自考英美文学选读 第五章 现代时期(英国)(课文翻译)

自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（2）-2二。

识记1. Shaw’s reform ideas：He regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal. But on how to achieve it，he differed greatly from the Marxists. He was against the means of violent revolution or armed struggle in achieving the goal of socialism; he also had a distrust of the uneducated working class in fighting against capitalists. This reformist view of his caused him a painful，often conscious，inner conflict between his sincere desire for the new world and his inability to break out of the snobbish intellectual isolation throughout his life and work.2. His major works：Shaw wrote five novels in all the best of which is Cashel Byron’s Profession (1886)，which is about a world-famous prize fighter marrying a priggishly refined lady of property. His criticism is entitled Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931)。

自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。

岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。

古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。

盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。

正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。

英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。

这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。

这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。

他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。

总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。

宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。

比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。

在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。

除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。

这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。

其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。

诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。

《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。

尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。

自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（2）-1三。

应用：1. What is Modernism?Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts，originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century. After the First World War，all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared：symbolism，expressionism，surrealism，cubism，futurism，Dadaism，imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s，these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement，which swept across the whole Europe and America. It has also been called “the tradition of the new”-a conscious rejection of established rules，traditions and conventions，and “the dehumanization of art”-pushing into the background traditional notions of the individual and society. The major figures that were associated with Modernism were Kafka，Picasso，Pound，Webern，Eliot，Joyce and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. But after the Second World War，a variety of modernism，or post-modernism，like existentialist literature，theater of the absurd，new novels and black humor，rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd，and the human life was an agony.”Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships between man and nature，man and society，man and man，and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public，more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. By advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation，Modernism casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story，plot，character，chronological narration，etc.，which are essential to realism. As a result，the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel，anti-poetry and anti-drama.2. The basic philosophy or characteristics of Modernism in literature：Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. One characteristic of English Modernism is “the dehumanization of art”. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships between man and nature，man and society，man and man，and man and himself. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public，more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore，they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. In their writings，the past，the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.Modernism is，in many aspects，a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism，which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external，objective，material world，which is the only creative source of realism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation，it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story，plot，character，chronological narration，etc.，which are essential to realism. As a result，the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel，anti-poetry and anti-drama.I. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)一。

使用说明：识记知识点（主要考察单选题），有时间再尝试记主观题（阅读理解，问答题，论述题）第一部分英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期本章重点：1.文艺复兴时期的历史文化背景2.莎士比亚和弥尔顿的作品和写作特点本章提示：本章中有关莎士比亚的文学成就可以以论述题的形式来考察，值得注意。

知识点1文艺复兴时期时代背景知识点概览：1.文艺复兴时期的界定及历史文化背景2.文艺复兴运动的意义与影响3.文艺复兴时期的文学特点，人文主义的主张及对文学的影响知识点：1.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world.文艺复兴标志着中世纪到现代的过渡。

2.The most famousChristopher Marlowe,3.Humanism is the的核心。

4.The bestChristopher Marlowe代表是托马斯·知识点2莎士比亚question）知识点概览：1.历史剧(2)2.(3)3.选读：(1)知识点：1.Shakespeare hashis38plays,154Rape of Lucrece).莎翁对世界文坛的主要贡献是38部戏剧（包括历史剧，喜剧和悲剧），154首十四行诗和两篇长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《鲁克丽丝失贞记》。

2.The first period of his dramatic career,he wrote five history plays: Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III,Richard III,and Titus Andronicus;and four comedies:The Comedy of Errors,The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew,and Love’s Labor’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。

自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国现代主义一天全掌握The Modern Period现代主义时间：1914-194背景background：1) Natural and social sciences advanced greatly, capitalism came into its monopoly stage, the gap between the poor and the rich was deepened;2) The First World War and The Second World War happened, which influenced people greatly;3) All kinds of philosophical ideas were produced.特点characters：1) Modernism rose out of scepticism and disillusionment of capitalism;2) The French symbolism heralded modernism;3) Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base;4) The major theme of Modernism are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and society, man and nature, man and man, man and himself;5) The Modernists concern about the private, subjective, inner individual and the tone is disillusioned.影响这一时期的哲学思想philosophical ideas influenced Modernism：1) Karl Marx’s scientific socialism;2) Darwin’s t heory evolution -the social Darwinism "survival of the fittest";3) Einstein’s theory of relativity;4) Freud’s analytical psychology;5) The irrational philosophy.Why Modernism is different from Realism? 现代主义与现实主义的区别In many aspects, Modernism acts against Realism;1) Modernism rejects rationalism, while Realism stresses it;2) Modernism includes internal, subjective, psychological world, while Realism stresses external, objective, and material world;3) Modernism advocates new forms and new techniques, and it casts away all the traditional elements such as: story, character, etc. while Realism stresses it.4) Modernism works are called anti-novel, anti-poetry, anti-drama etc.萧伯纳George Bernard Shawa brilliant dramatist杰出的戏剧家Shaw wroted more than 50 plays《鳏夫的房产》、《康帝坦》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《凯撒和克里奥特拉》、《圣女贞德》、《人与超人》、《皮克马利瓮》、《回到麦修色拉》、《苹果车》主要作品介绍：His criticism was witty, biting, and often brilliant.Widower's House 鳏夫的房产is a grotesquely荒诞地realistic exposure of slum贫民窟landlordism地主所有制; Mrs Warren's Profession华伦夫人的职业, written in 1893 but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women对妇女们经济上的压迫. These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays.The Apple Cart苹果车(1929) is about politics; John Bull's Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿(1904) is about racial problems;Too True to Be Good难以置信(1932) is a better play of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic betterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of WorldWar I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

威廉-莎士比亚威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。

凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。

他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。

在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。

莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。

他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。

莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。

他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。

1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。

妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。

也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。

莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。

他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。

莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。

大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。

莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。

1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。

到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。

大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。

他卒于1616年4月23日。

由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。

但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。

莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。

The major writers of the Modern Period Ⅰ。

Ezra Pound （1885-1972） ⼀。

⼀般识记 Ezra Pound's contribution to American literature： Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time and he was regarded as the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement"， which though short-lived， had a tremendous influence on modern poetry. ⼆。

识记 His major works： Pound composed poems， wrote criticisms and did translations. （1） His poetic works： In 1915 Pound began writing his great work， The Cantos， which spanned from 1917 to 1959 and were collected in The Cantos of Ezra Pound （1986）。

He joined a famous literary salon run by an American woman writer Gertrude Stein， and became involved in the experimentations on poetry. His other poetic works include twelve volumes of verse Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound （1982）， and Personae （1909）， and some longer pieces such as Hugh Selwyn Mauberley （1920）。

【英国】Chapter 5 The Modern Period现代时期1. The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2. Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3. Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。

4. Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。

5. The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。

6. The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。

自考英语本科《英美文学选读》-美国现代时期一天全掌握The modern period 现代时期the second American Renaissance,the expatriate移居海外movement,the Lost Generation, 迷茫的一代a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, 及时行乐spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious,psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz Age应用名词解释："迷惘的一代"，意象派诗歌，象征主义，表现主义，意识流"荒原"意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》：主题、意象、语言弗洛斯特的自然诗《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》：主题、象征与比喻、语言《毛猿》第八场：主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手《了不起的盖茨比》第三章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格age:second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th centurybackground:(1)the U.S. has become the most powerful country(2)technological revolution(3)a decline in moral standard, a spiritual wasteland, feelings of fear, loss, disorientation and disillusionmentinfluencing ideas:(1)the same as English Modern period: Karl Marx, Darwin,Freud(2)stream of consciousness:modernism's features:literature: convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decaywriter: develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation The differences between Modernism America and England(1)American writers emphasize the concrete sensory images or details as the direct conveyor of experience(2)modern fiction employ the first narration or confine the reader to the "central consciousness" or one character‘s point of viewcommon ground: directness, compression, vividness, sparing of wordsThe idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第五章现代时期(The Modern Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）一般认为第一次世界大战是英国历史的分水岭，因为这场战争给英国社会的各个领域带来了急剧的变化。

暴风骤雨般的第一次世界大战极大地削弱了大英帝国，使英国有史以来第一次成为债务国，伦敦失去了其世界金融中心的地位。

战后经济的混乱和精神的幻灭对英国人民产生了深远的影响，他们开始认清资本主义普遍存在的罪恶。

（2）第二次世界大战标志着大英帝国的最终瓦解，在这场战争中英国损失惨重。

更糟的是随着战争的结束，英国的殖民地掀起了声势浩大的独立运动。

到1970年，英国几乎失去了所有的前殖民地，昔日的“日不落帝国”终于瓦解。

（3）大英帝国的结束极大地削弱了它的实力和对世界的影响，战后英国对其国际地位的改变所作的调整是艰难、痛苦的。

这几乎用了二十年的时间才让大多数英国人真正理解和接受英国不再是世界事务的中心这样一个事实。

然而，英国成功地度过最困难的时期，今天它依然是世界上主要的资本主义国家之一。

2、文化背景(Cultural background)（1）19世纪后半期以及20世纪头几十年，欧洲自然科学和社会科学得到巨大的发展。

在意识形态方面，自然科学的发展产生了各种各样的悲观论和宿命论。

自然主义是这些论点在文学上的一种反映。

达尔文的进化论、爱因斯坦的相对论等等理论在20世纪的头几十年对塑造人们的心理状态产生了极大的影响。

然而，更重要的是弗洛伊德的分析心理学，因为这种心理分析的方法在现实生活中以及在文学中极大地改变了人们对人类本性的看法。

（2）在社会科学领域，马克思和恩格斯提出了科学社会主义理论，事实证明这种理论不仅是一种指导原则，而且鼓励着劳动人民为自身的解放而斗争。

同时，唯心主义哲学也蓬勃兴起，叔本华、尼采、伯格森等名列本时期最著名的人物之中。

V. Ernest Hemingway （l899-1961） ⼀。

⼀般识记 His life and writing： Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful. He was born in Oak Park， Illinois. Hemingway loved sports and often went hunting and fishing with his father， which provided him with writing materials. After high school， he worked as a reporter. During World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. After the war， he went to Paris as a foreign reporter. Influenced and guided by Sherwood Anderson， Stephen Crane and Gertrude Stein he became a writer and began to attract attention. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In 1954， he was awarded the Nobe1 Prize for literature. In 196l， in ill hea1th， anxiety and deep depression， Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun. ⼆。

自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（3）-1Ⅱ。

John Galsworthy (1867-1933)一。

一般识记His life：John Galsworthy was born into an upper-middle class family. He was educated first at Harrow and then at Oxford. After practising the law for a short time，he turned to literature.二。

识记His major works：He published his first book，From the Four Winds (a volume of short stories)，in 1897 under the pseudonym of John Sinjohn. The experiences of his wife’s unhappy life of the first marriage were reflected in The Man of Property (1906)，which，together with his first p1ay，The Silver Box (1906)，established him as a prominent novelist and playwright in the public mind. After the First Wor1d War he completed The Forsyte Saga，his first trilogy：The Man of Property，In Chancery (1920) and To Let (1921)。

His second Forsyte trilogy，A Modern Comedy，appeared in 1929，and the third，End of the Chapter，posthumous1y in 1934.三。

Chapter ５The Modern PeriodⅠ学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，了解20世纪批判现实主义文学和现代主义文学产生的历史、文化背景。

认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对现当代英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

Ⅱ本章重点及难点1．英国现代文学的特征2．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3．名词解释：现代主义4．应用：选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格，如（1）叶芝和艾略特诗歌（所选作品）的主题、意象分析（2）小说《儿子与情人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析（3）意识流小说的主要特色分析（4）萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义分析Ⅲ.考核知识点和考核要求（一）现代时期概述1．识记：A. 20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景B．英国20世纪批判现实主义文学C．现代主义文学的兴起与衰落2．领会：A. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张B．英国现代主义文学思潮（1）诗歌（2）小说（3）戏剧3．应用：A．名词解释：现代主义B．英国现代主义文学的特点C．现代主义文学对当代文学的影响（二）现代时期的主要作家A.萧伯纳1．一般：萧伯纳的生平与文学生涯。

2. A．萧伯纳的政治改革思想和文学创作主张B．萧伯纳的戏剧创作（1）早期主要作品：《鳏夫的房产》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《康蒂坦》、《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》（2）中期作品：《人与超人》、《巴巴拉少校》、《皮格马利翁》（3）晚期作品：《伤心之家》、《回到麦修色拉》、《圣女贞德》、《苹果车》3. A．萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义B．萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响4．A．《华伦夫人的职业》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义B．选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法等B．约翰·高尔斯华绥1．高尔斯华绥的生平与文学生涯2．高尔斯华绥的文学创作（1）戏剧：《银盒》、《正义》、《斗争》（2）小说：《福赛特世家》（《有产业的人》、《骑虎》、《出租》）、《现代喜剧》3. A．高尔斯华绥的创作思想B．高尔斯华绥批判现实主义小说的主要特点及社会意义4．选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格。

绝密★启用前2023年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英美文学选读试题答案及评分参考（课程代码00604）一、单项选择题：本大题共40小题，每小题1分，共40分。

1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. B7. A8. D9. C 10. A11. D 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C16. D 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. D21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A26. D 27. C 28. C 29. C 30. D31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B36. D 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. D二、阅读理解题：本大题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分。

41. A. Henry Fielding; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (or Tom Jones). (2分)B. Daughter of the well-off squire Western. (1分)C. Human nature. (1分)42. A. Charles Dickens; Oliver Twist (2分)B. A chimney-sweeper. (1分)C. Character-portrayal. (1分)43. A. Theodore Dreiser; Sister Carrie.(2分)B. Hurstwood. (1分)C. He turned on the gas in a cheap lodging-house and ended his life. (1分)英美文学选读试题答案及评分参考第1页（共3页）44. A. Robert Lee Frost. (1分)B. The speaker tells us how the course of his life was determined when he came upon tworoads that diverged in a wood. (2分)C. The speaker took the road less traveled by. (1分)三、简答题：本大题共4小题，每小题6分，共24分。

自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（4）-33. The brief outline，artistic features and social significance of Ulysses：(1) The brief outline：Broadly speaking，Ulysses gives an account of man’s life during one day (16 June，1904) in Dublin. The three major characters are：Leopold Bloom，an Irish Jew，his wife，Marion Tweedy Bloom，and Stephen Dedalus，the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The whole novel is divided into 18 episodes in correspondence with the 18 hours of the day. The first three episodes are mainly concerned with Stephen Dedalus：he gets up at 8 o’clock on this specific day; he teaches a history class at a boy’s school; and then he walks along the strand to town with random thoughts in mind. The next 14 episodes are largely about Leopold Bloom，who，after breakfast，goes about Dublin on his day’s routine activities. In the morning，Bloom takes a Turkish bath，calls in at the National Library，attends the funeral of a friend，and shows up at the newspaper office where he sells advertising. After lunch，Bloom wanders about in the city，meeting people in streets，at pubs and in shops，worrying about his wife，his money，his daughter and his digestion，pursuing persistently his own ruminations over his past，the death of his father and his baby son，but at the same time cocking an alert ear for what is going on around him. Then he roams along a beach at twilight，sitting at a place to watch an unknown girl and having a daydream. In the evening he visits a maternity hospital to inquire about the birth of a friend’s baby. During the course of the day，Stephen also wanders aimlessly in the town，propounding his theory on Shakespeare’s Hamlet at the National Library，drinking at the students’ common room of the hospital，visiting a brothel in the “Nighttown” where he is rescued in a drunken affray by Bloom. Subsequently Bloom invites Stephen back to his home for a late drink. Stephen leaves in the early hours of the morning and Bloom goes to bed. The novel ends with the famous monologue by Molly，who is musing in a half-awake state over her past experiences as a woman.(2) The artistic features：Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises the question whether it can be termed as a “novel” all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense：there is virtually no story，no plot，almost no action，and little characterization in the usual sense. The events of the day seem to be trivial，insignificant，or even banal. But below the surface of the events，the natural flow of mental reflections，the shifting moods and impulses in the characters’ inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.(3) The social significance of the novel：In Ulysses，Joyce intends to present a microcosm of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind，and how history is recapitulated in the happenings of one day. With complete objectivity and minute details of man’s everyday routines and his psychic processes，Joyce illustrates a symbolic picture of all human history，which is simultaneously tragic and comic，heroic and cowardly，magnificent and dreary. Like Eliot’s masterp iece，The Waste Land，Joyce’s Ulysses presents a realistic picture of the modern wasteland in which modern men are portrayed as vulgar and trivial creatures with splitting personalities，disillusioned ideals，sordid minds and broken families，who are searching in vain for harmonious human relationships and spiritual sustenance in a decaying world.4. The characteristics of Finnegans Wake：Joyce spent 17 years working on his last important book，Finnegans Wake (1939)。

第五章I.Multiple choice1.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristorcrats(貴族),the modernEnglish novel gives a realistic presentation of life of : the common Englishpeople2.the middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literaryform, that is modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation oflife of the common English people3.who is the first :Angry young ManOsborne4.George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best –known englishdramatist since Shakespeare5.George Bernard Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s prefession （沃倫夫人的職業）is a realistic exposure of the economic exploitation of women in theEnglish society 對婦女經濟上的壓迫6.the following comments on George Bernard Shaw are ture excepteA.george bernard Shaw’s career as dramatist began in 1892 . when hisfirst play Widowers’s houses was put on by the Independent TheaterSociety他的第一部戲“鰥夫的房產”由“獨立劇社”上演B.Shaw began his his literary career by writing novels soon after hissettling down in LondonC.Shaw’s writings reflect the combination of realism and naturalismD.Shaw’s plays can be termed as problems plays倒轉錯位7.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditionsof the great victorial novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens andThackeray高爾斯華綏是傳統型作家，繼承了維多利亞時期文學家的優良風格8.in ―the Forsyte Saga‖費爾塞特世家by John Galsworthy , a typicalforsyte has a remarkable characteristic---a strong sense of property弗爾塞特家族盛行的佔有欲與唯利是圖，這種佔有欲深刻影響到家族內的人際關系，同時也反映出當時的英國社會人與人之間赤裸裸的金錢關系9.sailing to byzantium written by Yeats is a poem exploring the problem ofdeath, love, old age and art駛向拜佔庭，葉芝揭示了死亡，愛情，衰老與藝術的問題，拜佔庭這個城市座落在東方與西方的交界處，成了時光流逝的場所，同時靈魂的顯現出沒又象征了煉獄與天堂這兩個對立事物的統一，一旦脫離凡塵或曰死去，詩中的老者便進入長青知識的紀念碑，進入永恆的世界，在這裡，藝術是亙古不變的10.in the lake istle of Innisfree伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲, william butler yeatsexpresses his desire to escape into a fairyland11.we can find the allusion to Helen(海倫) and the Trojan war特洛伊bywillian bulter yeats ----Leda and the Swan 麗達同天鵝12.the waste land荒原by T.S.Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model ofthe 20th century English poetry荒原是埃略特最重要的獨立詩篇，被益為20世紀英國詩歌的代表與典范，可與華茲華斯的“抒情歌謠集”相媲美，這首詩對修辭與文體風格進行了大膽的革新，不僅全面展現了現代西方社會物質上的錯亂和精神上的頹敗，而且反映出戰後一代人中盛行的幻滅與絕望13.the yellow fog that rubs its back upon the windowpanes黃色的霧在窗玻璃上擦著它的背The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the windowpanes黃色的煙在窗玻璃上擦著它的嘴Linked its tongue into the corners of the evening把它的舌頭舔進黃昏的角落裡Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains徘徊在快要幹涸的水坑上The stanza is taken from T.S. Eliot’s the love song of J.Alfred prufrock (J.A.布魯富勞克的情歌)Love song of J.A Prufrock ：它講述了一位上了年紀的男人對求婚問題的深思不定，全詩的形式是戲劇獨白，暗示了虛假的情歌與主人公自已承認的無法直面愛情及無聊的上流社會生活之間諷刺性對照，Prufrock ,詩中主人公是個神經質，自以為是，不講羅輯以及優柔寡斷的人物，他是一個悲劇性角色，被陷在理想毀滅與欲望得不到滿足的痛苦中,詩歌的背景是一個彬彬有禮的社會，如同蒲柏的“奪發記”中描寫的上流社會的---茶點聚會極為重要的大事，打牌是排譴空虛的唯一途徑, 這首詩是反浪漫主義的，詩中的比喻與意象都不十會優美，氣氛也陰沉如地獄14.Which of the following best describes the speaker of the love song ofJ.Alfred prufrock ---He is a man of inactivity15.Sons and Lovers by wrence established his position as novelist16.Women in Love by Lawrence is considered to be better-structured novel17.the lawrence trilogy 勞倫斯的三部曲refer toA collier’s Friday night 礦工的周五夜晚The daughter in law 兒媳The widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍爾羅德夫人三部作品的背景都是諾丁漢姆郡的工人階層，主要戲劇沖突都是無知粗暴的酒鬼父親或丈夫與厭倦粗俗但飽受挫折從而望子成龍的母親或是妻子這間的矛盾18.Which of the following writings is not the novel of D.H. Lawrence’sA.Sons of loversB. A portrait of the artist as a young man乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》C.The white peacock---處女作D.The rainbow19.Ulysses憂利西斯by James Joyce is a prime example of modernism inliteratureJoyce 真正的代表作是Ulysses, 這部小說是現代主義文學的首要典范，這部小說之奇特使人懷疑根本不是“小說”，因為它缺乏傳統小說所有的要素，沒有故事，沒有情節，沒有動作，人物塑造也僅有一點點，總體說來Ulysses 隻寫了一個人在都柏森一天之內的生活20.in the english history, James joyce is the most outstandingstream-of-consciousness 意識流novelist21.at last she spoke to me, when she addressed the first words to me I was soconfused that I did not know what to answer, she asked me was I going to araby, I forget wheter I answered yes or no, it would be a splendid bazaar, she said , she would love to gothe passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners22.which of the following is not true according to James Joyce?A.Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literatureB.Joyce is regarded as the most stream-of-consciousness novelistC.Joyce is a realistic writer in english literature historyD.His novel ―a portrait of the artist as a young man‖ is naturalisticaccount of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic andspiritual liberation1916年，Joyce 第一部長篇小說“藝術家年輕時代的肖像”出版，小說的題目暗示角色塑造有自傳的成份。

V. D. H. Lawrence （1885-1930） ⼀。

⼀般识记 His life and writing： David Herbert Lawrence was born at a mining village in Nottinghamshire. His father was a coal-miner with little education； but his mother， once a school teacher， was from a somewhat higher class， who came to think that she had married beneath her and desired to have her sons well educated so as to help them escape from the life of coal miners. The conflict between the earthy， coarse， energetic but often drunken father and the refined， strong-willed and up-climbing mother is vividly presented in his autobiographical novel， Sons and Lovers （1913）。

⼆。

识记 wrence's major works： During his life-long literary career， he had written more than ten novels， several volumes of short stories and a large number of poems. Lawrence began his novel writing in his early twenties. His first novel， The White Peacock （1911）， is a remarkable work of a talented young man， acutely observant of nature and delighting in story. His second novel is The Trespasser （1912）， which is about the failure of human contact and the lack of warmth between people， which are to be further explored in his later novels. Lawrence was recognized as a prominent novelist only after Sons and Lovers was published. The Rainbow （1915） and Women in Love （1920） are generally regarded as his masterpieces in which symbolism and complex narrative are employed more richly. 2.The Rainbow （1） The story： The Rainbow is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm. The first part is about the marriage and life of Tom Brangwen and Lydia Lensky， a Polish widow. They have a deep and loving understanding of each other in spite of the utter foreignness between them. They can also communicate with the mysterious natural world. Their relationship is presented as the model one in the novel. The second part of the novel is about Anna Lensky， Lydia's daughter by her first husband， and Will， Tom's nephew. They have physical passion for each other；but， in Lawrence's words， "their souls remain separate." Their relationship is fraught with conflicts， and their marriage fails to achieve the final fulfillment of the older generation. The last part of the novel deals with Ursula， the eldest daughter of Will and Anna， who carries the story on into the third generation. This part of the novel traces Ursula's life from childhood through adolescence up to adulthood. At the end of the novel； Ursula is left with much experience behind her， but still "uncreated" in face of the unknown future. （2） The social significance of The Rainbow： In this novel， Lawrence illustrates a terrible social corruption that accompanies the progress of human civilization. In Lawrence's opinion， the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities， the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships. In reading the novel， the reader often feels the threatening shadows of the disintegration and destructiveness of the whole civilized world which loom behind the emotional conflicts and psychological tensions of the characters. As a matter of fact， it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exploration in his novel writing. 3.Women in Love： （1） The story： As its title implies， Women in Love is a novel about two pairs of lovers， around whom a series of episodes are dramatically presented. The two heroines are Ursula Brangwen and her younger sister Gudrun； and the two chief male characters are Gerald Crich， a young coalmine owner， and Rupert Birkin， a school inspector. At the opening of the story， Ursula and Birkin strike an immediate kin ship with each other， while Gudrun is attracted by Gerald's physical energy. The rest of the novel is a working out of the relationships of these four through interrelating events and conflicts of personalities. After a series of ups and downs， Birkin and Ursula have reached a fruitful relationship by maintaining their integrity and independence as individuals and decided to get married in the end. But the passionate love between Gudrun and Gerald experiences a process of tension and deterioration. As both of them have let their "will-power" and "ideals" interfere with their proper relations， their love turns out to be a disastrous tragedy. （2） The symbolic meanings in this novel： Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings. Gerald Crich， an efficient but ruthless coalmine owner， who makes the machine his god and establishes the inhuman mechanical system in his mining kingdom， is a symbolic figure of spiritual death， representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. Whereas Birkin， a self-portrait of Lawrence， who fights against the cramping pressures of mechanized industrialism and the domination of any kind of dead formulas， is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth， standing for the spontaneous Life Force. Women in Love is a remarkable novel in which the individual consciousness is subtly revealed and strands of themes are intricately wound up. The structural pattern of the book derives from the contrast between the destinies of the two pairs of lovers and the subordinate masculine relationship between Birkin and Gerald. The two sisters， the two male friends， and the two couples are closely paralleled in ideas， actions and relations so that each is corresponding to and contrasting with the other. Thus， Women in Love is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any otherwritten by Lawrence. 4.His later novels， which deal more extensively with themes of power， dominance， and leadership； the relationships that men form with one another， are also under exploration. These works include Aaron's Rod （1922），Kangaroo （1923）， The Plumed Serpent （1926）， and Lady Chatterley's Lover （1928）。

自考《英美文学选读》（英）现代文学时期（3）-3(2) In his later period，Eliot produced only two major volumes of poetic works：Ash Wednesday (1930) and Four Quartets (1944)。

The quest for stability，for order，and for the maintaining of the bourgeois status quo became his primary concern in his later works. The Four Quartets，based on the Christian dogmas of incarnation and resurrection，is concerned with the quest for the immortal element，the stillness within time or history. Man，disillusioned and hopeless in his early poetry，now finds reconciliation in God. Thus，the Four Quartets is characterized by a philosophical and emotional calm quite in contrast to the despair and suffering of the early works. The stream-of-consciousness technique has been largely employed in Eliot’s poems.2.T. S. Eliot’s major achievement in drama writing：He was one of the important verse dramatists in the first half of the 20th century. Besides some fragmentary pieces，Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays：Murder in the Cathedral (1935)，The Family Reunion (1939)，The Cocktail Party (1950)，The Confidential Clerk (1954)，and The-Elder Statesman (1959)。