常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(新英格兰超验主义 爱默生 梭罗)【圣才出品】

第3章英国资产阶级革命时期3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）The harmonious collaboration between Queen Elizabeth and the Parliament which represented the interest of the bourgeoisie was intensified at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. As JamesⅠ and Charles Ⅰ came to throne, the conflict between the monarch and the Parliament became more and more severe. In 1642, the English Bourgeois Revolution broke out. King Charles Ⅰ was beheaded in 1649, and the war ended. Monarchy was abolished. England was declared a commonwealth, i.e., a republic.After the death of Cromwell, the Parliament recalled Charles Ⅱ to England in 1660. Then followed the Restoration period. When James Ⅱ threatened to restore the old absolute monarchy, the bourgeoisie expelled him and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be King of England in 1688. This was called “Glorious Revolution”, after this revolution, the state structure of England was settled, within which capitalism could develop freely.伊丽莎白女王和代表资产阶级利益的议会之间良好的合作在她统治的最后几年变得紧张起来。

第7章自然主义7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence3. Major Features4. American NaturalistsⅡ. Stephen Crane (1871-1900)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅢ. Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)1. Life2. Literary Career3. Major FeaturesⅣ. Frank Norris (1870-1902)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅤ. Jack London (1876-1916)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. SummaryⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundSince people were interested in Darwinian thought, the writers found a way to explain human behavior according to Darwin’s natural selection.Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景人们对达尔文思想感兴趣，作家们用达尔文的自然选择论来解释人类的行为。

2. EmergenceUnder the French influence, some writers ushered in a literary movement called Naturalism in America.2. 出现受法国的影响，一些作家在美国开始发起一场自然主义的文学运动。

3. Major Features(1) Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.(2) The universe is godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.3. 主要特征(1) 人类受遗传法则和环境的控制。

常耀信《英国文学简史》考研思考题英国文学史研究思考题1 Define the major features of a literary genre—epic, allegory, romance, drama or novel and trace its development with reference to at least three British writers in different literary periods.2 Discuss the different ways in which the Bible, Greek mythology, and the Arthurian legend had influenced English and American and world writers.3 Beowulf is thematically concerned with Germanic society and the Christian values and its formal features such as alliteration and kenning have been an influence over later writers. Discuss.4 The Arthurian legends took a long time and the efforts of many writers of different ages to grow and become finalized. Discuss with special reference to such writers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Layaman, Wace of Jersey, and Malory.5 Chaucer sees literature as an agent to moral education discuss with support from his works such as The Canterbury Tales. Your answers may include different views of the function of literature as expressed by other authors of different periods.6 The Canterbury Tales presents a social portrait of the 14th century England. Discuss.7 Some “other worlds”are portrayed in a number of medieval and later English works such as some tales from The Canterbury Tales, Utopia, The Faerie Queen, Pilgrim’s Progress, and Gulliver’s Travels. How do these other- cultures help to achieve the themes of these works. Your answer may include an example or two from these works of other literary periods.8 Although the pre-Elizabeth period (roughly 1400 through the beginning of the Elizabethan period) did not produce many great writers, a lot happened to be conductiveto the growth of humanism and the flowering of the Renaissance in the Elizabethan period. Discuss with supportive evidence from one or both the periods under discussion.9 In the history of English literature there has been a long line of critics who helped mold the critical standard of their times like literary dictators with their different tastes and values. Discuss with references to at least three of the following: Jonson, Dryden, Johnson, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Arnold, Pater, and T S Eliot.10 Some writers’genius lies in the reworking of some existing materials, but they make their sources infinitely better. Discuss with references to Shakespeare or Chaucer. You may glean additional support from other literary period.11 Define tragedy and discuss with reference to Marlowe and Shakespeare. You may glean additional support from other literary period and cultures.12 Shakespeare has been said to possess the Midas touch. Discuss.13 Samuel Johnson says in his Preface to Shakespeare that Shakespeare has no heroes. Do you agree? Discuss with reference Shakespeare’ major wo rks.14 Shakespeare’s tragedies all contain a tragic recognition,a moment of terrible enlightenment. Discuss with reference to Othello, Hamlet, and one or two other tragedies.15 Choose two or three passages from Shakespeare’s plays that you consider memorable, and explain your reasons why you think so, mentioning their relevance to achieving the thematicconcerns of the play as well as their relevance to life.16 Define 16th century humanism and discuss its representation in Elizabethan literature with reference to some of the major works of Marlowe, Shakespeare, and some other Elizabethan writers.17 Define Metaphysical poetry. Discuss its critical fortunes and its historical influence, and explain what is meant by a metaphysical conceit with evidence from the metaphysical poets and from poets writing in other literary period.18 Paradise Lost has sparked off some discussions about the Fall. Some argued that Milton seems to see it as fortunate, but others see it differently about Milton’s treatments of t he subject. You may get additional support from other cultures such as American literature.19 Milton seems to have written his own life story into his major works like Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes. Discuss with emphasis on the analysis of Satan and Samson.20 The neoclassicism of Dryden and Pope was the natural corollary of the development of English literature from the Renaissance through the beginning of the 18th century. Discuss the difference between the works and theories of Dryden, Pope and Elizabethan exuberance and the eventual cooling down in Pope.21 Gulliver’s Travels may prove that Jonathan Swift was a misanthrope, discuss.22 Despite the staunch efforts of such influential neo-classical as Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson, the 18th century poetry still slowly but steadily moved away from their control veered in a radical different direction. Discuss with a brief analysis of the following poets: Thomson, Cowper, Gray,Goldsmith, and Crabbe, the poems of Ossian, Bishop Percy, Burns, and Blake.23 The genre novel appeared in the 18th century with some novelists like Henry Fielding practicing and theorizing about it. Discuss the basic features and theories of the 18th century novel that impacted novel writing in the Victorianperiod. Be sure to mention also such writers such as Sterne and Smollett.24 Poets of different periods use images of nature to convey different messages. Discuss with support from the works of different ages such as the 18th century and the Romantic period.25 Wordsworth was said to be a limited genius in a special—his—period of the time in history. Discuss with reference to the works of Coleridge and Keats as well as Wordsworth.26 Discuss the symbolism of The Rime of Ancient Mariner, keeping in mind the moral of the poem ( if it has any ) and the fact that the mariner is an archetypal figure.27 The French revolution had exercised a visible influence on some British writers such as Blake, Wordsworth, and Shelley. Discuss.28 What would Samuel Johnson have said about Lyrical Ballads, its preface and its poems if he had a chance to do so?29 In the late 18th century and all through 19th century, women writers began to write for self-expression as well as on life in general. Include in your essay such writers as Wollstonecraft, Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and Elizabeth Browning.30 In both thematic and formal terms, Wuthering Heights appears to be an oddity in the literary and social milieu of the Victorian period. Discuss with reference to prevailing Victorianvalues and include, preferably, with a look at the book’s critical fortunes.31The theories of evolution were important to Victorian writers. Discuss with reference to Tennyson, Meredith, Butler, and Hardy.32 Define the Utilitarianism (Benthamism) and discuss its historical importance in the Victorian literature with the following writers such as Dickens, Tennyson, Carlyle, and Mill.33 Victorian writers were regarded as prophets, who were supposed to have some messages for the public. Special reference should be made to the works of such writers as Tennyson, Browning, Arnold, Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, and George Eliot.34 Some people see Charles Dickens as a social historian. Discuss.35 Victorian writers reacted against feminism differently. Discuss with reference to at least two of the following: Tennyson, Ruskin, Hardy, and Mill.36 The idea of progress is dealt with in the works of some Victorian writers such as Tennyson, George Eliot, Arnold, Carlyle, Meredith, and Arnold. Discuss.37 The Victorian middle class features prominently in the works of such writers as George Eliot, Trollop, Dickens, Browning, and Meredith. Discuss.38In Memoriam both the elegiac tradition and possesses poetic resources independent of that tradition.39 Although his poetic innovation seemed to place him outside of the Victorian literary milieu, Browning is in final analysis a typical Victorian poet. Discuss.40 The artistic value of writers changes with time. For instate,Tennyson was regarded as a teacher and a prophet in his own day, but his reputation rests on a different basis today. Such is the case with Robert Browning. Discuss.41 In the 19th century, some intellectually thinking minds felt keenly the loss of faith happening in their day. Discuss with reference to the works of some of the followings: Coleridge, Arnold, Tennyson, and Hopkins.42 Victorian writers tend to reveal a “divided self” in their works or the opposing forces within them to help enrich their creativity. Discuss with reference to Arnold,Wilde, Ruskin, and Tennyson.43 The three major long poems that came out of the Victorian period, The Ring and the Book, Idylls of King, and The Wreck of the Deutschland, while representing Victorian approaches to the presence evils in the world, all tried to justify “the ways of God to men”. Discuss.44 Both George Eliot and Thomas Hardy are philosophically oriented novelists. Discuss their similarities and differences.45 Discuss the late Victorian aesthetic movement with reference to its literary and cultural origins, its aesthetic credos in theory and practices, and its manifestations in literature. The authors who contributed to the movement should include, among others, Ruskin, Pater, Morris, Rossetti, Swinburne, Wilde, and Moore.46 Dickens, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy shared in their art and thought something “ Victorian”, but they each reflecteda different phrase of the period. Discuss.47 Why were the Georgians popular in the first years of the late 19th century and again in the 1950s? When the first anthology of the Georgian poets appeared in 1916, D H Lawrenceand Robert Frost were also included. How well did they or did they not fit in there.48 Discuss the different ways in which the poets of early 20th century wrote about war with reference to the works of Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas, and the war poets such as Wilfred Owen.49 In her famous essay entitled The Modern Novel, Virginia Woolf places labels the Edwardians on the writers such as Arnold Benett. Discuss the historical significance of Mrs Woolf’s statement with reference to the distinction between these and writers such as Viginia Woolf and James Joyce.50 Discuss the major contribution of Jame Joyce toEnglish and world literature. Be sure to include an analysis of his major works.51 D H Lawrence both drew from and reacted against Frued’s psychoanalysis. Discuss with reference to his novles and poems.52 Yeats had a long varied career. Discuss with reference to the representative works of his differenrt phases. Be sure to include in your answer an analysis of his mythic-symbolic system and its importance to his poetry.53 There has been long line of distinguished writers who, Irish either by birth or upbringing or both, have made a unique contribution to English literature. Discuss with reference to at least three of the following writers—Sheridian, Swift, Shaw, Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, Auden, Dylan Thomas, and Beckett.54 The poetic scene of the 1930s was a colorful one. Discuss with supportive evidence from the works of such diverse poets as Auden, Thomas, and Empson.55 The novelists who lived and wrote in the 1930s and through the war most revealed a satirical edge in their works.Discuss with reference to ar least three of the following—Graham Greene, Orwell, Jorcy Cary, Evely Waugh, Huxley, Elizabeth Browen.56 Different generations of English writers have theorized about novel-writing. Discuss briefly the criticalhistory of the novel from Henry Filding through the present.57 Different generations of poets in different cultures have theories about poetry. Discuss briefly the critical history of poetry with a look at the major theories of Plato, Aristltle, Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Samuel Johnson, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Poe, and T S Eiot.。

History And Anthology of American Literature （6）附：作者及作品一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。

第2章美国的历史2.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence1. The Founding of the colonies2. The Early Immigrants3. Relation between England and Colonies4. The Boston Tea Party5. The First Continental Congress6. The Second Continental Congress7. Military Struggle and Final VictoryⅡ. Appearance of the American Constitution and Territorial Expansion1. America Following Independence2. The Constitutional Convention3. The American Constitution4. The Second War with England (1812)5. The Monroe Doctrine (1823)6. The Mexican War and Its Results (1846-1848)Ⅲ. The Civil War1. The Beginning of Slavery in America2. Conflicts Arising from Slavery3. Lincoln’s Death and American Concept of a Hero4. Effect of the Civil War5. Economic Development6. Progressivism7. The Federal Reserve Bank8. Imperialist Foreign Policy and War with SpainⅣ. America During and After World WarⅠ1. America Entering the War (1917)2. America after World WarⅠ3. The Great DepressionⅤ. America During and After World War Ⅱ1. Background and Outbreak of General War2. Changes of the U.S. Policy3. The Lend-Lease Bill4. America’s Entry into the War5. America after the War6. Cold War and America’s Containment7. Red Scare and the McCarthy Era8. Demand for Reform9. The Watergate Affair10. Reagan Revolution and ClintonⅠ. The Thirteen English-American Colonies and the War of Independence (十三块英属北美殖民地和独立战争)1. The Founding of the colonies (殖民地的建立)(1)The first successful English colony in North America was planted in Virginia in 1607. Thecolonists named their new settlement Jamestown, in honor of the king.英国在北美的第一块殖民地位于弗吉尼亚州。

吴定柏《美国文学大纲》笔记和考研真题详解（9-16章）【圣才出品】第9章1945年之前的现代小说9.1复习笔记Ⅰ.Overview1.Background2.Lost Generation3.Modern FictionⅡ.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅢ.Francis Scott Fitzgerald(1896-1940)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅣ.Sinclair Lewis(1885-1951)1.Life2.Literary Career/doc/0f18413888.html,mentⅤ.John Steinbeck(1902-1968)1.Life2.Literary Career3.The Grapes of WrathⅠ.Overview1.Background①After the war,the voices of new groups of Americans were heard.They were poor,or immigrants,or Jews,or blacks.②During this period there occurred in America areexamination of the structure of literature and of the nature of the critical activity itself.Ⅰ.概述1.背景①战后，很多美国的新作家来自穷人，移民，犹太人或黑人。

②这一时期，美国重新审视了文学结构和评论活动本身。

Lost Generation were cut off from their past.Without a meaningful future to fall on,they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids.2.迷惘的一代迷惘的一代与过去分割。

陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。

他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。

他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。

2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。

朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-下册-第7章美国⽂学【圣才出品】第7章美国⽂学7.1 复习笔记I. Post-Revolutionary period1. Washington Irving2. James Fenimore CooperII. Transcendentalists1. Ralph Waldo Emerson2. Henry David ThoreauIII. Power of Imagination1. Edgar Allan Poe2. Nathaniel Hawthorne3. Herman MelvilleIV. New Visions of America1. Walt Whitman2. Leaves of GrassV. Reform and Liberation1. Harriet Beecher Stowe2. Uncle Tom’s CabinVI. Regionalism1. Mark Twain2. Emily DickinsonVII. A new wave1. The naturalists2. Other writersVIII. Sympathetic views of women writers1. Kate Chopin2. Willa CatherIX. Rebellious Spirit1. The writers2. The similarityX. The Modernists1. Ezra Pound2. T.S. EliotXI. The “Lost Generation”1. The background2. The writersXII. Harlem Renaissance1. The development2. The poetsXIII. New Drama1. Eugene O’Neil2. The major playsXIV. Depression Realism and Escapism1. John Steinbeck2. Margaret MitchellXV. Postwar voices and the “Beat Generation”1. African American writers2. American Jews3. In the theater4. The “Beat Generation”XVI. New American Voices1. Black women writers2. Chinese-American writersI. Post-Revolutionary period（美国⾰命战争后期）American literature is mainly about the seeking of Americans for success and happiness.美国⽂学是对美国⼈民寻求幸福与成功的过程的叙述。