Logic Learning in Hopfield Networks

机器学习常见算法分类汇总机器学习无疑是当前数据分析领域的一个热点内容。

很多人在平时的工作中都或多或少会用到机器学习的算法。

这里IT经理网为您总结一下常见的机器学习算法，以供您在工作和学习中参考。

机器学习的算法很多。

很多时候困惑人们都是，很多算法是一类算法，而有些算法又是从其他算法中延伸出来的。

这里，我们从两个方面来给大家介绍，第一个方面是学习的方式，第二个方面是算法的类似性。

学习方式根据数据类型的不同，对一个问题的建模有不同的方式。

在机器学习或者人工智能领域，人们首先会考虑算法的学习方式。

在机器学习领域，有几种主要的学习方式。

将算法按照学习方式分类是一个不错的想法，这样可以让人们在建模和算法选择的时候考虑能根据输入数据来选择最合适的算法来获得最好的结果。

监督式学习：在监督式学习下，输入数据被称为“训练数据”，每组训练数据有一个明确的标识或结果，如对防垃圾邮件系统中“垃圾邮件”“非垃圾邮件”，对手写数字识别中的“1“，”2“，”3“，”4“等。

在建立预测模型的时候，监督式学习建立一个学习过程，将预测结果与“训练数据”的实际结果进行比较，不断的调整预测模型，直到模型的预测结果达到一个预期的准确率。

监督式学习的常见应用场景如分类问题和回归问题。

常见算法有逻辑回归（Logistic Regression）和反向传递神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network）非监督式学习：在非监督式学习中，数据并不被特别标识，学习模型是为了推断出数据的一些内在结构。

常见的应用场景包括关联规则的学习以及聚类等。

常见算法包括Apriori算法以及k-Means算法。

半监督式学习：在此学习方式下，输入数据部分被标识，部分没有被标识，这种学习模型可以用来进行预测，但是模型首先需要学习数据的内在结构以便合理的组织数据来进行预测。

应用场景包括分类和回归，算法包括一些对常用监督式学习算法的延伸，这些算法首先试图对未标识数据进行建模，在此基础上再对标识的数据进行预测。

上海市西中学2024-2025学年高三上学期期中考试英语试题一、语法填空Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the otller blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Chinese Hogwarts fans will be treated to a wide re-release of all eight Harry Potter movies throughout October and November. Since its debut(首映)more than 25 years ago, the saga(长篇故事)of the young wizard has become a cultural phenomenon, ranking among 1 (successful) entertainment franchises(特别经营权)in history. Scores of moviegoers in mainland China are excited about the news, despite many having done so before and other swell-versed with the novel. Why is the franchise still popular, though, thirteen years after the final movie of the series 2 (release) ?Fans of the original books were thrilled to know 3 would be playing their favorite characters. The cast of the movies was hand-picked by the author J. K. Rowling herself, ensuring that the characters matched her imagination. Then the breathtaking visual effects captured and 4 (transfer) the magical moments from the books faithfully onto the silver screen. But all in all, nothing would have been possible without the books themselves.Rowling created a new world with writing so descriptive that readers can easily imagine themselves 5 (live) in it alongside the fictional characters. The three main characters are no more strangers to the young readers than their classmates at school. They are relatable 6 they think and act the same way as the readers do. Rowling pays attention to genuine feelings and would never use the genre as an excuse for logical flaws and shallow characters. Instead, the series keeps exploring the possibilities of bringing the real world into children’s books.When the first book came out in 1997, it was the dream of all kids and teenagers—an escape 7 the real world into a magical one. But as the readers grew up, so did Rowling’s writing. The series started off quite simple in its language and themes, but gradually developed into 8 more serious and complex. Rowling also touched upon dark themes, such as death and mental health, which children’s books usually avoid. The series helps children to learn aboutand adapt to the somewhat unforgiving world of reality. As the young readers mature, the evolving writing style and the developing stories make them 9 (addict) to.The Harry Potter books have shaped a generation and will go on to affect the next. The books are essentially centered on the principles of friendship, love and loyalty. They also teach about the importance of knowledge and how to deal with losses. These are morals and lessons that go beyond the distinctions of gender, race and nationality. Readers can always find something inspiring in the world of Harry Potter, 10 their age. That’s what makes the magic everlasting.二、选词填空Directions: Complete the passage with the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Machine learning pioneers win Nobel prize in physicsTwo pioneers in the field of artificial intelligence, John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton, have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2024. Their 11 work on artificial neural networks, inspired by the human brain, has revolutionized the way we think about machines and their ability to learn from data.John Hopfield, an emeritus(荣誉退休的)professor at Princeton University in the US, 12 an associative memory system capable of storing and retrieving(检索)complex patterns, much like the human brain does with memories. Geoffrey Hinton, a British-Canadian professor at the University of Toronto, known as the “godfather of AI, ” 13 to a method that allows neural networks to independently uncover features within data, a cornerstone of today’s large-scale artificial neural networks.Their research, which began in the 1980s, has enabled machine learning through the use of artificial neural networks, leading to 14 in language translation and generative AI, likeChatGPT. The Nobel Committee for Physics noted that these networks have not only advanced various physics fields but have also become 15 into everyday technologies, significantly impacting society.Hinton, 76, gained attention last year when he left Google to voice 16 about the potential dangers of AI. He warned about the risks of machines surpassing human intelligence and the ensuing implications for misinformation, job markets, and human existence. Despite the concerns, he also 17 the potential benefits, such as improvements in healthcare and productivity.Prof. Michael Wooldridge, a computer scientist at the University of Oxford, praised the award as a proof of the profound impact of AI on science, noting that the success of neural networks has unlocked new 18 for data analysis. Prof. Dame Wendy Hall, a computer scientist at the University of Southampton, expressed surprise at the choice of awarding the prize in physics, given that there is no Nobel Prize for computer science, but acknowledged the 19 influence of artificial neural networks on physics research.In summary, the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024 celebrates the transformative impact of AI research on science and society, 20 the contributions of Hopfield and Hinton in shaping the future of intelligent machines.三、完形填空Is a Science-Based Education the Way to Go?In this present age when we are heavily dependent on science and technology, a science-based education system naturally becomes prevalent to equip the young with knowledge of the 21 of our world around them. The various disciplines of science, such as biology and astronomy, certainly help us to grasp not only the 22 of Earth, but also the significance of human beings in the universe. Moreover, as people naturally have an inborn desire to control the environment, a science-based education seems to be well 23 to humanity’s inquisitive nature. 24 , it remains questionable whether a science-based education is able to paint a complete picture of the world.Certainly, it equips us with the knowledge of 25 which is necessary for us to makesense of the world. By laying the foundation of the skills in students, they will be equipped with the necessary skills to discover the world as 26 by science today. A classic example is Gregor Mendel’s famous pea plant experiment. Without this, we would not have understood the 27 of our genes, nor the reasons why offspring may look strikingly similar to their parents.Additionally, the scientific method highlights the importance of 28 , which is instrumental in the acquisition of knowledge. In a typical science-based educational system, students are taught to objectively analyze empirical data and derive scientific principles. Besides, a science-based education empowers us to 29 preconceived(预想的) concepts instead of merely accepting “facts” at face value.Despite its 30 , a science-based education does not always enlighten us about certain aspects of the world that can’t be rationalized through the scientific method. Though it explains how the world works, it is lacking as it does not 31 much about why things happen. For example, science can provide a neurological explanation on how we perceive breathtaking scenery, but it can’t explain what constitutes beauty or why we are so innately drawn to it. Thus, to 32 , the Arts offer us insightful perspectives on the role of science and the world at large.Moreover, science may have great emphasis on progress that may come at a great 33 to the world. A science-based education that focuses solely on the latest scientific breakthroughs may well 34 the study of ethical controversies and significant historical events. For instance, it remains to be seen whether cloning is morally acceptable.In conclusion, a science-based education coupled with adequate exposure to ethics, values and the humanities would 35 students with a deeper insight into the complex nature of the world.21．A．mechanics B．inventions C．truths D．objectives 22．A．significance B．evolution C．composition D．prospect 23．A．subjected B．reduced C．entitled D．tailored 24．A．Nevertheless B．Moreover C．Instead D．Therefore 25．A．doubt B．suspicion C．inquiry D．consultation 26．A．framed B．explained C．assessed D．justified 27．A．dependence B．burst C．consciousness D．function28．A．objectivity B．illustration C．curiosity D．inquiry 29．A．deny B．challenge C．dismiss D．highlight 30．A．margins B．expenses C．initiatives D．virtues 31．A．worry B．care C．reveal D．enclose 32．A．draw a parallel B．make ends meet C．strike a balance D．make a comparison 33．A．cost B．advantage C．discount D．angle 34．A．underline B．prioritize C．further D．neglect 35．A．assist B．furnish C．occupy D．engage四、阅读理解Visitors to HENN-NA, a restaurant outside Nagasaki, Japan, are greeted by an odd sight:their food being prepared by a row of humanoid robots that look like the Terminator. H. I. S., the company that runs the restaurant, as well as a nearby hotel where robots check guests into their rooms and help with their luggage, turned to automation partly out of necessity. Japan’s population is shrinking, and its economy is booming; the unemployment rate is only 2.8 percent. “Using robots makes a lot of sense in a country like Japan,” said CEO Hideo Sawada.Sawada predicts that 70 percent of the jobs at Japan’s hotels will be automated in the next five years. “It takes about a year to two to get your money back,” he said. “But since you can work them 24 hours a day, and they don’t need vacation, eventually it’s more cost-efficient to use the robot.”This may seem like a vision of the future best suited—perhaps only suited—to Japan. But according to Michael Chui, a partner at the McKinsey Global Institute, many tasks in the food-service and accommodation industry are exactly the kind that are easily automated. Chui’s latest research estimates that 54 percent of the tasks workers perform in American restaurants and hotels could be automated using currently available technologies.The robots, in fact, are already here. Chowbotics, a company in Redwood City, California, manufactures Sally, a boxy robot that prepares salads ordered on a touch screen. Botlr, a robot butler, now brings guests extra towels and toiletries in dozens of hotels around the country.This seems to be worrying. America’s economy isn’t developing nearly as smoothly asJapan’s, and one of the few bright spots in recent years has been employment in restaurants and hotels, which have added more jobs than almost any other industry. That growth, in fact, has helped dull the blow that automation has delivered to other industries. The food-service and accommodation industry now employs 13.7 million American. Since 2013, it has accounted for more jobs than manufacturing.These new positions once seemed safe from robots because they required a human touch in a way that manufacturing or mining jobs did not. When ordering a coffee or checking into a hotel, human beings want to interact with other human beings — or so we thought. The companies bringing robots into the service industry are betting that we’ll be happy to trade our relationship with human waiters or clerks for greater efficiency. They’re also confident that adding robots won’t necessarily mean cutting human jobs.36．According to the writer, why was it partly out of necessity that H. I. S. turned to automation?A．It’s hard to find employees in Japan.B．The Japanese are used to using robots.C．Robotic technology is advanced in Japan.D．Japan’s economy develops less fast than expected.37．According to Michael Chui, which of the following statements is true?A．It is no easy job to automate tasks in the hotel industry.B．Restaurant workers can be easily replaced by robots.C．Technologies need upgrading to pave the way for robotic waiters.D．Robots now perform 54% of the tasks in American restaurants and hotels.38．Why does the automation in American restaurants and hotels seem worrying?A．The manufacturing industry is waiting to be automated.B．America’s economy is developing at an unexpected rate.C．Automation has already had a negative effect on the service industry.D．These two industries contribute much to America’s employment rate.39．It can be inferred that companies bringing robots into the service industry think that ________.A．the human touch may not matter that muchB．profit is more important than customer satisfactionC．manufacturing or mining jobs require human interactionD．robots will rob humans of their jobs at the cost of efficiency40．New rules of tipping are recommended because .A．the pandemic has driven many businesses to financial ruinB．some people have to work from home without interactionC．customers dismiss the old standards as unfair to themselvesD．some old tipping standards can’t help some service workers out now 41．Which of the following is TRUE?A．Tip every worker fairly in case some may keep the money to himself.B．The more you tip, the better service you will receive.C．Writing a review online is highly recommended to express gratitude.D．There is no need to tip the boss because he doesn’t provide any service.42．did best in tipping according to the recommended rules.A．Ginna B．Joan C．Susan D．LinnA few weeks ago, a well-meaning professor tried to explain the physiological process behind viruses and the human body in a tweet and was immediately criticized for a mistake in his information. He then issued an apology and deleted his erroneous tweet.Communicating science beyond the academic bubble is necessary to augmenting (增加) public understanding of health and environmental issues and helping individuals make well-informed personal decisions.However, scientists who engage in science communication must acknowledge that even in their area, their expertise is deep but narrow. They need to recognize the constraints in their own knowledge. That is not to suggest that they only write or present on their own research, but rather, that they consult with an expert if the topic is outside of their discipline. Fact-checking with a scientist who works in the specialty will prevent the unintentional spread of misinformation, and the process of doing so may yield tiny pieces of interesting new information that can be incorporated.Some have argued that the public is not educated enough to understand scientific information, especially for any complex phenomena, but this is absurd. Science instruction can be found at all levels of public education with most secondary schools offering classes on biology, physics, and chemistry. If anything, social media has shown that the public craves knowledge based on a solid scientific foundation. Even the public discourse (话语) that follows most scientific articles shows that online readers can understand even the most puzzling of scientific principles.It is equally necessary to emphasize that being an expert on a topic does not automatically make a scholar qualified to communicate it to a nonscientific audience. A number of scientists recently have been offering public-aimed explanations of scientific phenomena. Even though they have appropriate credentials, they often do very little in the way of explaining. One biologist shared a complex analogy(类比)involving a library, books, paper, a recipe, ingredients, and a cake to explain the process behind vaccines. Any explanation that requires a written key to keep track of what each item represents is not a clear example for public consumption.Science communication is a science in and of itself. It requires rigorous training and instruction. A scientist should take communication courses that can teach a person how to identify and eliminate jargon (术语) and how to develop effective analogies to explain complex concepts. One cannot assume communication expertise-imagine if someone just decided that they were a physicist and started trying to contribute to the field without the necessary background. Doing a poor job communicating science to the public will only create confusion and widen the gap between science and society, a gap that scientists are trying to close.43．What does the author advise scientists do to deal with topics outside of their specialty?A．Write or present on them from new angles.B．Utilize information from diverse sources.C．Turn to a specialist for professional help.D．Fact-check with colleagues in-their field.44．What can be learned from Paragraph 4?A．A solid academic foundation is essential to understanding puzzling scientific principles.B．Modern technology has facilitated communication between scientists and the public.C．Scientific articles have gained increasing popularity among the general public.D．The public’s understanding of science is much better than some have claimed. 45．What does the example of the biologist who shared an intricate analogy show?A．It is helpful to use illustrations in explaining scientific phenomena.B．It is imperative to have appropriate titles to explain scientific issues.C．A learned scholar is not necessarily a qualified science communicator.D．A nonscientific audience cannot correctly understand principles of science.46．What does the author suggest scientists do to close the gap between science and society?A．Develop communication skills.B．Make appropriate use of scientific terms.C．Take courses in public speaking.D．Explain complex concepts scientifically.In the fog of uncertainty about how new technology will change the way we work, policymakers around the world have flocked to the same idea. No matter what the future brings, they say confidently, we will need to upskill the workforce in order to cope.The view sounds reassuringly sensible. If computers are growing smarter, humans will need to learn to use them to humans’ advantage. Otherwise, they may run the risk of being replaced by computers. 47 .Research published by the Social Mobility Commission shows that workers with degrees are over three times more likely to participate in training as adults than workers with no qualifications. That creates a virtuous circle for those who did well at school, and vicious circle for those who did not. If the robots are coming for both the accountants and the taxi drivers, you can bet the bean counters will be more able to retrain themselves out of danger.48 In the UK, the government introduced an “apprenticeship levy” a few years ago in an attempt to force employers to spend more on training. A surprising number have responded by sending their senior managers on “apprenticeships” at business schools.It is no good criticizing employers for directing investments at their highly skilled workers. They are simply aiming for the highest return they can get. And, for some types of lower-paid work, it is not always true that technological progress requires more skills. The UK’s latest Employment and Skills Survey, which is performed every five years, suggests the use of literacyand numeracy skills at work has fallen since 2012, even as the use of computers has increased. The trouble is, when the computer makes your job easier one day, it might make it unnecessary the next. Many of those affected by automation will need to switch occupations, or even industries.49It is time to revisit older ideas. The UK once had an energetic culture of night schools, for adults to attend after their day jobs. These institutions have been disappearing due to funding cuts. But a revival of night schools could be exactly what the 21st century needs. 50 They can also explore interests they never had a chance to nurture before.It is still not clear whether the impact of new technology on the labour market will come in a trickle or aflood. But in an already unequal world, continuing to reserve all the lifeboats for the better-off would be a dangerous mistake.A．Employers also invest more in better educated workers by launching employer-sponsored cmployee education programs.B．According to an Oxford University study, nowadays employers are more likely to hire thefirst-year apprentices.C．Rather than just “upskilling” in a narrow way, people could choose to learn an entirely new skill or trade.D．But the truth is, the people who are being “upskilled” in today’s economy are the ones who need it the least.E．People can effectively train or upskill themselves to meet their specific professional needs. F．But a retailer or warehouse company is not going to retrain its staff to help them move to a different sector.五、书面表达51．Summary writingThe life of a journalist can be exciting．To be in constant pursuit of the latest news demands a curiosity that can only be rewarded by getting to "where it is happening" as soon as possible．The goal，of course，is to relate what is happening to the public as clearly as possible．However，every journalist must be careful to report not only a vivid picture of what ishappening，but a true picture．Each journalist reports his or her own version of what has taken place．Still，this version must be an actual account if the reporter is to maintain a reliable reputation．In order to get to the truth in some news stories，a reporter must rely on the statements of someone who is on the inside of the situation．Often this insider will only talk to a reporter if the reporter promises never to reveal the insider's name．The insider usually threatens never to admit meeting with the reporter if his or her name is revealed．Because stories of this nature often involve criminal activity，reporting them becomes a dangerous job．This kind of work involved in obtaining news in this manner serves as an inviting situation for the underworld as well as the legal world．Members of the underworld want to find out who the insider is so that they can keep him or her quiet．Members of the legal world claim that the reporter will obstruct（阻挠）justice if he or she fails to disclose the insider's name．Devotion has given journalism its reputation for reliability ﹣a reliability that each journalist is expected to uphold in his or her search for truth．Supplying a truthful account of each day's occurrences is the serious contract made between reporter and thepublic．________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________六、翻译52．王老师知识面广博, 被他的学生称为“活字典”。

安徽省合肥市第一中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语试卷一、阅读理解Impressive exhibitions in the US worth traveling for in 2024 Here are several museum exhibitions across the USA that are worth traveling for in 2024.1. Yayoi Kusama: Infinite LoveSFMOMA, San FranciscoOn view: now through September 7For six decades now, Japanese polymath Yayoi Kusama has been exploring the concept of the “infinity room.” These meditations on perception, the universe and existence itself combine bold colors, three-dimensional forms and mirror-generated visual illusions to transport viewers to an inclusive aesthetic world. In the exhibition Yayoi Kusama: Infinite Love, they have landed in Northern California for the first time. Featured works including the brand-new Dreaming of Earth’s Sphericity, I Would Offer My Love (2023) and the famous LOVE IS CALLING (2013) will be on display at SFMOMA through next fall. Be sure to reserve advance tickets the minute they go on sale.2. Matisse and the SeaSt Louis Art Museum, St LouisOn view: February 17-May 12,2024Henri Matisse lived for decades near the Mediterranean, and a number of blues carry through his entire oeuvre (全部作品), largely inspired by the reflection of light of the water. With the artist’s Bathers with Turtle (1907–8) as a museum highlight, the exhibition travels across both Matisse’s works and the world itself, with works by this 20th-century master in various media, depicting the sea as a subject and as a theme.3. Georgia O’ Keeffe: “My New Yorks”Art Institute of Chicago, ChicagoOn view: June 2-September 24,2024This show at the Art Institute of Chicago will explore how Georgia O’ Keeffe - an artist soclosely associated with the Southwest and nature - spent her formative years in the USA’s biggest city. Before she turned her eye to flowers and desert sunsets, Georgia O’ Keeffe captured the distinctive perspectives of New York City, looking up at skyscrapers from street level and down from her 30th-floor apartment.4. Whitney Biennial 2024: Even Better Than the Real ThingWhitney Museum of American Art, New Y ork CityOn view: starting March 20,2024Some leave angry. Others emerge inspired. Yet however you react, it’s hard to forget any Whitney Biennial. Multimedia pieces and political themes are never hard to detect. Organized by Chrissi e Iles and Meg Onli, the lineup at this year’s -Biennial has yet to be announced. But whoever the participants are, their work is sure to make a statement.1．What can we learn from the artist Yayoi Kusama and his works?A．His work Infinite Love has been on display for decades.B．His works feature incorporating varied colors boldly into the works.C．Dreaming of Earth’s Sphericity was inspired by the light of water.D．Four-dimensional forms will transport viewers to the universe.2．Who is most likely to be the target audience for the last exhibition?A．people concerned with current political affairs.B．people having a passion for economy.C．people fond of pursuing old fashion.D．people enthusiastic about different reactions. 3．What do the exhibition 2 and 3 have in common?A．Both artists prefer using city landscape in the works.B．Both exhibitions need to be reserved in advance.C．Both artists’ works focus on themes concerning surroundings.D．Both artists’ works embody political themes.My husband and I fell in love when we would sit and talk in the living room of my old apartment in front of the windows drinking cups of black coffee, sometimes until sunrise. I was so extremely fortunate to have finally found that one special person.However, it was soon after our honeymoon that my husband climbed into the tomb called “the office” and buried himself in piles of paperwork and clients, and I just kept silent for fear ofturning into a complaining wife. It seemed as if overnight an invisible wall had been put up between us. He just lay beside snoring like a hibernating bear unaware of my winter.When our daughter was born, my life was centred on her and I no longer seemed to care that my husband was getting busier and spending less time at home. Somewhere between his work timetable and our home and young daughter, we were losing contact with each other. That invisible wall was now being hardened by the mortar (砂浆) of indifference.Then tragedy struck our lives, when my husband’s younger brother was killed in 2001, together with thousands of other innocent people. He was identified only by the engraving (雕刻) on the inside of his wedding ring. Attending our brother’s memorial service was an eye-opening experience for both of us. For the first time, we saw our own marriage was almost like my in-laws. At the tragic death of the youngest son they could not reach out to comfort one another. It seemed as if somewhere between the oldest son’s first tooth and the youngest son’s graduation they had lost each other.Later one night, my husband told of his fear of dying and I spoke of trying to find myself in the writings of my journal. It seemed as if each of us had been hiding our soul-searching from the other.We are slowly working toward building a bridge - not a wall, so that when we reach out to each other, we do not find a barrier we cannot pass through or retreat from the stranger on the other side.4．what can we learn about the author’s husband From the second paragraph?A．He was fully involved in his work.B．He didn’t show any affection for her.C．He preferred his work to his family D．He got tired of his nagging wife5．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 mean?A．The author’s husband’s brothers.B．The author’s husband’s brothers-in-law.C．The author’s husband’s parents.D．The author’s husband’s sisters-in-law. 6．Which of the following best describe the author?A．Dependent and critical.B．Sensitive and sensible.C．Sympathetic and emotional.D．Ambitious and understanding.7．What can we infer from the passage about the couple?A．Attending the memorial service worsened their relationship.B．Their brother’s death set off their reflection on marriage.C．Communication was a most effective means to break the barrier.D．The fear of dying prevented the husband from reaching out.Nobel science prizes are awarded in three areas: physics, chemistry and physiology or medicine. But occasionally some noteworthy discovery comes along that does not really fit into any of them. Similar flexibility, though in an area with far more profound consequences than ethology (行为学), has been demonstrated with regard to this year’s physics prize.Showing a sense of timeliness not always apparent in its deliberations, Sweden’s Royal Academy of Science has stretched the definition of physics to include computer science, and given its recognition to two of the pioneers of the artificial-intelligence (AI) revolution.John Hopfield of Princeton University and Geoffrey Hinton of the University of Toronto both did their crucial work in the early 1980s, at a time when computer hardware was unable to take full advantage of it. Dr Hopfield was responsible for what has become known as the Hopfield network - a type of artificial neural network that behaves like a physical structure called a spin glass, which gave the academy a fa int reason to call the field "physics". Dr Hinton’s contribution was to use an algorithm (算法) known to train neural networks.Artificial neural networks are computer programs based loosely on the way in which real; biological networks of nerve cells are believed to work. In particular, the strengths of the connections between "nodes" (结点) in such networks are plastic. Hopfield networks, in which each node is connected to every other except itself, are particularly good at learning to extract patterns from sparse (稀疏的) or noisy data.Dr Hinton’s algorithm enhances neural networks’ learning ability by letting them work, in effect, in three dimensions. Hopfield networks and their types are, in essence, two-dimensional. Though they actually exist only as simulations in software, they can be thought of as a structure of physical layers of nodes. Dr Hinton adjusted Dr Hopfield’s networks using a branch of maths called statistical mechanics to create what are known as Boltzmann machines. Boltzmann machines can be used to create systems that learn in an unsupervised manner, spotting patterns in data without having to be explicitly taught.It is, then, the activities of these two researchers which have made machine learning reallysing. AI models can now not only learn, but create. Such tools have thus gone from being able to perform highly specific tasks, such as recognizing cancerous cells in pictures of tissue samples or streamlining particle-physics data, to anything from writing essays for lazy undergraduates to running robots.8．Why does the writer mention the three areas of Nobel science prizes?A．To inform readers of the specific information.B．To introduce the flexibility of this years’ Nobel physics prize.C．To share with readers the importance of the Nobel prizes.D．To highlight the critical role physics plays in the world.9．What can be the evidence that the two researcher’s activities can be called “physics”?A．The Hopfield Networks are two-dimensional.B．The nodes in the Hopfield Network connect each other.C．The Hopfield Network functions in a similar way to a spin glass.D．The Hopfield Network can extract patterns using a little data.10．How did Dr Hinton strengthen neural networks’ learning ability?A．He used special physical principles.B．He changed the function of the networks.C．He thought of a structure suitable for the networks.D．He made use of maths to transform their ways of working11．What can be the main idea of the passage?A．AI neural networks can be widely used.B．Two researchers will be awarded the Nobel Physics Prize.C．AI researchers have received the Nobel Prize for Physics.D．Physiology and medicine researchers are common in the Nobel Prize winners.The term parasocial interaction (虚拟社交) was introduced in the 1950s by the social scientists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. It was the early days of home television, and they were seeing people form a close connection with actors who were appearing virtually in their home. Today, the definition is much broader. After all, actors, singers, comedians, athletes, and countless other celebrities are available to us in more ways than ever before. Forming parasocialbonds has never been easier.Psychologists document cases of parasocial relationships that can go much deeper, with severe consequences. Scholars note parasocial bonds range from casual talk about stars to intense emotions, to uncontrollable behavior and fantasies. At the deepest level, the parasocial relationship can be dangerous, such as when a fan loses touch with reality and secretly follows a star. It can also lead to confusion about one’s own identity, particularly in adolescents who are still forming their sense of self, as they may model themselves on the media figures with whom they have parasocial relationships.In 2021, two psychologists from York University, in Canada, found that forming parasocial bonds was strongly related to avoidant attachment. That is, people who tended to push others away in their day-to-day lives were more likely to relate to fictional characters. You can easily see how parasocial relationships could be a replacement when one finds real-life attachment difficult. This could start a feedback cycle, in which avoiding close relationships stimulates parasocial bonding, which in turn leads to reduced interactions with real-life family and friends as the fans spends their time and energy on someone who doesn’t know they exist.My purpose here is not to say that parasocial interactions are always bad for you, or even abnormal. Rather, it is to suggest that heavy parasocial bonding might be a signal that you are crowding out the real people who can give you the love you truly need. One way to address this is to get some more distance from your fictional friends, thus pausing the feedback cycle and giving yourself more space to pursue in-person connection.12．How has parasocial interaction changed according to Paragraph 1?A．It has become more accessible.B．It has affected more celebrities.C．It has lost much of its significance.D．It has turned into a two-way process. 13．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?A．Reasons behind celebrity following.B．Origins of dangerous relationships.C．Different types of parasocial relationships.D．Potential harm of parasocialrelationships.14．Which of the following can lead to parasocial relationships?A．Socializing with strangers.B．Having strong family support.C．Participating in group activities.D．Struggling with relationships in reality.15．What might the author suggest for those with heavy parasocial relationships?A．Meeting fictional friends in real life.B．Seeking guidance from professionals.C．Hanging out more with real friends.D．Creating more space for being alone.We are overwhelmed by an unprecedented volume of information. 16 if we don’t actively engage with it.In order to stay focused and retain more information, it’s important to be highly engaged with the content. 17 It mostly relies on critical thinking. Active reading transforms passive absorption into an interactive, analytical process. There are many active reading strategies, but here are some of the most immediately useful.Understand the author’s purpose. 18 Take a few minutes to read the introduction or any other material available to become aware of the reason and intent of writing.Adjust your reading rate. Instead of using a constant rate, adapt yourself to the content you’re reading. 19 , and speeding up when it’s information you are already familiar with.Annotate the content. Taking notes is a great way to stay engaged with the content. Use the margins to write ideas that pop into your mind when reading something.Paraphrase. Whenever a new concept seems a bit more complex to grasp, stop reading and try to paraphrase it using your own words. This will force you to assess your level of understanding.Organize the information visually. Map the content into a graphic to better visualize it and make it your own. You can craft a simple mind map, or be creative with collages and other forms of visual thinking.Evaluate the content. Every so often, take a step back and think critically about what you’re reading. 20Consult a reference. Whenever you’ re in doubt, use a dictionary or another external reference to make sure you understand a new concept or an unfamiliar word’s meaning and have all the necessary background information.Summarize the ideas. Once you’ re done reading a book, sit down and write your own summary. Get bonus points if you publish it online to learn in public and get feedback and additional perspectives from other readers.Active reading will help you make the most of the time you spend reading books and blog posts by ensuring you retain more of the relevant content and can apply it in your day-to-day life and work.A．This means slowing down to comprehend better new or more complex information. B．Yet, research suggests that we forget up to 70% of new information within 24 hours.C．It matters for you to assess what you read.D．Active reading basically means reading something with the determination to understand, evaluate, and remember relevant aspects of what you read.E．Is it well structured, are there gaps in the argument, does the author sound biased?F．Is the goal of the author to inform, entertain, or advertise their product or services?G．Our life is packed with varied information.二、完形填空Michael Surrell and his wife had just parked the car when they got a call from their daughter, “The house next door is on fire!” He immediately went to 21 and saw an old woman cried. “The baby is inside!” “The baby” was 8-year-old Tiara Roberts, the woman’s 22 .Though the fire department had been called, Surrell 23 rushed into the burning house. The thick 24 caused him to stumble blindly around and made it impossible to 25 . After a few minutes in the smoke-filled house, he moved outside to 26 his breath.“Where is Tiara?” he asked 27 .“The second floor,” her grandma shouted back.Taking a deep breath, Surrell went in a second time. Because the house had a 28 layout to his, he found the stairs 29 and made it to the second floor.But the darkness was overwhelming. All he could feel was the crackling and popping of burning wood. Then a soft but 30 moan emerged. He crawled toward the sound, feeling around for any 31 of the little girl. Finally, he 32 something. He scooped Tiara into his arms, 33 through the smoke.Fortunately, Surrell managed to help Tiara out; she was 34 from the hospitalafter a few days. However, the fire worsened Surrell’s pulmonary (肺的) condition, which he suffered before, and he feels the effects even two years later. “It’s a small 35 to pay,” he says. “I would do it again without a second thought.”21．A．stimulate B．witness C．investigate D．innovate 22．A．niece B．granddaughter C．cousin D．daughter 23．A．consciously B．passionately C．instantly D．occasionally 24．A．mist B．smoke C．dust D．smog 25．A．escape B．distinguish C．see D．breathe 26．A．hold B．save C．waste D．catch 27．A．randomly B．cautiously C．nervously D．desperately 28．A．opposite B．similar C．different D．striking 29．A．mysteriously B．thrillingly C．threateningly D．effortlessly 30．A．distinct B．loud C．massive D．sharp 31．A．sense B．symbol C．sound D．sign 32．A．touched B．found C．explored D．got 33．A．running B．breaking C．struggling D．going 34．A．rescued B．composed C．suspended D．released 35．A．fee B．bill C．check D．price三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

2023级普通高中学科素养水平监测试卷英语2024.11本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。

满分150分。

考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上。

2. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。

在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What is the main topic of the conversationA. A reusable bag.B. A change in daily habits.C. A potential danger to animals.2. When does the woman usually wake upA. At 6:00 a. m.B. At 7:00 a. m.C. At 8:00 a. m.3. Where will the kite festival take placeA. By the sea.B. At the park.C. On the square.4. What does the man ask the woman for advice onA. How to do schoolwork.B. How to be organized.C. How to set goals.5. In which country did the woman experience culture shockA. Spain.B. Japan.C. America.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。