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通过经颅磁刺激理解大脑语言功能当我们想要表达自己的想法、与他人交流或者阅读一段文字时，大脑中的复杂机制就会开始运作，让语言得以产生和理解。
而在探索大脑语言功能的众多研究方法中，经颅磁刺激（Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation，TMS）为我们打开了一扇独特的窗户。
经颅磁刺激是一种非侵入性的神经刺激技术，它通过在头皮上放置一个电磁线圈，产生短暂而强大的磁场脉冲，从而在大脑皮层中诱导出电流，进而对神经活动产生影响。
那么，经颅磁刺激是如何帮助我们理解大脑的语言功能呢？首先，它能够帮助我们确定大脑中与语言处理相关的特定区域。
比如，当我们对大脑的某个区域进行经颅磁刺激时，如果发现被试者在语言产生、理解或者阅读等方面出现了障碍，那么就可以推断这个区域在语言功能中发挥着重要作用。
以语言产生为例，研究发现刺激布洛卡区（Broca's area）可能会导致说话时的停顿、错语或者完全无法表达。
而当刺激威尔尼克区（Wernicke's area）时，可能会影响到对语言的理解，导致被试者难以理解听到或读到的内容。
其次，经颅磁刺激还能够揭示语言处理过程中的时间动态。
大脑处理语言并不是一蹴而就的，而是涉及到一系列快速而复杂的神经活动。
通过精确控制经颅磁刺激的时间和频率，我们可以在不同的时间点干扰大脑的活动，从而了解每个阶段在语言处理中的作用。
例如，在语言产生的早期阶段，某些大脑区域可能负责词汇的选择和准备；而在后期阶段，其他区域则可能负责将这些词汇组织成流畅的语句。
不仅如此，经颅磁刺激还为研究语言障碍的治疗提供了新的思路。
对于一些因脑部损伤而导致语言功能障碍的患者，如中风后的失语症患者，经颅磁刺激可以作为一种潜在的治疗手段。
通过刺激受损区域附近的大脑皮层，有可能促进神经的重塑和功能的恢复。
然而，尽管经颅磁刺激在理解大脑语言功能方面具有巨大的潜力，但也存在一些局限性。
一方面，经颅磁刺激的刺激效果可能会受到多种因素的影响，比如线圈的位置、刺激的强度和频率等。
陌生的新闻英文作文英文：Recently, I came across a news article that was completely unfamiliar to me. It was about a new technology that allows people to control a computer with their thoughts. At first, I was skeptical and thought it was just some kind of sci-fi fantasy. However, after reading more about it, I realized that it is actually a real thing.The technology is called brain-computer interface (BCI) and it works by using electrodes attached to a person's scalp to detect brain activity. This activity is then translated into commands that can be used to control a computer. For example, a person could use their thoughts to move a cursor on a screen or even type out words.I find this technology to be both fascinating and somewhat terrifying. On one hand, it could be incredibly useful for people with disabilities who are unable to usetraditional computer interfaces. On the other hand, it raises concerns about privacy and the potential for misuse. What if someone could hack into your thoughts and access sensitive information?Overall, I think this is a very exciting development in the world of technology and I'm curious to see how it will be used in the future.中文：最近，我看到了一篇完全陌生的新闻报道，它讲的是一种新技术，可以让人们用他们的思维来控制电脑。
网络读懂你的心?经常上网的人可能都遇到过这样的情况：浏览网页时总是跳出一些广告，内容还都是你最近想买的商品。
别误会，你的电脑还没智能到读懂你的想法——是你的个人隐私被出卖啦！When you’re surfing the Internet on your laptop from your dorm or home, do you know your personal details are being gathered secretly? And would you be surprised to know the information may be sold cheaply to advertisers and marketers?According to an investigation by The Wall Street Journal, all it takes is a tiny file in a computer—a single code consisting of a long series of numbers and letters—to record the computer user’s age, gender, location, favorite movies and hobbies.The newspaper reports that Lotame Solutions Inc., a New York company, uses sophisticated software called “beacon” to capture what people are typing on a website. Lotame packages that data into profiles about individuals, only without their names, and sells the profiles to companies seeking customers. Batches of such data may be sold for a few dollars.The Wall Street Journal probe discovered that spying on Internet users is one of the fastest-growing businesses on the World Wide Web now. Today, tracking consumers is far more intrusive than the publicrealizes. For example, the top 50 websites in the US on average installed 64 pieces of tracking technology onto the computers of visitors, usually with no warning.The “cookie”—a tiny text file put on your PC by websites or marketing firms which might be used to remember your preferences for one site, or to track you across many sites—is already old news. There are new and more complex tools such as “beacon” which scan in real time what people are doing on a webpage. These beacons instantly assess the Internet user’s location, income, shopping interests and even medical conditions, and so on.Tracking files get onto websites and are downloaded to a computer, in several ways. Often, companies simply pay sites to distribute their tracking files. But tracking companies sometimes hide their files within free software offered to websites, or hide them within other tracking files or ads. When this happens, websites aren’t always aware that they’re installing the files on visitors’ computers.Tracking companies are often staffed by math gurus with expertise in quantitative analysis. Some use probability algorithms to try to pair what they know about a person’s online behavior with data from offline sources about household income, geography and education.Personal data gathered from such tracking is now bought and sold on stock market—like exchanges.。
脑机接口技术在记忆增强中的应用The application of brain-computer interface technology in memory enhancement represents a significant advancement in neuroscience and technology. This innovative field explores the intersection between the human brain and computers, aiming to enhance cognitive functions, including memory. By directly interfacing with the brain, BCI technology offers a unique opportunity to improve memory capacity, retention, and recall.脑机接口技术在记忆增强中的应用，标志着神经科学和技术领域的重大进步。
这一创新领域探索了人脑与计算机之间的交汇点，旨在增强包括记忆在内的认知功能。
通过直接与大脑进行交互，脑机接口技术为提升记忆容量、记忆保持力和记忆力提供了独特的机会。
One of the key applications of BCI in memory enhancement is through the use of neural stimulation. By delivering electrical or magnetic signals to specific regions of the brain, BCI systems can stimulate neural activity and enhance memory formation and retrieval. This process is highly targeted, allowing for precise modulation of memory-related brain circuits.脑机接口技术在记忆增强中的关键应用之一是神经刺激。
脑机接口技术的学习和记忆功能增强方法随着科技的飞速发展，脑机接口技术成为了一个备受关注的领域。
脑机接口技术（Brain-Computer Interface, BCI）是一种通过直接将人脑信号转换为计算机可读的形式，实现对外部设备的控制和交互的技术。
该技术在医疗、工业、娱乐等领域都有广泛的应用。
脑机接口技术不仅可以帮助那些行动不便的人恢复肢体功能，还可以在学习和记忆方面发挥重要的作用。
在这篇文章中，我将介绍一些学习和记忆功能增强的方法，以及脑机接口技术在这些方法中的应用。
一种常见的学习和记忆功能增强方法是使用脑机接口技术来记录和分析大脑信号。
通过记录大脑的电活动，我们可以了解大脑在学习和记忆过程中的工作机制，并找到改进学习和记忆的方法。
例如，一项研究发现，在学习新知识时，大脑的特定活动模式与记忆强度之间存在着关联。
通过脑机接口技术可以捕捉到这些活动模式，并根据个体的大脑信号，提供个性化的学习方法和建议，从而增强记忆效果。
另一种方法是使用脑机接口技术来直接干预大脑的活动，以增强学习和记忆功能。
一项研究表明，通过对特定脑区进行电刺激，可以改善记忆的表现。
这种方法被称为脑电刺激（Transcranial Electrical Stimulation, TES）。
脑电刺激可以通过调节大脑的兴奋性和抑制性，优化神经元之间的通信，从而增强学习和记忆的能力。
脑机接口技术可以实时监测大脑的电活动，并根据监测结果，调整脑电刺激的参数，以达到最佳的学习和记忆效果。
此外，脑机接口技术还可以与其他智能技术相结合，进一步增强学习和记忆功能。
例如，虚拟现实技术可以帮助创造出与现实世界类似的学习环境，提供更具吸引力和有效的学习体验。
脑机接口技术可以监测学习者的大脑活动，并根据学习者的注意力和专注度，及时调整虚拟现实环境中的任务难度，以提高学习效果。
除了上述的方法，还有一些其他的学习和记忆功能增强方法可以与脑机接口技术相结合。
美联英语提供：英语阅读：双语能力对大脑的益处惊人！两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/kuaisu.aspx?tid=16-73675-0双语能力对大脑的益处惊人！ni hui shuo zhong wen ma? If you answer ed “si”,”oui” or ”hui” and you are watching this in English, chances are you belong to the world bilingual and multilingual majority. And besides having an easier time traveling, or watching movies without subtitles, knowing two or more languages means that your brain may actually look and work differently than those of your monolingual friends. So what does it really mean to know a language?你会说中文吗？如果你能回答“si”、“oui”或者“是的”，而且能看懂这个英文短片，那么你就跟世界上很多人一样、具备双语能力或是多语能力。
除了旅游时沟通比较方便、看电影不需要字幕这些好处之外，通晓两种或者三种以上的语言，意味着你的大脑在结构上或运作上与你那些单一语言的朋友有着明显的不同。
所以到底什么才能算通晓一门语言呢？Language ability is typically measured in two active parts, speaking and writing, and two passive parts, listening and reading. While a balanced bilingual has near equal abilities across the board in two languages, most bilinguals around the world know and use their languages in vary proportions. And depending on their situation and how they acquired each language, they can be classified into three general types.衡量语言能力，主要包含两个主动部分——说和写，和两个被动部分——听和读。
准到吓⼈的读⼼术，10s猜中你的内⼼，99%的⼈都需要点击播放 GIF 1.4M-1-你有没有过这样的经历——⽼公最近常常晚回家，跟你说加班去了，你多问两句他就嫌你烦，你很想知道，他是真的在忙事业，还是外⾯有⼈了；孩⼦情绪低落，你问他是不是学校⾥有事，他却不肯多说，转⾝给你⼀个闭门羹，你真的好想知道孩⼦在想什么…和客户谈得好好的，谁知对⽅突然变卦，你不明⽩到底是哪⾥出了问题；给领导做⼯作汇报，谁知汇报完后，他却沉默不语，你内⼼打⿎，不知道领导到底是满意还是不满意；⼈们常常说：知⼈知⾯不知⼼。
的确，⼈⼼难测，想要弄懂⼀个⼈真的太难了。
可是，要是总看不透别⼈的⼼思，摸不准对⽅在想什么，不仅容易陷⼊困扰，还很容易被欺骗甚⾄被伤害。
前不久就有这样⼀则新闻，⼀个未婚⼥⼦通过交友⽹站认识了男友，以为从此拥有了美好的爱情，谁知对⽅不仅早有妻⼉，还骗了她五六万元。
等警察⼀调查，被骗的⼥孩竟然多达10余⼈！点击播放 GIF 1.1M这只是⽣活谎⾔中的⼀⼩部分，加利福尼亚⼤学⼀位⼼理学教授研究发现：出于⾃我保护、推销等各种⽬的，1个⼈每天平均会说谎1～2次。
⾯对如此层出不穷的谎⾔和欺骗，倘若做不到明辨是⾮、洞察⼈⼼，就难免在复杂的⼈际交往中，付错真⼼、吃亏上当，成为⼈善被⼈欺的⽼好⼈。
点击播放 GIF 1.9M如何才能准确识别他⼈真⼼实想，避免⾃⼰后知后觉，踩⼊谎⾔的⼤坑？其实，只要我们掌握了⼀种技能，就能够在任何⼈际交往中占据主动权。
这种技能，就是读⼼术！-2-我知道，⼀提到“读⼼术”，⼤部分⼈都会想到著名的TVB剧《读⼼神探》，⾥⾯的主⾓姚学琛就⾮常擅长知晓⼈⼼，可以通过简单甚⾄细微的肢体动作，看穿对⽅的⼼事以及想要隐瞒的事实，因此屡破奇案。
在现实⽣活中，读⼼术也早已屡见不鲜。
前段时间就有⼀个轰动的案例：⼥明星洪欣的丈夫张丹峰，被传出轨⼥经纪⼈。
其实，早就有细⼼的⽹友在洪欣⼀家出游的照⽚中发现，张丹峰站⽴时的重⼼明显倾向于⼥经纪⼈，因此判断张丹峰与⼥经纪⼈的关系不寻常。
Are insect brains the secret to great AI? 昆虫大脑是伟大人工智能的秘密吗？Are insects the key to brain-inspired computing? Neuroscientist Frances S. Chance thinks so. In this buzzy talk, she shares examples of the incredible capabilities of insects -- like the dragonfly's deadly accurate hunting skills and the African dung beetle's super strength -- and shows how untangling the mysterious web of neurons in their tiny brains could lead to breakthroughs in computers, AI and more.昆虫是大脑启发计算的关键吗？神经科学家弗朗西斯·S·钱斯是这样认为的。
在这场有趣的讲座中，她分享了昆虫不可思议的能力的例子——比如蜻蜓极精确狩猎技能和非洲蜣螂的超强力量——并展示了解开它们微小大脑中神秘的神经元网络如何导致计算机、人工智能等领域的突破。
Creating intelligence on a computer. This has been the Holy Grail for artificial intelligence for quite some time. But how do we get there?在计算机上创建智能。
很长一段时间以来，这一直是人工智能的圣杯。
但我们如何到达那里？So we view ourselves as highly intelligent beings. So it's logical to study our own brains, the substrate of our cognition, for creating artificial intelligence. Imagine if we could replicate how our own brains work on a computer. But now consider the journey that would be required.我们认为自己是高度智慧的人。
编译 传植脑为新感觉形成新的连接。
脑让人每日耳目一新脑的“可塑性“是现代科学的伟大发现之一，但神经科学家大卫•伊戈曼（David Eagleman ）认为这种描述具有一定误导性。
“塑料”通过模具固定为一种特定的形状，而脑的物质结构却处在不断变化之中。
但伊戈曼无法摆脱这个词：“所有的文献都在用这个词，我只能尽量避免。
”伊戈曼对脑的“计算机类比”也有所质疑。
他创造出了“活体连接”（livewired ）一词来指明脑的软硬件其实是难以分割的。
伊戈曼相当精力充沛，他在斯坦福大学担任副教授的同时，也写小说，做过PBS 《大脑的故事》（TheBrain ）的主持人，以及HBO 《西部世界》（West World ）的科学顾问。
他现在是硅谷公司NeoSensory的CEO ，这一公司致力于研发向脑输入信息流的设备，人能够以此通过皮肤来“看”和“听”。
笔者同伊戈曼讨论了神经元如何互相竞争，人是否可能具有全新感官体验，以及缘何伊戈曼认同“我即我脑”。
您说我们才刚刚意识到脑的可塑性，脑是否每天都在重新连接呢？人生命中的每一刻，脑都在形成新连接。
人有860亿的神经元，其中有1万亿的连接。
这一广阔的连接海洋不断变化，它们处在断连和重新连接的变幻中。
因此我们可以说你与一周前的你，以及一年前的你，都是有些许差异的不同的人。
当你知道了我的名字是大卫，你的脑物质结构就会有一些变化。
记忆就是如此形成的。
这些只是微小的变化，还是说在一周内脑就会完成具有显著变化的重新连接呢？其实二者皆对，冠状病毒暴发期间，我们每个人INTERVIEW科学家访谈都在经历巨大的变化。
我们突然发现自己脱离了生活的轨道，在进行反思时就会有新的发现。
脑会建立一种外在世界的内在模型，以此来预测未来可能发生的事，但我们的预测被突如其来的灾难全盘打翻。
封锁带来的唯一一线希望是我们将从中获得大量脑的可塑性可能。
某种意义上来说，对于未被感染者而言，COVID可能会对脑有所裨益。
Last week, engineers sniffing around the programming code for Google Glass found hidden examples of ways that people might interact with the wearable computers without having to say a word. Among them, a user could nod to turn the glasses onor off. A single wink might tell the glasses to take a picture.上周，探查谷歌眼镜程序源码的工程师们发现了一些隐藏的功能，人们或许不用吭一声，就能操作可穿戴式计算机。
比如，用户可以用点头的方式开启或关闭眼镜。
用眨眼示意的方式也许能给眼镜下令，让其拍照。
But don't expect these gestures to be necessary for long. Soon, we might interact with our smartphones and computers simply by using our minds. In a couple of years, we could be turning on the lights at home just by thinking about it, or sending an e-mail from our smartphone without even pulling the device from our pocket. Farther into the future, your robot assistant will appear by your side with a glass of lemonade simply because it knows you are thirsty.但是，不要以为这些示意动作的必要性会长久。
很快，我们就可能用思维来操作智能手机和计算机。
再过两三年，我们可能只要一想开灯，家里的灯就开了，或者不用从口袋里掏出智能手机，就把电子邮件发出去了。
再以后，你的机器人助手会把一杯柠檬水端到你身边，因为它知道你渴了。
Researchers in Samsung's Emerging Technology Lab are testing tablets that can be controlled by your brain, using a cap that resembles a ski hat studded with monitoring electrodes, the MIT Technology Review, the science and technology journal of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reported this month.麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)的科技杂志《MIT技术评论》(MIT Technology Review)本月报道称，三星新兴技术实验室(Samsung's Emerging Technology Lab)的研究人员正在测试能用人脑控制的平板计算机，实现的方法是让人带上一顶像滑雪帽那样的、布满了监控电极的帽子。
The technology, often called a brain computer interface, was conceived to enable people with paralysis and other disabilities to interact with computers or control robotic arms, all by simply thinking about such actions. Before long, these technologies could well be in consumer electronics, too.这种通常被称为脑机接口的技术，原来的构想是为了让瘫痪或有其他残疾的人，只需要用脑子想一些动作，就能操作计算机、或控制机械臂。
过不了多久，这类技术也可能会被用到大众化的电子产品上。
Some crude brain-reading products already exist, letting people play easy games or move a mouse around a screen. NeuroSky, a company based in San Jose, Calif., recently released a Bluetooth-enabled headset that can monitor slight changes in brain waves and allow people to play concentration-based games on computers and smartphones. These include a zombie-chasing game, archery and a game where you dodge bullets — all these apps use your mind as the joystick. Another company, Emotiv, sells a headset that looks like a large alien hand and can read brain waves associated with thoughts, feelings and expressions. The device can be used to playTetris-like games or search through Flickr photos by thinking about an emotion the person is feeling — like happy, or excited — rather than searching by keywords. Muse, a lightweight, wireless headband, can engage with an app that "exercises thebrain" by forcing people to concentrate on aspects of a screen, almost like taking your mind to the gym.市场上已经有一些简单的读取脑信号的产品，人们能用它们来玩简单游戏、或者移动屏幕上的鼠标。
最近，总部在加利福尼亚州圣何塞的神念科技(NeuroSky)推出了一款具有蓝牙通讯能力的耳机，该耳机能通过监测脑电波的细微变化，让人们在计算机和智能手机上玩基于注意力的游戏，包括追僵尸的游戏、射箭，以及躲子弹的游戏，这些游戏软件都用你的大脑作为操纵杆。
另一家公司Emotiv正在上市一款看上去像一只巨大的外星人手的耳机，它能读取与思维、感觉和表情相关的脑电波。
该设备能被用来玩像俄罗斯方块这样的游戏，或者通过想一个自己正在感受的情感——比如开心或兴奋——而不是通过关键词，在Flickr照片里搜索有关图片。
而名为Muse的轻便无线头箍，能与一个“锻炼大脑”的应用软件互动，它会强迫人们将注意力集中于屏幕上的某些方面，就像是带你的大脑去健身房。
Car manufacturers are exploring technologies packed into the back of the seat that detect when people fall asleep while driving and rattle the steering wheel to awaken them.汽车制造商正在研发能够装入座位靠背的技术，这种技术能监测到人在开车时睡着，并通过震动方向盘来叫醒他们。
But the products commercially available today will soon look archaic. "The current brain technologies are like trying to listen to a conversation in a football stadiumfrom a blimp," said John Donoghue, a neuroscientist and director of the Brown Institute for Brain Science. "To really be able to understand what is going on withthe brain today you need to surgically implant an array of sensors into the brain." In other words, to gain access to the brain, for now you still need a chip in your head. 然而，现在市场上已有的这类产品很快将会过时。
布朗大学脑科学研究所(Brown Institute for Brain Science)所长、神经科学家约翰·多诺霍(John Donoghue)说，“如今的脑技术，就像试图从一架软式飞艇上听下面足球场中的谈话。
用如今的技术，要想真正了解大脑里的活动，你需要用手术在大脑中植入一个传感器阵列。
”换句话说，至少在现在，想获得大脑信息，你仍需在大脑中装个芯片。
Although we won't be flying planes with our minds anytime soon, surfing the Web on our smartphones might be closer.尽管我们不会很快就能靠思维来驾驶飞机，但靠思维用智能手机上网可能已为时不远。
Dr. Donoghue of Brown said one of the current techniques used to read people's brains is called P300, in which a computer can determine which letter of the alphabet someone is thinking about based on the area of the brain that is activated when she sees a screen full of letters. But even when advances in brain-reading technologiesspeed up, there will be new challenges, as scientists will have to determine if the person wants to search the Web for something in particular, or if he is just thinking about a random topic.布朗大学的多诺霍称，目前用来读人脑的技术之一，是被称为P300的方法，当一个人看到满屏幕的字母时，计算机可根据被激活的脑部区域来识别这个人在想哪个字母。
