专题03 阅读理解说明文(冲关真题训练)-备战高考英语大题冲关秘笈(原卷版)

Passage 1（2022•全国新课标ⅡC）Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that thebook will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your lifeare the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.＂Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.1．Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?A.To explain what they are.B.To introduce BookCrossing.C.To stress the importance of reading.D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.2．What does the underlined word ＂it＂in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.The book.B.An adventure.C.A public place.D.The identification number.3．What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?A.Meet other readers to discuss it.B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.C.Pass it on to another reader.D.Mail it back to its owner.4．What is the best title for the text?A.Online Reading: A Virtual TourB.Electronic Books: A New TrendC.A Book Group Brings Tradition BackD.A Website Links People through BooksPassage 2 （2022•北京C）California Condor’s Shocking RecoveryCalifornia condors are North America’s largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off. ＂As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power lines,＂says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-free birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. ＂Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,＂he says. ＂They are truly goodbirds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.＂1．California condors attract researchers’interest because they __________.A.are active at nightB.had to be bred in the wildC.are found only in CaliforniaD.almost died out in the 1980s2．Researchers have found electrical lines are___________.A.blocking condors’journey homeB.big killers of California condorsC.rest places for condors at nighted to keep condors away3．According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning___________.A.makes condors too nervous to flyB.has little effect on condors’kidneysC.can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’bloodD.makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds4．This passage shows that________.A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryB.Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineeringC.the efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsD.researchers have found the final answers to the problemPassage 3 （2022•天津C）When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. ＂Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence(力量) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,＂said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家) who made the discovery. ＂And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.＂Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25,31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out.Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence — the underpinnings(基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, ＂One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.＂1．What do we know about John?A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.B.He had few childhood playmates.C.He received little love from his family.D.He was envied by others in his childhood.2．Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as________.A.a description of personal values and social valuesB.an analysis of how work was related to competenceC.an example for parents’expectations of their childrenD.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men3．Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by________.A.recording the boys’effort in schoolB.evaluating the men’s mental healthparing different sets of scoresD.measuring the men’s problem solving ability4．What does the underlined word ＂sharp＂probably mean in Paragraph 4?A.Quick to react.B.Having a thin edge.C.Clear and definite.D.Sudden and rapid.5．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?petent adults know more about love than work.B.Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.C.Love brings more joy to people than work does.D.Independence is the key to one’s success.Passage 4 （2022•浙江C）A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is, well, just playing...right? Perhaps, but some developmental psychologists (心理学家)have argued that this ＂play＂is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge,it falls to the ground —and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim (to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way — that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort —the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world —is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, ＂It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.＂1．According to some developmental psychologists, ______________.A.a baby’s play is nothing more than a gameB.scientific research into babies’games is possibleC.the nature of babies’play has been thoroughly investigatedD.a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment2．We learn from Paragraph 2 that___________.A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyB.scientists and babies often interact with each otherC.babies are born with the knowledge of object supportD.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do3．Children may learn the rules of language by__________.A.exploring the physical worldB.investigating human psychologyC.repeating their own experimentsD.observing their parents’behaviors4．What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.B.Studying babies’play may lead to a better understanding of science.C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D.One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.5．What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’research and babies’play?A.Convincing .B.Confused.C.Confident.D.Cautious.Passage 5 （2022•浙江C）Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random —he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive (认知的) skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a ＂we＂, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.1．What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?A.Chimps seldom care about others’interests.B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors’food.D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.2．Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they _______.A.have the instinct to help othersB.know how to offer help to adultsC.know the world better than chimpsD.trust adults with their hands full3．The passage is mainly about_________.A.the helping behaviors of young childrenB.ways to train children’s shared intentionalityC.cooperation as a distinctive human natureD.the development of intelligence in childrenPassage 6 （2022•浙江B）El Niño, a Spanish term for ＂the Christ child,＂was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% ofdisaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño’s harmful effects — and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.1．What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?A.It is named after a South American fisherman.B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.2．What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.C.Rich countries’gains are greater than their losses.D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.3．The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that __________.A.more investment should go to risk reductionernments of poor countries need more aidC.victims of El Niño deserve more compensationD.recovery and reconstruction should come first4．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A.To introduce El Niño and its origin.B.To explain the consequences of El Niño.C.To show ways of fighting against El Niño.D.To urge people to prepare for El Niño.Passage 1 （2021•新课标全国卷ⅠD）Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope. This evening, as on every Thursday night, psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes, coffee drinking and the ＂talking cure＂. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers — some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2(plus drinks)per session — are quick to intellectualize (高谈阔论), slow to open up and connect. ＂You are forbidden to say ‘one feels,’or ‘people think’,＂Lehanne told them. ＂Say ‘I think,’‘Think me’.＂A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed? It couldn’t seem more un-French. But Lehanne’s psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself: It’s trying to help the city’s troubled neighborhood cafes. Over the years, Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle — longer working hours, a fast-food boom and a younger generation’s desire to spend more time at home. Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation. Cafes focused around psychology, history, and engineering are catching on, filling tables well into the evening.The city’s ＂psychology cafes＂, which offer great comfort, are among the most popular places. Middle-aged homemakers, retirees, and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love, anger, and dreams with a psychologist. And they come to Lehanne’s group just to learn to say what they feel. ＂There’s a strong need in Paris for communication,＂says Maurice Frisch, a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church. ＂People have few real friends. And they need to open up.＂Lehanne says she’d like to see psychology cafes all over France. ＂If people had normal lives, these cafes wouldn’t exist,＂she says. ＂If life weren’t a battle, people wouldn’t need a special place just to speak.＂But then, it wouldn’t be France.1．What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?A.Learn a new subject.B.Keep in touch with friends.C.Show off their knowledge.D.Express their true feelings.2．How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?A.They are less frequently visited.B.They stay open for longer hours.C.They have bigger night crowds.D.They start to serve fast food.3．What are theme cafes expected to do?A.Create more jobs.B.Supply better drinks.C.Save the cafe business.D.Serve the neighborhood.4．Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?A.They bring people true friendship.B.They give people spiritual support.C.They help people realize their dreams.D.They offer a platform for business links.Passage 2 （2021•新课标全国卷ⅡB）Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less self-conscious(难为情) when they’re in poorly lit places — and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colors make us feel less hungry. So when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t forget the clock — or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass. 1．The text is especially helpful for those who care about________.A.their home comfortsB.their body shapeC.house buyingD.healthy diets2．A home environment in blue can help people_________.A.digest food betterB.reduce food intakeC.burn more caloriesD.regain their appetites3．What are people advised to do at mealtimes?A.Eat quickly.B.Play fast music.e smaller spoons.D.Turn down the lights.4．What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Is Your House Making You Fat?B.Ways of Serving DinnerC.Effects of Self-ConsciousnessD.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? Passage 3 （2021•湖南B）In its early history,Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help,he replies, ＂No,thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me.＂The city planners decided to build an underground drainage(排水)system,but there simply wasn’t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt.This raised the level of the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet.This of course created a new problem:dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago.Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?That’s where George Pullman came in. He had developed some house-moving skills successfully. To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel, Pullman would place thousands of jackscrews (螺旋千斤顶)beneath the building’s foundation. One man was assigned to operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews. At Pullman’s signal each man turned his jackscrew the same amount at the same time, thereby raising the building slowly and evenly. Astonishingly, the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation, and many of its guests didn’t even notice anything was happening.Some people like to say that every problem has a solution. But in Chicago’s early history, every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem. Now that Chicago’s waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River, the city’s next step was to clean the polluted river.1．The author mentions the joke to show_______.A.horses were fairly useful in ChicagoB.Chicago’s streets were extremely muddyC.Chicago was very dangerous in the springD.the Chicago people were particularly humorous2．The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to _______.A.get rid of the street dirtB.lower the Chicago RiverC.fight against heavy floodsD.build the pipes above ground3．The underlined word ＂hoist＂in Paragraph 4 means ＂_______＂.A.changeB.liftC.repairD.decorate4．What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?A.It went on smoothly as intended.B.It interrupted the business of the hotel.C.It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.D.It separated the building from its foundation.5．The passage is mainly about early Chicago’s_______.A.popular lifestyles and their influencesB.environmental disasters and their causesC.engineering problems and their solutionsD.successful businessmen and their achievementsPassage 4 （2021•安徽C）As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder(文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location(位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called ＂transactive memory(交互记忆). ＂According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn’t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.1．The passage begins with two questions to______.A.introduce the main topicB.show the author’s attitudeC.describe how to use the InternetD.explain how to store information2．What can we learn about the first experiment?A.The Sparrow’s team typed the information into a computer.B.The two groups remembered the information equally well.C.The first group did not try to remember the information.D.The second group did not understand the information.3．In transactive memory, people _________.A.keep the information in mindB.change the quantity of informationanize information like a computerD.remember how to find the information4．What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow’s research?A.We are using memory differently.B.We are becoming more intelligent.C.We have poorer memories than before.D.We need a better way to access information.Passage 5 （2021•浙江C）If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we would go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal (夜间活动的) species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings. Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.The benefits of this kind of engineering come with consequences — called light pollution — whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study. Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows。

专题01 阅读理解(说明文)高频话题01 人与自我—饮食Passage 12022-2023学年下学期·福建福州·高一期末试卷New Year’s Day is meant for food. As the new year arrives around the world, there could be special cakes and breads, for example, long noodles representing long life, field peas representing coins, and pigs representing good luck. The particulars vary, but the general theme is the same: Enjoy food and drink to bring in a year of prosperity. Here are some of the New Year’s food traditions around the world.Hoppin’ John, American SouthA major New Year’s food tradition in the American South, Hoppin’ John is a dish of pork-flavored field peas or black-eyed peas—symbolizing coins—and rice, frequently served with cooked greens—as they’re the color of money and cornbread—the color of gold. The dish is said to bring good luck in the new year.Twelve grapes, SpainThe people of Spain traditionally watch a broadcast from Puerta del Sol in Madrid, where people gather in front of the square’s clock tower to ring in the New Year. Those out in the square and those watching at home take part in an unusual annual tradition: At the stroke of midnight, they eat one grape for every toll of the clock bell. Some even get their grapes ready—peeling and seeding the—to make sure they will be as efficient as possible when mid-night comes.Tamales, MexicoTamales, corn dough filled with meat, cheese and other delicious additions and wrapped in a banana leaf or acorn husk, make appearances at pretty much every special occasion in Mexico. In many families, groups of women gather together to make hundreds of the little packets to hand out to friends, family and neighbors. Soba noodles, JapanIn Japanese households, families eat buckwheat soba noodles, or toshikoshi soba, at mid-night on New Year’s Eve to say goodbye to the year gone by and welcome the year to come. The tradition dates back to the 17th century, and the long noodles symbolize longevity and prosperity.1. The common theme of food for New Year’s Day is _______.A. to show its deliciousness and sell well in marketB. to celebrate new year and wish for blessings from natureC. to eat and drink well and hope for a fancy new yearD. to say farewell to the old year and welcome the new year2. Which dish is believed to bring good luck in the new year?A. Twelve grapes.B. Hoppin’John.C. Tamales.D. Soba noodles. 3. Which group of people would share fond with neighbors on New Year’s Day? A. The Americans. B. The Mexicans. C. The Spanish. D. The Japanese.【答案】1. C 2. B 3. B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。

高考英语考前30天之备战专题三阅读理解第一节阅读理解解题方法突破说明文类学案第一节阅读理解解题方法突破C. 说明文类1. 体裁特点综述英语中的说明文以说明、描写为主要表达方式,介绍说明人的事迹或介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等。

它是一种应用性很强的文体,说明的目的是让读者有所知,给读者提供知识。

说明文的基本特点就是具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性和条理性。

2. 针对该文体的特点,我们如何快速有效地对文章进行整体把握？迅速浏览文章,注意描写所依据的先后顺序,不遗漏任何细节。

3. 解题方法突破(1) 先阅读文章后的题目,找出题目中的关键词；(2) 在文章中找到对应的段落和语句,分析文章所给信息,确定答案。

Far water does not put out near fire. 远水救不了近火。

体裁：说明文限时： 6分钟词汇量： 356难度:适中Pat Brown went to her bank to ask for an ATM card. It lookslike a credit card. A few weeks later, the bank posted her a card and a four number personal identification number (PIN). Her PIN is 1234．As Pat was getting ready for bed one night, she remembered that she had only 2 in her bag. The next day she had to pay for a lunch for a co worker. She didn t want to get up early to go to the bank. So she went to the bank that night. She used her ATM card to withdraw money from her checking account．These are the steps she followed to withdraw money. First, she put her card in the lower slot on the right side of the machine. She made sure her card was facing the right way. Second, the computer screen(window) said, “Please enter (put in) your PIN.” Pat pressed the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. Next the screen said, “Please select the t ype of transaction you want by pressing the correct keys.” Pat pressed the bottom key for withdrawing money．Then the screen said, “From which account？” The choices it gave were “Checking”, “Saving”, and “Money market”. Pat pushed the key for “Checking”. Next, the screen said, “Please select(choose) amount of transaction.” Pat pushed the number “5” and then “0” three times, until the screen read, “5000.” The screen then read, “Please wait.” In less than a minute, it read, “Pleaselift(rise) the lid and take your money.”Pat lifted the lid marked “Withdraw”. She counted her money to make sure the ATM hadn t made a mistake. Then she waited for her withdrawal slip to come out of the slot at the upper right corner of the machine. Pat checked the slip to make sure it was correct. Then her ATM card was returned through the card slot. She put it in her bag and walked away. If Pat had made a mistake at any point by pressing the wrong button(number), she could have pressed “Cancel” and started over agai n．文本把握1. 了解自动取款机上取款的过程了吗？2. PIN是什么意思？（）1. What did Pat do immediately after choosing the account？A. Selected whether to withdraw, deposit, or transfer money．B. Lifted the lid and removed her money．C. Selected the amount of money she wanted to withdraw．D. Got back her ATM card．（）2. When did Pat enter her PIN？A. Right after inserting her card.B. Right before selecting the account．C. Right before selecting the amount of money.D. Right after selecting withdrawal．（）3. What did P at do when the screen said,“Please lift（rise） the lid…”？A. Got out her card.B. Took her 50．C. Selected the type of transaction she wanted.D. Picked up her withdrawal slip．尝试解答请同学们先做练习,后看详解,效果会更好哦!试试看!例题详解本文详细地介绍了读者在自动取款机上取钱的过程。

原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 备战2018年高考英语大题冲关秘笈专题03 冲关模拟训练题组一Passage1（2018届山东省滨州市高三上学期期中考试） 话题 词数 难度 参考用时 正确率 醋的抗旱作用 366 ★★★☆☆ 7分钟Vinegar makes salad, fries and dumplings taste better, and you can even use it to clean your windows. And now, according to scientists, it may even the planet ’s pop ulation survive climate change.Researchers from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan found that growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts. This could mean that in the future, worries about climate change affecting the world ’s supply of food will be much lower. The discovery was made after the researchers studied the Arabidopsis, a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather. It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions, it produced a chemical called acetate （醋酸盐）—the main component of vinegar.After discovering this, the scientists experimented further by adding acetate to the soil of other plants, before they stopped giving them water completely. After leaving the plants for 14 days, they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived, while the untreated plants had dried up and died.It ’s hoped that this simple method of survival could soon be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive. "In the experiment, we targeted the staple foods of the world —rice, wheat and maize —and the basic plant of breeding species, rapeseed （油菜籽）," Jong Myong Kim, co-author of the study, told Popular Science magazine.Kim also told the magazine he ’s already bee n in touch with people all over the world who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from flower growing companies to amateur gardeners. Although at this point keeping thirsty plants alive isn ’t as easy as just pouring vinegar over them, Kim said he and his team are working on making the process as simple as possible. "Now we are trying to cooperate with some farmers, and also some companies, to make a method to apply this system, "he said. And for those of us who always forget to ask our neighbors to water our plants when we go away, hopefully this means the end of returning home from a trip to find our favorite flowers have died.。

＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。

它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。

它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。

说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。

说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。

说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。

然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。

高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。

因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。

学优高考网1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。

边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

A（2016﹒福建泉州卷）What would the world be like if cars could drive themselves? Imagine seeing an empty car passing by on itsway to pick up its owner, or a car full of passengers who are reading, listening to music or even sleeping. But none of them are worried about the road ahead.Well, all of this could be the future of driving. There are several companies, including Google, working on driverless cars. So far, no Google self-driven car has gotten a traffic ticket, bus some of them have been in accidents when other cars hit them.These cars are now still in the testing stages. But, if the tests are successful, these electric self-driven cars could be put into use very soon.The cars already have many features(特点) allowing them to take the place of drivers during certain situations. Some features include cars being able to park themselves, or slow down when they notice objects close by. They can also control the speed if there are dangerous conditions.Scientists and engineers believe, with the help of wireless(无线电的) signals, cameras and GPS, we are now at a stage where creating a safe self-driven car might be possible.The cause of deadly road accidents is usually careless drivers or dangerous conditions. The self-driven car may be able to prevent these. However, some people do not like the idea. American lawyer Whit Drake, for example, doesn’t believe these cars are safe. He thinks that technologies can also be mistakes.61.The main purpose of the first paragraph is to ___________.A. make readers wonder about self-driven carsB. get readers to pay attention to road safetyC. tell readers to keep away from heavy traffic62.The testing self-driven cars need ___________ energy to run.A. solarB. nuclearC. electric63.From the passage, we know that the testing self-driven cars can already ___________.A. avoid being hit by other vehicles on roadsB. control the speed in dangerous situationsC. turn around when getting near objects64.What might make the self-driven cars run safely according to the passage?a.e-readingb. wireless signalsc.camerasd. GPSA. a, b, cB. a, b, dC. b, c, d65.What is Whit Drake’s attitude(态度) toward the safety of the self-driven cars?A. He has doubt about it.B. He believes it completely.C. He doesn’t care about it.B（2016﹒浙江宁波卷）Your brain controls everything you do. It makes it possible for you to think, learn,create and feel; to blink(眨眼) and breathe and for your heart to heat — this fantastic controlcenter is your brain. It is so amazing that a famous scientist once called it ＂the mostcomplex(复杂) thing we have yet discovered in our universe＂.Can this small grey organ(器官), which weighs less than one and a half kilos, really do so much? Amazingly, your brain contains about 100 billion neurons(神经元) — it would take you over 3,000 years to count them all. Believe it or not, the activity in your brain never stops. Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the world. And although one neuron creates only a little electricity, all your neurons together can produce enough electricity to power a light bulb (灯泡).So exactly how fast does your brain work? Well, imagine this: a bee lands on your foot. Neurons in your skin send this information to your brain at a speed of more than 240 kilometers per hour. Your brain then uses other neurons to send the message back to your foot to shake the bee off quickly. These neurons can send this information at more than 320 kilometers per hour. No computer has your b rain’s unbelievable ability to deal with the amount of information coming from your eyes, ears and other sensory organs.But how does your brain allow you to learn things that you will use in the future? The structure (结构) of your brain changes every time you have a new thought, remember or learn something. For example, riding a bike seems impossible at first, but soon you are able to do it. How? As you practice, your brain sends ＂bike riding＂messages again and again Soon, the actions are learnt and you are able to ride a bike easily from then on.42. From the passage we know that neurons ___________.A. receive messages very slowlyB. are only found in your skinC. send messages to your brainD. need electricity to work43. In Paragraph 3, the writer mentions computers to ___________.A. compare them wich the human brainB. show how fast they have becomeC. say that computers have no abilitiesD. ask people to use computers more44. When you have a new thought, ___________.A. your brain will power a light bulbB. your heart beats fasterC. you remember somethingD. the structure of your brain changes45. The article is mainly ahout ___________.A all the steps when your brain leams thingsB. what an unbelievable organ the human brain isC. how the brain makes people smarter than computersD. the things you can do to make your brain work fasterC（2016﹒山东东营卷）It seems that school children all over the world complain(抱怨) about their school food. What do students of your age eat for lunch at school in other countries?JapanHigh schools have dining rooms. They serve everything from noodles to rice, but not burgers and chips. Other children bring food from home, such as cold rice balls, meat or fish, pickles(泡菜) and vegetables. Twice a year parents are invited to have a taste of the food.United StatesA typical menu from a US school is made up of a hamburger with fried potatoes or roast chicken, lettuce and pickles, fruit and cookies. School lunches must also provide at least one third of the daily amount(总量) of necessary nutrition(营养), such as, vitamin A, vitamin C and calcium(钙).AustraliaMeat pies, sausage rolls(香肠卷) and hotdogs are all traditional dishes in Australian school shops. But as the country pays more attention to children’s health, healthier foods have started to appear on school menus. Many schools have used a traffic light system. The sale of red labeled(标注) foods, including cookies, chocolate and soft drinks, is served only twice a week. Healthier green labeled foods such as sushi, sandwiches, corn and watermelons, however, are available every day.South AfricaMost of South African schools do not serve meals at all. Classes end at l：30 p. m. and students get their own lunches. Many students bring food from home, usually sandwiches.Fast food and fried food sell the best among students. As a result, it has caused a rise in obesity(肥胖) among children. But as more people began to realize that being too fat may cause different kinds of serious illnesses, some schools in towns have led the way towards better nutrition. Now students at these schools are offered lunches of porridge with vegetables, such as cabbage, onions, beans, carrots and tomatoes.46. High schools in Japan serve ___________.A. noodles and riceB. burgers and rice ballsC. chips and vegetablesD. fish and roast chicken47. From the passage, we know the typical menu from a US school is ___________.A. deliciousB. quite healthyC. not very healthyD. popular in South Africa48.Which are traditional dishes in Australia?A. Meat pies and hotdogs.B. Chocolate and soft drinks.C. Cookies and sushi.D. Sandwiches and corn.49. In South Africa, ___________.A. most students have sandwiches and vegetables for lunchB. students like fast food and fried food very muchC. more and more students become illD. students realized that fast food and fried food were bad for their health50. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?A. Parents in Japan are invited to taste the food twice a year.B. In the United States, school lunches must provide at least one third of the daily amount of necessarynutrition.C. In Australia, many schools have used a traffic light system.D. In South Africa, schools don’t serve meals.D（2016﹒湖南长沙卷）The Lantern Festival falls on the 15th of the first month of the lunar calendar(阴历). This day is always the first full moon in the new year. Ancient people also called it Shangyuan Festival. Celebrations and traditions on this day began from the Han Dynasty(朝代) and became popular in the Tang Dynasty.Watching the red lanterns is one of the main traditions. Lanterns of different shapes and sizes are usually put on trees, or along river banks on show. It is said that sky lanterns were first used by Zhuge Kongming to ask for help when he was in trouble. Today, when the lanterns slowly rise into the air, people make wishes.Another tradition is guessing lantern riddles. The riddles are usually short, wise, and sometimes humorous. The answer to a riddle can be a Chinese character(汉字), a famous person’s name, or a place name.The most important thing is to eat sweet dumplings with different tastes. In northern China, they are called yuanxiao while in southern part they’re named tangyuan. Because making sweet dumplings is like a game or an activity, they are usually done happily by a group of friends or family members.In old times, the Lantern Festival was also romantic(浪漫的). Watching lanterns gave young people a chanceto meet each other. A line from Xin Qiji, a poet during the Song Dynasty, shows this:Hundreds and thousands of times I searched for her in the crowd. Suddenly I turned, and there she stood, in the dim(昏暗的) light.46. The traditional festival talked about in this passage is called ＂___________＂in Chinese.A. 春节B. 元宵节C. 端午节47. When did celebrations and traditions of the Lantern Festival start from?A. The Han Dynasty.B. The Tang Dynasty.C. The Song Dynasty.48. What were sky lanterns first used for by Zhuge Kongming in ancient times?A. Making wishes.B. Celebrating birthdays.C. Asking for help.49. Which of the following is NOT true about sweet dumplings?A. They have different tastes.B. They are named ＂yuanxiao＂all over the country.C. People enjoy the process of making them.50. The line from Xin Qiji in the passage shows the Lantern Festival was ___________ in old times.A. boringB. humorousC. romanticA（2016﹒北京门头沟区初三上期末）Different types of maps have different uses.Tourist maps, for example, have signs to showplaces of interest in an area. When tourists readthese maps, it is easy for them to find where togo and what to see in a place and it is easy forthem to go and find their ways to these places.Road maps show large areas so that people can plan long journeys. Different types of roads are given different numbers. For example, if you want to go to Wood Green, you just follow No. 621 Road and keep looking at the road signs.Distribution maps(分布图) use colors or signs to show facts about an area. For example, where different languages are spoken, how many people live in an area, how cold and hot some places are, or whether a place isshort of water.Some maps, such as railway maps, use straight lines to show everything. This is easy for people to read. Trains are fast. Pe ople don’t have to think about small places they go past. They just need to know the two ends of their trips.学优高考网1. Jim is visiting the Summer Palace. Which map does he need most?A. A tourist map.B. A railway map.C. A distribution map.D. A road map.2. How can you tell different roads on road maps?A. By using different colors.B. By finding the numbers.C. By following No. 621 Road.D. By looking at the road signs.3. Which of the following can distribution maps tell us?A. How to get to Lakeside.B. How to plan a long journey.C. Where a famous museum is.D. How many people live in a place.4. Why do railway maps use straight lines?A. Because railways are straight.B. Because people can read them easily.C. Because people like straight lines.D. Because railways have only two ends.B（2016﹒山东德州庆云县第二中学九年级开学考试）New York is one of the last large American cities to have some of its policemen on horseback. The New York police have 170 horses working on certain parts of the city. The horses are expensive to feed(喂养), but it is even more expensive to look after them. Because the horses must walk on the streets, they need special horse shoes. In fact, they need more than 8,000 of them each day. Every police horse in New York gets new shoes every month. Keeping these shoes in good repair is the job of six blacksmiths(铁匠). There are only about thirty-five blacksmiths in the whole United States.The cost of shoeing a horse is between twenty dollars and thirty-five dollars and it takes a good blacksmith two or three hours to do the job.A blacksmith’s job is not an easy one. He must be able to shape a shoe from a piece of metal and then fit(安装) it to the horse foot. The blacksmith must bend over(弯腰) all the time when he is fitting the shoe and must hold the weight(重量) of the horse’s leg while he works. Clearly, a blacksmith must be very strong.But even more important, he must be able to deal with horses-for before the blacksmith can begin his work, he has to get the horse to lift his leg.One of the blacksmiths in New York is James Corbin. He came to the country from Ireland in 1948. He notonly makes horseshoes for the police but also works for a group of horse owners near the city.Corbin became interested in the job of blacksmiths because his father did it, and, as he puts it, ＂It’s a good way to make a living.＂1. According to the passage, a blacksmith must be a ___________ man.A.cleverB.richC.strongD.lucky2. James Corbin became a blacksmith because he ___________.A.was interested in horsesB.was needed by the policemenC.drew a picture of the horse shoesD.had to make a living3. In the passage ＂to shape a shoe＂is to ___________.A.fit it on the horse’s foote it for two or three hoursC.make the form of a horseshoe from a piece of metalD.draw a picture of the shoe4. The best title for the passage is ＂___________＂.A.Policemen on HorsebackB.Blacksmiths and HorseshoeingC.James Corbin, a BlacksmithD.Horseshoeing Is a Good Way to Make a Living5. Which of the following is true?A. Only a few large American cities have some policemen on horseback.B. New York is the only city in America to have some policemen on horseback.C. Policemen on horseback enjoy travelling around the United States.D. Policemen on horseback are less expensive than those in cars.C（2016﹒江苏南菁高级中学实验学校期中）To write a great news story, you have to make sure it is correct, relevant and fresh.For a start, all the information in a story must be correct. Not only the spelling and grammar, but also the facts.Any mistakes that appear in a story can get a newspaper into big trouble. For example, if a newspaper said that Yang Liwei was the first man to go into space, it would be wrong. He wasn’t the first. The new spaper would probably lose lots of readers because of that mistake.A news story is not only correct, but also relevant to its readers. People are mostly interested in news that happens near to them. That is why you care more about what happens at your school than at American schools. It is also why newspapers in Beijing d on’t talk about much news in Shanghai or Hong Kong.Finally, news must always be fresh. When you pick up your evening newspaper, you want to read about news that happens that day. You don’t want to read about news from last week!So, now you know what makes a good news story. Have a good look at our newspaper and see if it is full of good news. You can try writing a news story for our newspaper like a real reporter.1. What is the meaning of the underlined word ＂relevant＂?A .有趣的 B. 相关的 C. 最新的 D.正确的2. According to the writer, newspapers in Wuxi should talk much about news in ___________.A. WuxiB. Hong KongC. ShanghaiD. Beijing3. Which of the following is true?A. A sm all mistake can’t get a newspaper into trouble.B. A lot of people like reading about news from last week.C. The passage doesn’t tell us who was the first man to go into space.D. People are mostly interested in news that happens far away from them.练真题A【文章大意】本文是一篇有关＂无人驾驶汽车＂的介绍，文中介绍了无人驾驶车辆的研究历史，无人驾驶车的原理，现在的研究成果及人们对此的不同态度等。

专题卷三阅读理解之说明文1．阅读理解阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

Being physically active three times a week reduces the odds of being depressed by about 16%, according to new UCL research carried out as part of the Public Health Research Center.The study, published in JAMA Psychiatry, found a two-way relationship between depression and physical activity. People who increased their weekly activity reported fewer depressive symptoms but those with more depressive symptoms were less active, particularly at younger ages.Researchers followed 11,135 people born in 1958 up until the age of 50, recording depressive symptoms and levels of physical activity at regular intervals in adulthood. They found that each additional activity period per week reduced odds of depression by 6%. In England 19% of men and 26% of women are currently classed as “inactive”, and this study suggests that activity could significantly improve their mental as well as physical health.“Assuming the association is causal, physical activity has a protective effect against depression. If an adult between their twenties and forties who isn’ t physically active became active 3 times per week, they would reduce their risks of depression by about 16%.” says Dr. Snehal of the UCL Institute of Child Heal th, lead author of the study.Professor Mark, Director of the Public Health Research Center, said, “Many people are already aware of the benefits of physical activity on their general health, but now we are seeing more evidence that suggest it also has a positive effect on a person’s mental well-being. The latest research highlights just how important it is to ensure that people are working and living in environments that allow them to be both physically active and mentally healthy.”1.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A. To tell us a fun story about how to protect us against depression.B. To introduce a research on the link between activity and depression.C. To persuade readers to increase their weekly activity.D. To describe the disadvantages of physical activity.2.According to the second paragraph, if people increase their weekly activity, ______.A. their depressive symptoms will be fewerB. their depressive symptoms will be moreC. they will become much youngerD. they will become more depressive3.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Dr. Snehal thinks it important to be both physically and mentally healthy.B. The research shows men are more active in physical activities than women.C. Adults who insist on physical activity will reduce depression completely.D. Increasing physical activities can free people from depression in a way.4.The author shows his view mainly by_______.A. doing researchB. comparing and contrastingC. trying on himselfD. discussing and summarizing【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.B4.B 推理判断题。

语鹅市安置阳光实验学校专题9 阅读理解——说明文类方法与技巧题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。

具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。

这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见。

2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。

为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。

3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。

方法概述｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡【试题特点】①注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡②贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡③能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡(4)科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网考点一、细节事实理解。

一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。

细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题学@科@网范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。

此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the following are true except...4.According to thepassage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？1.直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。

大题03阅读理解说明文成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

说明文所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生态、安全等方面。

在高考英语阅读理解中，说明文所占比重尤为突出。

它既要求考生能熟练运用词汇和语法知识、理解文章语句、把握语篇整体结构，还要求学生有大量的阅读积淀和知识储备，熟悉不同的话题和不同的题目考查方式。

即便是细节理解题，大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后作出归纳和判断。

通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化。

（2023年新高考I卷D篇）On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. Thekey finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together”. Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.28. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of people’s errors.D. The design of Galton’s experiment.29. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent30. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.31. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，这就需要考生有方法有技巧地去阅读。

03说明文（2022·贵州铜仁·一模）Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic GamesThe 24th Winter Olympic Games is from February 4th to 20th. This is the first time that China has held the Winter Olympic Games, and Beijing has become the first city in the world to hold both the Summer Games and the Winter Games.Emblem (会徽)The emblem is called “Winter Dream”. The idea comes from the Chinese character “dong (winter)”. The emblem shows the movement of skaters and skiers. The pattern (图案) has the same colors as the Olympic Rings including red, yellow, green, black and blue. Below it are the words “BEIJING 2022” written in traditional calligraphy (书法). The emblem shows winter sports are becoming a passion all over the world. More and more people join in winter sports and have great fun.________In 1980, China joined for the first time in the Winter Olympic Games in New York, the United States. At the 1992 Winter Games in France, Chinese players won medals for the first time. Ye Qiaobao won two silver (银) medals, and Li Yan won silver medal. At the 2002 Winter Games in the United States, Yang Yang won the first gold medal in Chinese history. At the 2014 Winter Games in Russian, China won three gold medals, four silver medals and bronze (铜) medals.1．How long does the 24th Winter Olympic Games last?A．15 days. B．16 days. C．17 days. D．18 days.2．It’s clear that the emblem ________.A．is written in Chinese B．is colorful with six colorsC．has something to do with Chinese culture D．is written in English3．The underlined word “passion” means ________.A．winter dream B．wonderful dreamC．much-loved activity D．big change4．Which of the following can be put in ________.A．Modern Olympic GamesB．Ancient Olympic GamesC．China and Winter Olympic GamesD．The history of Winter Olympic Games5．Where can we probably read this article?A．In a cook book. B．In a guide book.C．In a story book. D．In a P.E. magazine.（2022·江苏连云港·二模）We feel angry or guilty about the things we did or did not achieve, about the things we cannot have, and many other things. It seems that everyone carries their own bad moods. But neither guilt nor anger can help us. Over time, they can be heavy weights on our shoulders.These bad moods don’t do anythi ng good for us at all. So you might ask yourself — is it possible to put down this heavy burden (负担) and give yourself a break? It is quite possible. Start by actually looking at your feelings. How do they get inside of us? Why do we carry them for so long instead of putting them down? Can we live without them?By thinking about our bad moods, we can find healthy ways to deal with them. Unhealthy behaviors are not the way to do this. They provide no relief. Instead, there are better ways to deal with them. One of the best ways is forgiveness(谅解).Forgiveness is a powerful tool. We should forgive ourselves first. We shouldn’t keep bad moods inside. We must also forgive others who have made us guilty or angry. This is not always easy. But when we learn to forgive ourselves, it becomes easier to forgive others as well.There is nothing good about carrying years of emotional burdens. By forgiving ourselves and others, we can abandon our burdens and feel better about ourselves. The moment you do this, you will start to feel a lot lighter. Years of heaviness will be magically lifted! You’ll start to feel like you have more energy and you’ll be much happier with your life.6．What is the first step to removing the burden of bad moods?A．Asking others questions. B．Studying your moods.C．Trying to live without them. D．Keeping them in your mind.7．What is one way to deal with bad moods?A．Keeping bad moods inside. B．Forgetting the past.C．Forgiving ourselves and others. D．Sharing good moods.8．What does the underlined wor d “abandon” in the last paragraph mean?A．put away B．carry on C．stay with D．give up9．What is the best title for the passage?A．Forget about forgiveness. B．Forgive your mistakes.C．Become an energetic person. D．Clear yourself of burdens.Passage3（2022·湖南·长沙市开福区青竹湖湘一外国语学校一模）Everybody has a brain. Some people believe that the brain is like the hard disk (盘) of a computer. We use it to store pictures, language (words, texts, sounds) and so on. Others compare the brain to a huge cupboard (櫉柜) with lots of shelves and boxes in it. We put information into these boxes and hope to find it again later.The brain is not a computer disk, and it isn’t a cupboard. Look at the picture here. It looks a bit like weeds (杂草) in a garden, doesn’t it? The picture actually shows a child’s neocortex (大脑新皮质), which controls sight(视觉) and hearing. You can guess what happens—more “weeds” grow as the child gets older. Scientists call these neuronal networks (神经元网络). The networks grow around our neurons. What makes them grow? Learning! “Learning is brain change,” says Professor James Zull from Case Western University in Cleveland, Ohio, USA．“Without learning, nothing changes in the brain. For every new word you learn in your English lesson, every problem you solve in math, every new song you learn to sing, a neuronal network grows in your brain and the brain changes. ”The more neuronal networks we grow, the better we can think and the better we remember. You may wonder if there is anything you can do to make the networks in your brain grow better. Professor Zull says yes, there is. He says that brain change is the strongest in the following situations:• You are interested in and like what you are learning;• You are in control of what you learn;• You get challenging tasks that make you think hard.Choose a right way to learn something, and you may develop your brain better than you think.10．The writer mainly talked about ______ in Paragraph 1.A．what a brain is made up ofB．how a brain changesC．what people think a brain is11．Our brain changes when we ______.A．learn languages B．have problems C．enjoy songs12．The growth of ______ changes children’s brains.A．neuronal networks B．weeds in a garden C．size of brain13．Who may have the strongest change in the brain?A．Lucy who is interested in art has to study science hard.B．Sam who tries to work out a difficult math problem.C．Tom who is riding falls off his bike.14．The best title for the passage is “ ______ ”.A．Leaning is Brain ChangeB．Choosing a Right Way to LearnC．Thinking Better, Remembering BetterPassage4（2022·湖南·长沙市开福区青竹湖湘一外国语学校一模）Claw machines（娃娃机）are very common in shopping centers or movie theaters. You might get your favorite toy after paying some coins. It seems to be alow-cost game and the game rules are easy to understand for most people. So many children, young people and even some old people like to play on the claw machine, again and again.However, simple rules and easy-to-use machines do not mean everyone can easily win a prize. You may watch your toy being caught but suddenly dropping at the last second. There are some reasons why people like claw machines, even though they may face many difficulties.For quite a few Buddhist（佛系的）players, they play on claw machines to deal with stress. They pay so much attention to this game that they forget their trouble from daily life. No matter what the result is, they enjoy the process.Some people say they enjoy the sense of achievement when they catch a prize from a claw machine. They take pride in managing to do what most people cannot. People around the machine also express their congratulations and admiration for winners.Toys from a claw machine have far more meaning than what you can buy in a nearby store. They can also be good gifts for the ones you love. It is a great way to show effort and consideration since winning a prize from a claw machine requires time and money, as well as skills.Playing on the claw machine can be a fun memory. What do you think of it?15．What does the underlined sentence mean?A．It is almost impossible to win a prize.B．Everyone enjoys playing on the claw machine.C．Not everyone can catch a toy from a claw machine easily.16．Paragraph 2 is used for ______.A．providing the best way to win the gameB．giving an example in people’s daily lifeC．connecting the paragraph above with the following ones17．The Buddhist players will probably think the game is ______ if they don’t catch the toy.A．boring B．relaxing C．challenging18．What can we know from the article?A．Claw machines are popular with people of all ages.B．To win a prize in the game doesn’t need skills but time.C．People have to spend much time understanding the game.19．The writer mainly wants to tell us ______.A．the toys as gifts from stores nearby are meaninglessB．no matter how easy or hard the game is, it brings us a lot of funC．getting the sense of achievement in the game is just a piece of cake（2022·浙江金华·一模）①D oes a lake on fire sound impossible? If you think that water can’t burn, you need to learn more about pollution.②Let’s go and see Bellandur Lake in the city of Bengaluru in India. Bengaluru is the center for many heavy industries. Electrical and electronic goods, computer parts and parts for planes and space rockets are produced there. Much of the waste from these and a large amount of the wastewater from local people run into the lake.③These harmful mixed things have led the lake to become covered with a thick white foam (泡沫) that looks like snow when seen from far away. When the level of the water rises, the foam does too and covers nearby areas, even roads. When a fire breaks out on the lake, it is both frightening and dangerous. People who live or work near the lake also get seriously ill because of the pollution.④The fire has drawn a great deal of attention recently, but burning lakes are nothing new. Pollution mainly happens in developing countries like India today. In the past, it mainly took place in Europe and America. Cuyahoga River, a river in America, had caught fire at least 13 times. The fire that caused the most attention was in 1969 when oil-covered areas on the river were set on fire by sparks (火花) from a passing train. The fire reached a height of over five floors and burned for about half an hour. By that time, people in America were more aware of its dangers and wanted to change.⑤As a result, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was founded in1970 and the Clean Water Act (1972) was put into use. This Act required all rivers throughout America be clean enough to safely allow swimmers and fish to pass through by 1983. Due to these efforts, the Cuyahoga River has never had another fire and over 60 different species of fish live in the river.⑥If history is a guide, will it be possible for people in India to bring an end to the pollution by changing the laws in their country, too? Like many nations, it’s necessary to raise awareness of environmental protection among the general public. All of us must act!20．According to the passage, lakes can catch fire mainly because of ________.A．the rise of water level B．sparks set by a passing trainC．fire from nearby woods D．pollution from heavy industries21．The example of Cuyahoga River in Paragraphs 4&5 is used to ________ to solve the problem.A．show one possible way B．describe another serious fireC．bring Environmental result D．show the worldwide pollution22．The underlined words “its dangers” refer to the dangers of “________”.A．sparks B．pollution C．foam D．snow23．The structure (结构) of the passage might be ________.A．B．C．D．Passage6（2022·云南红河·一模）When you go on the street, in the neighborhood and almost everywhere, you can always see four bins of different colors. It’s what China i s carrying out (实施) — waste sorting (分类).At present, waste in our life can mainly be divided into four kinds: recyclable waste, kitchen waste, harmful waste and other waste. Different kinds of waste should be put into different bins. Recyclable waste must be thrown into the blue bin. Kitchen waste should be collected in the green bin. Harmful waste should be in the red one and the grey one is for other waste.Do you know what recyclable waste means? It’s the material that can be recycled or reused, includi ng paper, plastics, glass, metals and so on. The kitchen waste includes vegetable leaves, peel, bone and others. Harmful waste is bad for people’s health and the environment. It needs to be carefully dealt with. Some may be buried and some may be burned.There are many advantages of waste sorting. It helps to turn the waste into useful things. Chinese people, old and young, are learning environmental protection. Students in schools often take part in environmental projects. Actually, it’s not difficult for us to do this simple thing but our actions can make a great difference to the city. So take action now. Each of us should play a part in saving the environment.24．There are mainly ________ kinds of waste in our life.A．3 B．4 C．5 D．625．V egetable leaves should be put into the ________ bin.A．red B．blue C．green D．grey26．Which of the following doesn’t belong to recyclable waste?A．Paper. B．Glass. C．Metal. D．Peel.27．You can read the passage in ________.A．a science book B．a story book C．a guide book D．a travel diary28．What’s the best title of the passage?A．Waste Sorting B．Different Kinds of WasteC．Recyclable Materials D．Ways to Save the Environment（2022·浙江杭州·一模）The webs that spiders build to catch insects seem weak. However, the strength of spider thread is greater than steel (钢铁). Webs can even stand up to very strong storms.In each spider web, some threads are sticky, but some are not. When a spider is moving on the web, it will not step on the sticky threads. After a time the silk will lose its stickiness and become unable to catch insects. Then, spiders usually eat their own web.Now a team of scientists has worked out why the spider web is so strong. It is not just the strength of the thread, but the clever design of the web. “The key to a web’s success is its ability to keep its shape and strength even after some of the threads break,” said scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (麻省理工学院). The scientists found the thread itself has the ability to become softer or harder. So it can hold different types of heavy things.In tests, scientists used three other strong materials made into the same webs. The spider thread was six times stronger than any other material. More surprisingly, when the scientists took away up to 10 percent of the threads from different places, the web didn’t become any weaker. Actually, it became up to 10 percent stronger.The spider web’s clever design gives scientists many new ideas. The findings could help design safer buildings and even a new type of strong material. “It’s a really good chance,” said Markus Buehler, a professor at MIT.” It may give us some new ideas for engineering.”29．What does the underlined word “silk” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．Thread. B．Spider. C．Web. D．Design.30．According to the passage, the spider web is strong because ________.a. the spider’s thread is stickyb. the thread has a lot of strengthc. the web has a clever designd. the web can keep the strength foreverA．ab B．ac C．bc D．bd31．From the last paragraph, we learn that ________.A．people can use spider webs to build housesB．the findings give people new ideas for buildingsC．there are many reasons why the spider web is so strongD．Professor Buehler will make a new type of material32．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．A study in MIT. B．How spiders catch insects.C．The strongest web in the world. D．The secret of spider webs.Passage8（2022·江苏扬州·一模）Do you know black boxes?Black boxes are flight recorders placed in an aircraft for the purpose of making it easier to know how the accidents happened in flight.An airplane actually has two black boxes. The flight data recorder catches the information, which can discover whether human error or instrument problems contributed to an accident. The cockpit (驾驶舱) voice recorder records pilot voices and cockpit sounds.The black boxes are not black. They are painted bright orange to help with their recovery after accidents. The outside is with stripes of reflective tape (反光带). The black boxes are usually placed in the tail of a plane where they are more likely to survive a crash. A flight data recorder is required to store at least 25 hours of flight information. A cockpit voice recorder is required to record at least 2 hours of audio information.For the black boxes to survive a crash, they are built to be waterproof, fireproof, shockproof, heat and pressure and corrosion resistant (耐腐蚀). The black box must be able to hold 3, 400 times the force of gravity, when the airplane goes down at the speed of about 500 km/h. It must also survive flames up to 1, 100 degrees Celsius for one hour, and the boxes should be able to give out a signal once per second while put under 6, 000 meters of saltwaterfor at least 30 days.How is data from black boxes picked up? It needs special skills to physically bring the black boxes back. Investigators may need to clean and dry the black boxes and download data from them. It takes time to download and get the information from data. If the storing units go wrong, it will take longer time, either days or months.So, the black boxes are very important to explain to everyone what happened during the flight.33．What does the unlined word “recovery” in Paragraph 4 mean?A．恢复B．找回C．保存D．覆盖34．Which of the following sentences is True according to the passage?A．Black boxes help us know how flight accidents happen.B．It takes little time to download data from the black boxes.C．Black boxes are painted black with stripes of reflective tape.D．One black box is in the head of a plane and the other is in the tail.35．In Paragraph 5, the writer uses numbers to show ________.A．the black boxes are strong enoughB．the black boxes can help the plane land safelyC．the black boxes can tell people the cause of the accidentD．the black boxes can hold a lot of information about the plane36．This passage mainly tells us ________.A．how long black boxes work B．how black boxes pick up dataC．what messages black boxes carry D．what we know about black boxes【答案】1．C2．C3．C4．C5．D【解析】本文主要介绍了北京冬奥会的相关情况，并介绍了这次冬奥会的会徽以及中国参加冬奥会的历程。

Passage1Nuclear power’s(核能的) danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be described in one word: radiation(辐射).Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected (探测) by human senses. It can’t be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can’t detect them, sense them, without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can’t sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells (细胞) in important organs (器官). But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They reproduce themselves in an unusual way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the knowledge of the person at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated(放射治疗) and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or easy to get serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth.1．According to the passage, the danger of nuclear power lies in ________.A. nuclear mysteryB. radiation detectionC. radiation levelD. nuclear radiation2．Radiation can lead to serious results even at the lowest level ________.A. when it kills few cellsB. if it damages few cellsC. though the damaged cells can repair themselvesD. unless the damaged cells can reproduce themselves3．Radiation can hurt us in the way that it can ________.A. kill large numbers of cells in main organs so as to cause death immediatelyB. damage cells which may grow into cancer years laterC. affect the healthy growth of our younger generationD. lead to all of the above results4．Which of the following can be best inferred from the passage?A. The importance of protection from radiation cannot be overemphasized (过分强调).B. The mystery about radiation remains unsolved.C. Cancer is mainly caused by radiation.D. Radiation can hurt those who do not know about its danger.Passage2Not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the Atlantic Ocean, an S-shaped body of water covering 33 million square miles. The Atlantic has, in a sense, replaced the Mediterranean as the inland sea of Western civilization. Unlike real inland seas, which seem strangely still, the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness. It is perhaps not surprising that its vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.＂Storm at Sea＂, a short poem written around 700, is generally regarded as one of mankind’s earliest artistic representations of the Atlantic.When the wind is from the westAll the waves that cannot restTo the east must thunder onWhere the bright tree of the sunIs rooted in the ocean’s breast.As the poem suggests, the Atlantic is never dead and dull. It is an ocean that moves, impressively and endlessly. It makes all kinds of noise—it is forever thundering, boiling, crashing, and whistling.It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably out in mid-ocean, but where it meets land, its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach. It mimics(模仿) nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature. It is filled with symbiotic existences, too; unimaginable quantities of creatures, little and large alike, mix within its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony, giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat, akind of sub-ocean vitality. And it has a psychology. It has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.1．Unlike real inland seas, the Atlantic Ocean is ________.A. always energeticB. lacking in livelinessC. shaped like a squareD. favored by ancient poets2．What is the purpose of using the poem ＂Storm at Sea＂in the passage?A. To describe the movement of the waves.B. To show the strength of the storm.C. To represent the power of the ocean.D. To prove the vastness of the sea.3．What does the underlined word ＂symbiotic＂mean?A. Living together.B. Growing fast.C. Moving harmoniously.D. Breathing peacefully.4．In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to ________.A. a beautiful and poetic placeB. a flesh and blood personC. a wonderful worldD. a lovely animalPassage3The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers．It has been made to help you better manage your money．The Winners Club is a transaction account （交易账户）where you receive a key-card so you can get to your money 24/7 —that’s 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!It’s a club with impressive features for teenagers:●No account keeping fees!You’re no millionaire so we don’t expect you to pay large fees．In fact, there are no accounts keeping or transaction fees!●Excellent interest rates!You want your money to grow．The Winners Club has a good rate of interest which gets even better if you make at least two deposits （储蓄）without taking them out in a month．●ConvenientTeenagers are busy —we get that．You may never need to come to a bank at all．With the Winners Club you can choose to use handy tellers and to bank from home using the phone and the Internet．You can have money directly deposited into your Winners Club account．This could be your pocket money or your pay from your part-time job!●Mega magazine includedAlong with your regular report, you will receive a FREE magazine full of good ideas to make even more of your money．There are also fantastic offers and competitions only for Winners Club members．The Winners Club is a great choice for teenagers．And it is so easy to join．Simply fill in an application form．You will have to get permission from your parent or guardian （so we can organize that cool key-card）but it is easy．We can’t wait to hear from you．It’s the best way to choose to be a winner!1．Which of the following is TRUE about the Winners Club?A．Special gifts are ready for parents．B．The bank opens only on work days．C．Services are convenient for its members．D．Fees are necessary for the account keeping．2．The Winners Club provides magazines which ____．A．encourage spendingB．are free to all teenagersC．are full of adventure storiesD．help to make more of your money3．What is the purpose of this passage?A．To set up a club．B．To provided part-time jobs．C．To organize key-cardsD．To introduce a new banking service．Passage4The view over a valley of a tiny village with thatched (草盖的) roof cottages around a church; a drive through a narrow village street lined with thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rolling hills of a pretty collection of thatched farm buildings—these are still common sights in parts of England. Most people will agree that the thatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the English countryside.Thatching is in fact the oldest of all the building crafts practiced in the British Isles(英伦诸岛). Although thatch has always been used for cottage and farm buildings, it was once used for castles and churches too.Thatching is a solitary (独立的) craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practiced today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter.In fact, if we look at developing countries, over half the world lives under thatch, but they all do it in different ways. People in developing countries are often reluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modern buildings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import the necessary materials. Their temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wild grasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the British way lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defiance against the heat.1．Which of the following remains a unique feature against the heat_______.A. Narrow streets lined with pink or white houses.B. Rolling hills with pretty farm buildings.C. Cottages with thatched roofs.D. Churches with cottages around them.2．What do we know about thatching as a craft?A. It is a collective activity.B. It is practised on farms all over England.C. It is quite different from what it used to be.D. It is in most cases handed down among family members.3．People in developing countries also live under thatch because _________ .A. thatched cottages are a big tourist attractionB. thatched roof houses are the cheapestC. thatch is an effective defense against the heatD. they like thatched houses better than other buildings4．We can learn from the passage that ________ .A. thatched cottages in England have been passed down from ancient times.B. thatching is a building craft first created by the English people.C. the English people have a special liking for thatched houses.D. most thatched cottage in England are located on hillsides.Passage1【文章大意】文章介绍核辐射对人类和动物的危害，即便辐射较弱，也会危害健康，有的影响不是明显的，但是人们可能多年后会死于癌症，或会对后代产生影响，如果核辐射量大，会导致死亡。