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第5章英国经济Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. The service industry is also called _____.A. subsidiary industryB. light industryC. secondary industryD. tertiary industry【答案】D【解析】服务业也称第三产业，指不生产物质产品的行业，或者说是指除第一、二产业以外的其他行业。
2. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?A. Beef battleB. Dairy cattleC. ChickenD. Sheep【答案】D【解析】2000年，英国羊的数量达到4226万只，为英国数量最多的家畜。
3. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?A. In the southeast of England.B. In the northeast of England.C. In the southeast of Scotland.D. In the northeast of Scotland.【答案】A【解析】英国东南部是西欧平原的一部分，最适合发展农业，选A。
4. Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?A. Shell.B. ICI.C. RTZ.D. British Gas.【答案】B【解析】ICI是英国帝国化学工业集团的简称，是闻名的纯碱与肥料的制造厂商，不属于能源公司，故选B。
A项为英荷皇家壳牌集团，是全球领先的国际油气集团。
C项为英国里奥廷托锌公司。
D项是英国天然气集团。
5. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?A. Imperial AirwayB. British AirwaysC. Hawker-Siddeley AviationD. the British Aircraft Corporation【答案】A【解析】A项帝国航空是B项英国航空的前身，于1924年成立。
第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston Tea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryⅡ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)Ⅲ. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with SpainⅣ. America During and After World WarⅠ1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World WarⅠ3. The Great DepressionⅤ. America During and After World War Ⅱ1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the U.S. Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonⅠ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. Thecolonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。
第7章英国教育体系Ⅰ.Multiple choice.1.Under the old selective system English children who have high marks in the “eleven plus”examination go on to_____.（北京交大2003研）A.public schoolsB.technical schoolsC.grammar schoolsD.secondary modern schools【答案】C【解析】在英国，初级学校学生在最后一学年要参加十一岁儿童升学考试；其中成绩最好的进入文法学校。
2.Which of the following is a feature of British education as a whole?（北京交大2006研）cation is chaotic.cation is very expensive.cation is highly centralized.cation is rather independent and enjoys a great deal of freedom.【答案】D【解析】英国教育具有自由化的特点，集中体现在实行学校的地方管理措施。
选项D正确。
3.Which of the following statements can not be used to describe universities in Britain?A.All universities are private institutions.B.All students have got high marks in“A”Level.C.They have their own governing councilsD.They now derive nearly all of their funds from state grants.【答案】A【解析】白金汉大学（The University of Buckingham）是全英唯一一所私立独立大学，故答案应该选B。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解（20世纪60年代的社会运动）【圣才出品】第9章20世纪60年代的社会运动9.1 复习笔记I. Introduction1. Greensboro “Sit-in”2. Three kinds of social movementsII. About the social movements1. The causes2. The members3. What is a social movement?III. The Civil Rights Movement1. The process2. Organizations3. Direct Action Tactics4. ChangesIV. The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1. Free Speech Movement2. “C ounterculture”3. The Anti-War MovementV. Women’s Liberation Movement1. The beginning2. NOWI. The beginning（开端）1. Greensboro “Sit-in”（格林斯博罗静坐）(1)On February 1, 1960, the waitress did not provide coffee for 4 black students in a store in Greensboro, North Carolina, because of the segregation law. The students continued to sit at the lunch counter to protest.(2)Day after day, additional students came.(3)T his quiet “sit-in” by black students in Greensboro began the civil rights movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade.(1)1960年2⽉1⽇，在北卡罗莱纳州格林斯博罗的⼀家商店，服务员拒绝为4名⿊⼈学⽣提供咖啡。
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
第12章爱尔兰政治和经济12.1 复习笔记I. Political system1. A representative democracy2. A RepublicII. Structure of Irish government1. President2. The Government3. ParliamentIII. The electoral system1. Voting in elections and referenda2. Electorate3. Proportional representationIV. The civil service1. Neutrality2. Structure3. SelectionV. The Irish legal system1. The hierarchy of the Irish legal system2. Judges3. Check and balanceVI. Transformation of Irish economy1. In the past2. At present3. ReasonsVII. Ireland’s accession to the EU1. Economic benefits2. Social changesVIII. Ireland today1. Home-ownership2. Transportation3. Living standardsI. Political system（政治体系）1. A representative democracy（代议民主制）Ireland is a representative democracy, that is to say, most of its offices are filled through elections, either direct or indirect, by the Irish people.爱尔兰是代议民主制国家，也就是说，政府职位是通过人民直接或者间接选举产生的。
英美文学简史学习指南和圣才笔记嗨，各位书虫小伙伴们！今天咱们来聊聊那个让无数文学爱好者痴迷的领域——英美文学简史。
想象一下，你正坐在一间温馨的小屋里，窗外阳光正好，手中捧着一本厚厚的书，字里行间跳跃着那些经典的故事和人物。
没错，就是英美文学简史！让我们来点轻松的。
想象一下，你走进了一个五彩斑斓的世界。
这里有莎士比亚的戏剧、狄更斯的幽默、简·奥斯汀的爱情小说……这些故事就像一颗颗闪亮的星星，点亮了我们的心灵。
而在这繁星点点中，还有一位大文豪，他就是查尔斯·狄更斯。
他的《双城记》，不仅是一部伟大的作品，更是对人性和社会的深刻洞察。
咱们再聊一聊那些让人捧腹大笑的喜剧大师们。
比如，莎士比亚的《仲夏夜之梦》，里面的精灵们跳起了欢快的舞蹈，让人忍不住也跟着扭动起来。
而简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》，则用细腻的笔触描绘了一个关于爱情、财富和社会地位的故事。
我们的旅程不会只有欢笑。
在英美文学的世界里，还有许多深刻的思考和探讨。
比如，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》探讨了女性在社会中的地位和角色；乔治·奥威尔的《1984》则揭示了一个极权主义社会的恐怖面貌。
这些作品不仅仅是娱乐，更是对我们生活的深刻反思。
我想说，英美文学简史就像是一场精彩的冒险，它让我们穿越时空，体验不同的生活和文化。
在这个过程中，我们学会了如何去爱、去恨、去思考。
这些经历，将成为我们人生中宝贵的财富。
好了，今天的分享就到这里。
希望你喜欢这个关于英美文学简史的学习指南和圣才笔记。
如果你有任何问题或者想法，欢迎随时留言哦！让我们一起在这个充满魅力的文学世界里遨游吧！。
第4章政治、阶级和社会Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances. _____【答案】T【解析】在英国，一届政府通常任期五年。
每隔五年就要进行一次大选，但是在特殊时期也可以执政超过五年。
例如在一、二战时期政府就曾执政超过五年。
2. Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP. _____【答案】T【解析】任何有选举权的公民，在缴纳500英镑押金的情况下，均可以作为议员候选人。
3. Each main party is given some time on national TV to “sell” their policies. The time is not given free and has to be paid by the party. _____【答案】F【解析】竞选运动是各参选政党在大选前为向大众宣传自己的理念和政策而进行的。
竞选运动的方式主要有在报纸上登竞选广告、上门游说、邮寄竞选传单和“政党竞选电视讲话”。
（电视台）提供的时间是免费的，但时间的长短按该党上一次大选中获得的投票率分配。
不允许花钱买更多的电视讲话时间，否则会有利于富有的政党，不利于一些贫穷的政党。
4. The amount spent in national campaign is not limited other than that on TV. _____ 【答案】T【解析】英国对于候选人在全国游行演讲中的花费没有限制，而不像电视演讲那样有一定限制。
英美文化基础教程作者：朱永涛出版社：外语教学与研究出版社类别：不限英美文化基础教程的简介本书是为成为自学考试英语专业应试者, 全书分英国文化和美国文化两大部分,美国部分十一章,地理环境,政府制度,文学,风俗习惯,家庭生活,新闻媒介,种族关系及社会问题等,并通过用英语学习文化知识提高外语水平,编者在选材时注意了下列两个方面:1,尽量选用内容丰富,书本出处：英美文化基础教程的PDF电子书下载英美文化基础教程的内容预览Part OneBritish Calture1.Who Are the British?2.English History3.Which English?4.British Government System5.Industry，Agriculture and Business6.English Literature7.Religion and Beliefs8.Character and cation10.The Welfare State11.The Press，Radio and Television12.The Commonwealth Part TwoAmerican Culture1.Atlantic to Pacific2.American History3.The Forms of Government4.American Literature5.Religion6.The American Character7.American Education8.American Family Life9.Thanksgiving and Christmas10.Race and Ethnic Relations11.Social Problems in the United States更多PDF电子书下载！。
第7章19世纪中期批判现实主义文学1．请比较批判现实主义与浪漫主义的异同。
答：（1）批判现实主义和浪漫主义的相同点二者都是时代的产物，带有反判精神和民主思想，都具有纪实性。
（2）比较批判现实主义与浪漫主义的区别①在对待客观现实的态度上的不同浪漫主义不屑于对现实作精确的描绘，而是着力地表现理想型、未来型，现实不存在而应该存在的生活。
而现实主义则强调对人和事物作如实的描绘，它写的是生活本来是怎么样的。
例如郭沫若的《凤凰涅槃》，并不醉心于现实世界的精雕细琢，全篇洋溢着强烈的主观抒情，表达了中国人民对封建主义和帝国主义的憎恨，对光明和未来的热心向往，对理想世界如醉如痴的讴歌。
而鲁迅的《祝福》，描绘了祥林嫂悲惨的一生，在读者眼前展现出一幅现实生活的真实图画，通过这一篇旧中国劳动妇女的血泪史，揭示了半封建半殖民地的中国农村的人际关系，反映了一定社会生活的本质。
②在人物意象的建构上的不同浪漫主义把全部感情倾注在超现实生活中的伟人、英雄身上，赋予人物以理想的光辉，超人的毅力和智慧，从而绘制理想中的英雄伟人形象。
而现实主义则把全部注意力集中在现实生活中活生生的普通人身上，将其外貌特征、言谈举止、心理状态等，逼真、客观地再现出来，散发着强烈的生活气息，让读者产生真实可信、身临其境的感受。
例如，李白与杜甫同为唐代诗人。
李白诗中的人物形象，因为现实中的坎坷遭遇，而满怀悲愤，因而在梦中畅游天姥，与神仙同歌同舞，如痴如醉，保持了心灵上、精神上的超越一切霸绊，极端自由的可贵的内核。
而杜甫诗中的抒情主人公则颠簸在现实的战火与坎坷之中，目睹的是“夜吏捉人，老翁逾墙，老妇哭诉”等现实中的真人真事，经历的是“天阴雨漏，娇儿饥哭，破被如铁”的穷人遭遇，痛苦、眼泪、呻吟，一切都是现实中人物的活生生再现。
③在艺术表现的手法上的不同浪漫主义作品大都具有宏伟的气势、磅礴的激情、昂扬的节奏、大胆的夸张、绚丽的幻想、缤纷的语言。
而现实主义则往往要求细腻的描绘、客观的叙述、冷静的刻画、朴素的语言、讲究细节的逼真刻写。
第8章美国人的家庭生活8.1 复习笔记American Family Life1. Mobile Homes2. Child-centered Culture3. The Working Mother4. Generation Gap5. The Nuclear FamilyAmerican Family Life(美国家庭生活)1. Mobile Homes(移动房屋)(1) Mobile homes are living quarters built with wheels. They can be moved.(2) But generally they are brought to a site that is intended to be more or less permanent.(3) Because they cost much less than conventional homes, mobile homes are especially popular among young couples and elderly retired couples.(4) More than seven million Americans live in mobile homes.(1) 移动房屋是带有轮子的住宅。
他们是可以移动的。
(2) 基本上它们都会被带往一个打算长居的地方。
(3) 因为他们的成本比传统的房子少，移动房屋在年轻夫妇和老年退休夫妇之间尤其受欢迎。
(4) 超过七百万的美国人住在活动房屋里。
2. Child-centered Culture(以孩子为中心的文化)(1) Americans are so devoted and permissive toward their children that they create a child-centered culture.(2) The ambitions of parents are more often related to their children’s lives than to their own.(3) American parents try to give their youngsters many opportunities to develop skills and worthwhile interests.(4) During the summer, parents try to give their children other kinds of learning experiences through camping or travel.(1) 美国人十分爱护和放纵自己的孩子以至于他们创造了一个以儿童为中心的文化。
(2) 父母的愿望往往与他们孩子的生活关系更为密切。
(3) 美国的父母试图给他们的孩子更多发展技能和培养兴趣的机会。
(4) 在夏季，父母试图通过露营或旅游给他们的孩子创造其他种类的学习经验。
3. The Working Mother(工作的妈妈)(1) It refers to American mothers with children under eighteen years of age who have jobs.(2) There are about 10 million working mothers in the US.(3) In some families, the working mother is a necessity because the father is unable to find employment or cannot earn enough for all the families’ basicneeds.(4) In other households, the mother may work to supplement the father’s income so the family can enjoy a higher standard of living.(5) Some women want to work because they find it boring to stay home alone all day.(1) 指的是正在工作的且有18岁以下孩子的美国母亲。
(2) 美国大约有1亿位工作的母亲。
(3) 在一些家庭中，母亲工作是必要的，因为父亲无法找到工作或不能赚到足够的钱满足家庭的基本需求。
(4) 在其他家庭，母亲工作是为了补充父亲的收入，这样他们一家就可以享受更高的生活标准。
(5) 有些女人想工作，因为他们觉得整天呆在家里无聊。
4. Generation Gap(代沟)(1) As children enter adolescence, they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please, do what they please and make decisions without parental interference.(2) Parents want to guide them so that their behavior will be whatever the parents consider proper and constructive.(3) But in a society of rapidly changing social and moral values, parents and children often disagree about what is important and what is right, hence leading to generation gap.(4) However, recent studies show that the “generation gap” is narrowing. Thevast majority of teen-agers share most of their parents’ values and ideas.(1) 当孩子进入青春期，他们开始要求更大的自由，去他们想去的地方，做他们喜欢的事情，做决定的时候没有父母的干涉。
(2) 父母想要引导孩子做他们认为合适和有益的事情。
(3) 在一个社会道德价值观迅速变化的社会，到底什么是重要的，什么是正确的，父母和孩子在这一点上经常无法达成一致，从而导致代沟。
(4) 然而，最近的研究表明，代沟正在缩小。
绝大多数的青少年赞成他们父母的价值观和理念。
5. The Nuclear Family(核心家庭)(1) It refers to the family consisting of father, mother and dependent children.(2) In the United States, the typical family is a nuclear family. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their unmarried children.(3) The nuclear families lack the psychological support that was once provided by a much larger group.(1) 它是指父亲，母亲和子女组成的家庭。
(2) 在美国，典型的家庭是核心家庭。
中老年人一般不与未婚子女生活。
(3) 核心家庭缺乏心理支持，这种心理支持曾经是由一个更大的群体来提供。
8.2 课后习题详解Ⅰ. Explain the following in English:1. Mobile home【答案】(1) Mobile homes are living quarters built with wheels. They can be moved.(2) But generally they are brought to a site that is intended to be more or less permanent.(3) Because they cost much less than conventional homes, mobile homes are especially popular among young couples and elderly retired couples.(4) More than seven million Americans live in mobile homes.2. Nuclear family【答案】(1) It refers to the family consisting of father, mother and dependent children.(2) In the United States, the typical family is a nuclear family. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their unmarried children.(3) The nuclear families lack the psychological support that was once provided by a much larger group.3. A child-centered culture【答案】(1) Americans are so devoted and permissive toward their children that they create a child-centered culture.(2) The ambitions of parents are more often related to their children’s lives than to their own.(3) American parents try to give their youngsters many opportunities to develop skills and worthwhile interests.(4) During the summer, parents try to give their children other kinds of learning experiences through camping or travel.4. The working mother【答案】(1) It refers to American mothers with children under eighteen years of age who have jobs.(2) There are about 10 million working mothers in the US.(3) In some families, the working mother is a necessity because the father is unable to find employment or cannot earn enough for all the families’ basic needs.(4) In other households, the mother may work to supplement the father’s income so the family can enjoy a higher standard of living.(5) Some women want to work because they find it boring to stay home alone all day.5. The generation gap【答案】(1) As children enter adolescence, they begin to demand greater freedom to go where they please, do what they please and make decisions without parental interference.(2) Parents want to guide them so that their behavior will be whatever the parents consider proper and constructive.(3) But in a society of rapidly changing social and moral values, parents and。
