盖性强，能覆盖
全文；标题要体现主题，既不能“太大”，也不能过于片面，即标题所指的范围要恰当；标题表意准确，与文章的感情色彩相同。避免以下四种错误：以偏概全（多表现为部分代替整体）；概括过度（多表现为扩大范围）；以具体代抽象（多表现为以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意）；偷换概念（多表现为混淆事件的对象）。
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（微生
物）from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International S
pace Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How
is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? I t’s turning to a bunch
of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HU
NCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon a
nd Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New Yor
k.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engi neers. For the past two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways
to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution
（解决方案）. “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to d o i
t just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There
are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost
are no grades, other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically,
it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this pro duct and then, at the end of the year, p resent it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, an d…it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your
product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（影响）on colle
ge ad missions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in thei
r studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about t
he problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
（2019全国II卷阅读D）
What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
【分析】本文讲述了NASA的宇航员受到细菌问题的困扰，他们把该问题交给了NASA HUNCH的高中生们，其目的是将科技与学校教育结合起来。根据第一段的“How is
