2021年中考英语总复习初中英语语法大全(精华版)
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中考英语语法总复习讲义专题一名词名词是中考考查的重点。
考查内容主要为:Ⅰ.名词的定义名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。
如:Yao Ming 姚明;China 中国;Christmas 圣诞节等。
Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1.可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
如:an apple; two apples 。
★注意:a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前;an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。
如:a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ,an apple/’aepl/ ,a red apple , an hour/’aua/2.不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。
(1)物质名词。
如:water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁);sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。
这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。
如:a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。
(2)抽象名词。
如:news; music; time(时间); information等。
(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。
(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。
如:fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。
初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。
前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.三.代词:I.II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。
some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
中考英语语法总复习讲义专题一名词名词是中考考查的重点。
考查内容主要为:Ⅰ.名词的定义名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。
如:Yao Ming 姚明;China 中国;Christmas 圣诞节等。
Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1.可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
如:an apple; two apples 。
★注意: a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前;an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。
,a red apple , an hour/’aua/ 如:a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ,an apple/’aepl/2.不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。
(1)物质名词。
如:water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁);sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。
这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。
如: a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。
(2)抽象名词。
如:news; music; time(时间); information等。
(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。
(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。
如:fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。
初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。
前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.三.代词:I.II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。
some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。
如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。
如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。
如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。
如:am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。
如:now, very, here, often, quietly,slowly.7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。
如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。
如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。
如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。
如:oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。
通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。
主要由动词担任。
如:Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。
初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:III. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。
前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.三.代词:I.II. 不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。
some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。
现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加 构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成。
前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1.'所有格的构成:' ss father2.'所有格的用法:3.用于无生命的东西: the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year stude nts用于名词化的词: the struggle of the oppressed 二•冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an ),定冠词(the ),和零冠词。
I.II.s in dustrys end('III.I.II.不定代词用法注意点:1. one, some 与any:1) one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为one& some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should lear n to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don ' t have any bookmarks.I have some questi ons to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some banan as?Could you give me some mon ey?3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magaz ine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
一、选择题1.Do you like the music that you relaxed?A.make B.making C.makes2.This is the small village inn ______ not long ago.A.we stayed B.where we stayedC.which we stayed D.where we stayed in3.The most interesting thing ________ I can remember now is that we celebrated our birthdays together last year.A.what B.how C.that D.why4.Shirley is the girl ______ taught me how to use Wechat(微信).A.whom B.which C.who5.The painting by Picasso ________ is about people’s love for life is shown in the muse um. A.who B.which C.what6.―Do you know everybody came to the party?―I'm afraid not. I don't know the one you had a long talk with.A.which; that B./;whom C.that; which D.who;/7.— What are you doing, Tim?— I am listening to the song Long Live _______ makes me feel excited.A.which B.who C./8.--Mary, think about before you take a trip to Harbin.--OK, I'll take some warm coats then.A.the time that you will spend B.the sights that you will visitC.the people who you will meet D.the clothes which you will bring9.The four tools _________ people use for Chinese handwriting are called“Four Treasures of Study”.A.that B.who C.what D.whom10.Lily doesn’t know ________ she and her friends can do to help the little boy ________ parents have left their hometown for making money.A.that; whose B.how; who C.what; who D.what; whose 11.“Underground” is the only word in the English language _____ begins and ends with the letters “und”.A.what B.that C.who D.whom12.—Do you know the man ________ is reading the book over there?—Sorry, I don’t know.A.which B.what C.whom D.who13.一What kind of musician does Carmen like?一She likes musicians __________play different kinds of music.A.which B.who C.whom14.That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger.A.that B.what C.who D.which15.I don’t like music ________ sounds too loud.A.that B.what C.who D.whose16.Tu Youyou is the woman ______ used the plant’s special power to save millions of lives. A.who B.whose C.which D.whom 17.—What kind of music do you like?—I love all the music ______I can sing along with.()A.which B.who C.that18.-Do you know the man passed away on October 30, 2018?- Jin Yong, one of the greatest Kung Fu fiction writers in China.A.who B.what C.which D.whom 19.Think of others more than yourself. A person______cares for others is popular everywhere. A.who B.which C.whom D.whose 20.—Could you tell me ________ ,Mr.Smith?—Sure. It's because of the bad weather.A.what is your family nameB.why the train hasn't arrived yetC.how can I get on well with my parents21.The film brought the hours back to me ________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.A.which B.who C.when D.where22.This photo often reminds the man of his grandfather ________ died five years ago. A.which B.who C.whom D.he23.— Do you know the boy over there?—The one________ is holding a ball? Oh, that’s my cousin Jasper.A.which B.what C.who D.whose 24.Only the dream ______ can help others will bring happiness in return.A.which B.that C.who D.what25.I’ll tell you everything __________ I know.A.which B.who C.that D.what【参考答案】***试卷处理标记,请不要删除一、选择题1.C解析:C【解析】【详解】句意:你喜欢让你放松的音乐吗?考查谓语动词。
初中英语语法大全语法网络图一.名词I.名词的种类:II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。
现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词III.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。
前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
2.’s 所有格的用法:3.of 所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:I.代词可以分为以下七大类:II. 不定代词用法注意点:1.one, some 与any:1)one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。
some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3)some 和any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个,any 表示任何一个。
I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4)some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。
中考语法复习:情态动词讲解及提升练习一.定义:情态动词主要用于表示说话人的态度和看法。
情态动词不能单独使用必须与动词原形一起构成谓语,其否定式是在情态动词后加否定词not。
一般疑问句则将情态动词提至句首。
二、基本形式:三基本用法1. can 的用法1)表能力can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。
I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。
He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁,但已认得字了。
Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。
2)表可能性多用于否定与疑问结构中,但也可用在肯定句中。
Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗?It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。
What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?3)表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。
Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗?Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?2.could的用法1)表过去的可能和许可,Father said I could swim in the river. 爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
2)表过去的能力I could swim when I was only six. 我刚六岁就能游泳。
3)表“允许”。
可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法,不是can的过去时态。
---Could I use your bike? ---Yes, you can./No, you can’t.注意:be able to 表示能力,意为“能够做成某事”,相当于can 的用法,但是有区别:can泛指一般的能力;be able to 则主要指成功做了某件事的能力。
3. may(might)的用法1)表示请求、可以、允许。
You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。
(完整版)中考人教版英语复习资料编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对,但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望((完整版)中考人教版英语复习资料)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为(完整版)中考人教版英语复习资料的全部内容。
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同时我们也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈到下面的留言区,这将是我们进步的源泉,前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改,如果觉得对您有帮助请下载收藏以便随时查阅,最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步,以下为 <(完整版)中考人教版英语复习资料> 这篇文档的全部内容。
中考英语语法总复习讲义专题一名词名词是中考考查的重点。
考查内容主要为:Ⅰ.名词的定义名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称.专有名词的第一个字母要大写,人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。
如:Yao Ming 姚明; China 中国;Christmas 圣诞节等。
Ⅱ。
可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1.可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式.如:an apple; two apples 。
★ 注意: a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标)开头的单数名词前;an 用于以元音音素( 指音标)开头的单数名词前。
【致胜中考2021】一轮复习:七下U2 词汇+语法讲解【单词默写】【单词变形】【单词变性】funny形容词变名词_____________ quickly副词变形容词_____________ usually 副词变形容词_____________ life名词变动词_____________clean动词变名词_____________run动词变名词_____________walk动词变名词_____________work动词变名词_____________【一词多义】1. either _______________ __________________I don’t know it, either.Either you or I can go to the cinema tonight.2. up ____________ _____________ _________________He is up there, on the top of the mountain.Mary has eaten up all the cake.After knowing the problem, Mary quickly thought up new ideas to solve it.3. dress _________________ _______________ _________________My mother sent me a dress on my fifteenth birthday.I can dress myself now.Mary is dressed in red today.4. quarter ______________ ____________It’s about a quarter to five now.One quarter of the students come from China.5. taste ___________ ____________The dish has a good taste, I want more.The dish tastes delicious.6. past ____________ ___________ _____________ _________________ It’s about five past five. The students my go home.I walked past a cafe yesterday.In the past, I used to be really shy.In the past few years, China has greatly changed.7. run ____________ ___________ ______________Mary runs quickly. She wants to be a runner.The boss decides to run a new shoe shop next year.Buses run from Hangzhou to Ningbo every thirty minutes.8. walk __________ _________ _______ _________________Mary likes to walk outside after supper.Mary is walking her dog now.Mary used to take a walk after supper.It’s about three minutes’ walk from my home to school.9. work ___________ __________ __________ _____________The machine doesn't work well.He works in a big factory.Mark Twain has many great works.Mary need some work to make money.10. exercise ____________ ______________ _____________ In school, we usually need do eye exercises on the third class. He exercises a lot every day to keep fit.You need to do exercise every day to keep fit.11. clean ___________ _______________After cleaning the classroom, students felt really tired.The classroom looks vvery clean.【词汇用法】1. clean: adj./sth. Is clean/v./clean sp./clean up/clean off2. either: adv./not…either/either…or3. taste: v./taste +adj./n./a good taste相关词辨析: sound vs. look vs. taste vs. smell vs. feel sound: sound+adj.look: look+adj.taste: taste+adj.smell: smell+adj.feel: feel+adj.4. dress: vt./dress oneself/dress sb./be dressed in/get dressed in近义词辨析: dress vs. put on vs. wear vs. be on vs. be indress: vt./dress oneself/dress sb./be dressed in/get dressed input on: vt./put on sth./表示动作wear: vt./ wear clothes/a necklace/a watch/a pair of glasses/a smile表示状态be on: sth. be on sb.be in: sb. be in sth.5. either: either…or/就近原则【攻占语法】副词(频度副词)1. 副词的分类: ______________ _____________ ______________ ______________2. 副词的位置: 频度副词放在______________ 和_______________ 的后面,______________的前面3. 频度副词的用法:0%100%_____________________________________________________________________________4. 频度的表达方式:一天三次_______________每隔四年__________________每隔一天_______________【词汇练习】1.The b ________ of the four seasons is spring while a year starts with January.2.Don’t forget to b ________ your teeth after meals.3.After getting d ________, he begins to wash his face and brush his teeth every morning.4.The e ________ kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future.5.He has lived in Shanghai and Beijing, but he doesn't like e ________ of them.6. E ________ is really important for everyone and good for health.7.Our class is made up of f ________ students, twenty-two boys and twenty-eight girls.8.Mom is thirty-nine years old now and next year she will be f ________.9.My cousin Li Jing is the f ________ person I know. She always makes us laugh.10.Look at this g ________ of students playing beach volleyball. They are from Wenlan Middle school.11.—The apple is big and you can’t eat it all, John!—Then, let’s cut it into h ________.12.I don’t think the sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to have part-time j ________. They need time to dohomework.13.As a doctor, he saves lots of l ________ every year.14.Jack is getting fatter because he n ________ does sports in his free time.15.When summer comes, days become longer and n ________ become shorter.16.Rick sometimes plays tennis at six o ________.17.Joe was playing with a dog when I walked p ________ his small house.18.Do you have lunch at a q ________ past twelve?19.Cleaning the classroom is not difficult. If we do the work every day, we can finish it q ________.20.It's time for lunch. All the students are r________ out of the classroom, it is dangerous for them.21.After running, it feels so comfortable to take a s ________.22.My mother likes drinking tea, though s ________ she drinks coffee.23.There is a bus s ________ at the second crossing. You can wait the bus there.24.I really know some junk food is not good for my health, but it t ________ good!25.The apple pie is really t _______. I’d like one more.26.It’s a good habit to brush our t ________ twice a day.27.He stayed u ________ playing games on computer last night, which made him feel sleepy in class.28.I u ________ felt shy when I was young, but now, I am much more outgoing.29.Taking a w ________ after meals is a good habit.30.Reader Digest is a w____________ read magazine. People all over the world know it and love it.【参考答案】【单词变形】【单词变性】funny形容词变名词funquickly副词变形容词quickusually 副词变形容词usualylife名词变动词liveclean动词变名词cleanerrun动词变名词runnerwalk动词变名词walkerwork动词变名词works【一词多义】1. either 也要么I don’t know it, either.Either you or I can go to the cinema tonight.2. up 在上面结束想出He is up there, on the top of the mountain.Mary has eaten up all the cake.After knowing the problem, Mary quickly thought up new ideas to solve it.3. dress 女裙给某人穿衣服穿着My mother sent me a dress on my fifteenth birthday.I can dress myself now.Mary is dressed in red today.4. quarter 一刻钟25%It’s about a quarter to five now.One quarter of the students come from China.5. taste 味道尝起来The dish has a good taste, I want more.The dish tastes delicious.6. past 超过经过过去过去的It’s about five past five. The students my go home.I walked past a cafe yesterday.In the past, I used to be really shy.In the past few years, China has greatly changed.7. run 跑步经营运行Mary runs quickly. She wants to be a runner.The boss decides to run a new shoe shop next year. Buses run from Hangzhou to Ningbo every thirty minutes.8. walk 走路散步散步路程Mary likes to walk outside after supper.Mary is walking her dog now.Mary used to take a walk after supper.It’s about three minutes’ walk from my home to school.9. work 运行工作(v.) 著作工作(n.)The machine doesn't work well.He works in a big factory.Mark Twain has many great works.Mary need some work to make money.10. exercise 操锻炼(v.)锻炼(n.)In school, we usually need do eye exercises on the third class.He exercises a lot every day to keep fit.You need to do exercise every day to keep fit.11. clean 打扫干净的After cleaning the classroom, students felt really tired.The classroom looks vvery clean.1. 副词的分类: 频度副词修饰性副词连接性副词地点副词程度副词2. 副词的位置: 频度副词放在be动词和情态动词的后面,实义动词的前面3. 频度副词的用法:0%100%never hardly ever sometimes usually often frequently always4. 频度的表达方式:一天三次three times a day每隔四年every four years每隔一天every other day【词语练习】Best bring dressed earlier either exercise fifty forty funniest group halves jobs lives never nights o’clock past quarter quickly running shower sometimes stop tastes tasty up usually walk widely。