Verbal communication

5.2 The nation and types of verbal communication 1Definition of verbal communicationVerbal communication refers to how people communicateby verbal means,i.e.through the oral use of words or in a written way. 2The elements and featuresVerbal communication has three elements:the participants of communication,the purpose of the communication andthe setting.(1)participants:verbal communication can happenbetween a speaker and a listener or a speaker and a groupof listeners.(2)the purpose:any verbal communication is made tofulfill certain communicative purposes.(3)setting:setting includes temporal and spatial as well asany background information about the speakers such astheir psychology,their age,education level.3The elements and featuresVerbal communication has following features:1.It is dynamic.Oral communication,as an important type of verbal communication,is always dynamic.The speakerexpresses his thoughts through words,which aretransmitted to the listener's ears.The whole process isalways changing and cannot be repeated.2.It is interactive.Verbal communication happensbetween speakers and listeners.The two sides interact with each other to achieve communicative purposes.3.It is restrained by social context.Verbal communication takes place in certain context.Ifwe cannot adjust our communication to context,it willresult in communicative failure.4.It is irreversible.Once taking place,a verbal communication cannot be reversed.简写The elements and featuresVerbal communication has following features:1.It is dynamic.2.It is interactive.3.It is restrained by social context.4.It is irreversible.4The principlesPrinciple(1):cooperative principleWhile making verbal communication,the participants should follow certain principles to fulfill the communicative purposes.One of the important principlesis cooperative principle.Specifically,we should pay attention to the following points:(1)Accuracy of the information.The speaker should provide the accurate information and the listener tries to get the accurate information.(2)True information.The information transmitted should be true,otherwise the communicative attempt will be a failure.(3)Relevance of the information.The speaker and listener revolve around a relevant rather than rrelevant topics.Principle(2):politeness principlePoliteness principle has different realizations in different cultures.But its essence is to be polite to and show your respect for your partner so that the verbal communication can go on smoothly.简写The principlesPrinciple1 :cooperative principle(1)Accuracy of the information.(2)True information.(3)Relevance of the information.Principle2 :politeness principle5Culture difference in verbal communication(1)dragon(龙)Since the ancient times,龙has been regarded by the Chinese as the incarnation of their ancestor.They like to address themselves as the offspring of龙.In China,the traditional symbols of royalty are the dragon and phoenix. To Westerners,however,the dragon is often a symbol of evil.In Bible,the devil,is called“the great dragon. When the word is used to refer to a person,it is always inderogatory sense.E.g.she is a bit of dragon around the place.(2)phoenix(风凰)In Chinese mythology,the“phoenix‘is regarded as the king of birds.The phoenix is considered by Chinese as a creature of good omen.As the traditional symbol of royalty,the phoenix stands for the queen.The phoenix is also used in metaphors,standing for something rare and precious,for example,“凤毛麟角”The phoenix,in Western mythology,is associated with rebirth and resurrection.According to Greek legend,the phoenix lives a certain number of years-500by one account.At the end of the period,it makes a nest,sings a death song,and then sets fire to its nest by flapping his wings.The phoenix is burned to ashes,but from these ashes emerges a new bird.E.g.like the legendary phoenix,it will rise from the ashes in new splendor.(3)bat(蝙蝠)To Chinese,the bat is a symbol of good fortune,well-being,and happiness-all positive qualities.The reason for such associations is probably that the name of the creature is pronounced the same as the word“福”Thus the traditional design that shows the batand the deer together is very popular in China,because“蝠鹿，is pronounced the same as福禄，good fortune,happiness,wealthand position.In the Western countries,the bat is usually associated withnegative qualities.As blind as a bat,crazy as a bat,he is a bitbatty(他有点反常)are typically expressions of the negative associations.简写Culture difference in verbal communication(1)dragon(龙)(2)phoenix(风凰)(3)bat(蝙蝠)5Culture difference in verbal communicationDifferences in individual sounds1)Chinese sounds are not distinguished by length,but English sounds are2)Sounds may occur in one language but not the other.So people tend to replace the sounds with the ones in their own language,resulting in com municative failure.3)English sounds are pronounced differently in different contexts,but Ch inese sounds are not.So his words will sound foreign and unnatural to a native English speaker's ear when a Chinese ignores the sound variants.Verbal Communication Styles-1 Language is an important way of communication.We can communicate successfully if we master the language.Five communication stylesDirect and indirect stylesElaborate, exacting and succinct stylesPersonal and contextual stylesInstrumental and affective stylesself-enhancement and self-effacement stylesrecognize differences in communication stylesunderstand cultrual differencesavoid intercultural communication failure。

1.verbal communication1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

2.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communication refers to intertional use of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。

（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。

municative context;Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with those who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their second language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。

The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.4.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。