会计英语(比率分析,财务报表分析)
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In the part of this chapter, I’ll make clean some ratios, such as Current Ratio , Total Debt Ratio, Inventory Turnover……All of these ratios are necessary to financial analysis.There are two primary tools in financial analysis:·Ratio analysis–to assess(评价)how various line items in financial statements relate to each other and to measure relative performance.·Cash flow analysis–to evaluate liquidity and the management of operating, investing, and financing activities as they relate to cash flow.In this chapter we will mainly introduces ratio analysis.As we all known, profitability and growth drive firm value. Managers can employ four levers to achieve growth and profit targets:1. Operating management2. Investment management3. Financing strategy4. Dividend policy(股息分配方针)Then ratio analysis seeks to evaluate the firm’s effectiveness in these areas.Ratio Analysis·Evaluating ratios requires comparison against some benchmark(基准). Such benchmarks include:–Ratios over time from prior periods (time series)–Ratios of other firms in the industry (cross-sectional)–Some absolute benchmark·Effective ratio analysis must attempt to relate underlying business factors to the financial numbers (有效的财务分析必须联系相关的财务要素来分析财务数字)and we use ratios to analysis the company’s solvency(偿债能力)、Operating Capacity(营运能力)、generating capacity/ Profitability(获利能力)Financial Leverage Analysis·Borrowing allows a firm to access to capital, but increases the risk of ownership for equity holders.·Analysis of leverage can be performed on both short- and long-term debts:1. Liquidity analysis relates to evaluating current liabilities。
财务术语中英文对照大全,财务人必备!点击标题下方注册会计师,一键关注。
知道“会计”的英语怎么说吗?不会?那可真够无语的额!想要进入外资企业做会计?想要进入四大会计师事务所工作?好的英语水平是必不可少的!所以小编特地整理了财务数中英文大全,赶紧从基础英语学起,拿起笔做好笔记吧!增加见识也好,装装逼也行。
目录一、会计与会计理论二、会计循环三、现金与应收账款四、存货五、长期投资六、固定资产七、无形资产八、流动负债九、长期负债十、业主权益十一、财务报表十二、财务状况变动表十三、财务报表分析十四、合并财务报表十五、物价变动中的会计计量一、会计与会计理论会计 accounting决策人 Decision Maker投资人 Investor股东 Shareholder债权人 Creditor财务会计 Financial Accounting管理会计 Management Accounting成本会计 Cost Accounting私业会计 Private Accounting公众会计 Public Accounting注册会计师 CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会 IASC美国注册会计师协会 AICPA财务会计准则委员会 FASB管理会计协会 IMA美国会计学会 AAA税务稽核署 IRS独资企业 Proprietorship合伙人企业 Partnership公司 Corporation会计目标 Accounting Objectives会计假设 Accounting Assumptions会计要素 Accounting Elements会计原则 Accounting Principles会计实务过程 Accounting Procedures财务报表 Financial Statements财务分析Financial Analysis会计主体假设 Separate-entity Assumption货币计量假设 Unit-of-measure Assumption持续经营假设 Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设 Time-period Assumption资产 Asset负债 Liability业主权益 Owner's Equity收入 Revenue费用 Expense收益 Income亏损 Loss历史成本原则 Cost Principle收入实现原则 Revenue Principle配比原则 Matching Principle全面披露原则 Full-disclosure (Reporting) Principle客观性原则 Objective Principle一致性原则 Consistent Principle可比性原则 Comparability Principle重大性原则 Materiality Principle稳健性原则 Conservatism Principle权责发生制 Accrual Basis现金收付制 Cash Basis财务报告 Financial Report流动资产 Current assets流动负债 Current Liabilities长期负债 Long-term Liabilities投入资本 Contributed Capital留存收益 Retained Earning二、会计循环会计循环 Accounting Procedure/Cycle会计信息系统 Accounting information System 账户 Ledger会计科目 Account会计分录 Journal entry原始凭证 Source Document日记账 Journal总分类账 General Ledger明细分类账 Subsidiary Ledger试算平衡 Trial Balance现金收款日记账 Cash receipt journal现金付款日记账 Cash disbursements journal 销售日记账 Sales Journal购货日记账 Purchase Journal普通日记账 General Journal工作底稿 Worksheet调整分录 Adjusting entries结账 Closing entries三、现金与应收账款现金 Cash银行存款 Cash in bank库存现金 Cash in hand流动资产 Current assets偿债基金 Sinking fund定额备用金 Imprest petty cash支票 Check(cheque)银行对账单 Bank statement银行存款调节表 Bank reconciliation statement 在途存款 Outstanding deposit在途支票 Outstanding check应付凭单 Vouchers payable应收账款 Account receivable应收票据 Note receivable起运点交货价 F.O.B shipping point目的地交货价 F.O.B destination point商业折扣 Trade discount现金折扣 Cash discount销售退回及折让 Sales return and allowance 坏账费用 Bad debt expense备抵法 Allowance method备抵坏账 Bad debt allowance损益表法 Income statement approach资产负债表法 Balance sheet approach账龄分析法 Aging analysis method直接冲销法 Direct write-off method带息票据 Interest bearing note不带息票据 Non-interest bearing note出票人 Maker受款人 Payee本金 Principal利息率 Interest rate到期日 Maturity date本票 Promissory note贴现 Discount背书 Endorse拒付费 Protest fee com四、存货存货 Inventory商品存货 Merchandise inventory产成品存货 Finished goods inventory在产品存货 Work in process inventory原材料存货 Raw materials inventory起运地离岸价格 F.O.B shipping point目的地抵岸价格 F.O.B destination寄销 Consignment寄销人 Consignor承销人 Consignee定期盘存 Periodic inventory永续盘存 Perpetual inventory购货 Purchase购货折让和折扣 Purchase allowance and discounts 存货盈余或短缺 Inventory overages and shortages 分批认定法 Specific identification加权平均法 Weighted average先进先出法 First-in, first-out or FIFO后进先出法 Lost-in, first-out or LIFO移动平均法 Moving average成本或市价孰低法 Lower of cost or market or LCM 市价 Market value重置成本 Replacement cost可变现净值 Net realizable value上限 Upper limit下限 Lower limit毛利法 Gross margin method零售价格法 Retail method成本率 Cost ratio五、长期投资长期投资 Long-term investment长期股票投资 Investment on stocks长期债券投资 Investment on bonds成本法 Cost method权益法 Equity method合并法 Consolidation method股利宣布日 Declaration date股权登记日 Date of record除息日 Ex-dividend date付息日 Payment date债券面值 Face value, Par value债券折价 Discount on bonds债券溢价 Premium on bonds票面利率 Contract interest rate, stated rate市场利率 Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股 Common Stock优先股 Preferred Stock现金股利 Cash dividends股票股利 Stock dividends清算股利 Liquidating dividends到期日 Maturity date到期值 Maturity value直线摊销法 Straight-Line method of amortization实际利息摊销法 Effective-interest method of amortization 六、固定资产固定资产 Plant assets or Fixed assets原值 Original value预计使用年限 Expected useful life预计残值 Estimated residual value折旧费用 Depreciation expense累计折旧 Accumulated depreciation账面价值 Carrying value应提折旧成本 Depreciation cost净值 Net value在建工程 Construction-in-process磨损 Wear and tear过时 Obsolescence直线法 Straight-line method (SL)工作量法 Units-of-production method (UOP)加速折旧法 Accelerated depreciation method双倍余额递减法 Double-declining balance method (DDB) 年数总和法 Sum-of-the-years-digits method (SYD)以旧换新 Trade in经营租赁 Operating lease融资租赁 Capital lease廉价购买权 Bargain purchase option (BPO)资产负债表外筹资 Off-balance-sheet financing最低租赁付款额 Minimum lease payments七、无形资产无形资产 Intangible assets专利权 Patents商标权 Trademarks, Trade names著作权 Copyrights特许权或专营权 Franchises商誉 Goodwill开办费 Organization cost租赁权 Leasehold摊销 Amortization八、流动负债负债 Liability流动负债 Current liability应付账款 Account payable应付票据 Notes payable贴现票据 Discount notes长期负债一年内到期部分Current maturities of long-term liabilities应付股利 Dividends payable预收收益 Prepayments by customers存入保证金 Refundable deposits应付费用 Accrual expense增值税 value added tax营业税 Business tax应付所得税 Income tax payable应付奖金 Bonuses payable产品质量担保负债Estimated liabilities under product warranties赠品和兑换券 Premiums, coupons and trading stamps或有事项 Contingency或有负债 Contingent或有损失 Loss contingencies或有利得 Gain contingencies永久性差异 Permanent difference时间性差异 Timing difference应付税款法 Taxes payable method纳税影响会计法 Tax effect accounting method递延所得税负债法 Deferred income tax liability method 九、长期负债长期负债 Long-term Liabilities应付公司债券 Bonds payable有担保品的公司债券 Secured Bonds抵押公司债券 Mortgage Bonds保证公司债券 Guaranteed Bonds信用公司债券 Debenture Bonds一次还本公司债券 T erm Bonds分期还本公司债券 Serial Bonds可转换公司债券 Convertible Bonds可赎回公司债券 Callable Bonds可要求公司债券 Redeemable Bonds记名公司债券 Registered Bonds无记名公司债券 Coupon Bonds普通公司债券 Ordinary Bonds收益公司债券 Income Bonds名义利率,票面利率 Nominal rate实际利率 Actual rate有效利率 Effective rate溢价 Premium折价 Discount面值 Par value直线法 Straight-line method实际利率法 Effective interest method到期直接偿付 Repayment at maturity提前偿付 Repayment at advance偿债基金 Sinking fund长期应付票据 Long-term notes payable抵押借款 Mortgage loan十、业主权益权益 Equity业主权益 Owner's equity股东权益 Stockholder's equity投入资本 Contributed capital缴入资本 Paid-in capital股本 Capital stock资本公积 Capital surplus留存收益 Retained earnings核定股本 Authorized capital stock实收资本 Issued capital stock发行在外股本 Outstanding capital stock库藏股 Treasury stock普通股 Common stock优先股 Preferred stock累积优先股 Cumulative preferred stock非累积优先股 Noncumulative preferred stock完全参加优先股 Fully participating preferred stock部分参加优先股 Partially participating preferred stock非部分参加优先股 Nonpartially participating preferred stock 现金发行 Issuance for cash非现金发行 Issuance for noncash consideration 股票的合并发行 Lump-sum sales of stock发行成本 Issuance cost成本法 Cost method面值法 Par value method捐赠资本 Donated capital盈余分配 Distribution of earnings股利 Dividend股利政策 Dividend policy宣布日 Date of declaration股权登记日 Date of record除息日 Ex-dividend date股利支付日 Date of payment现金股利 Cash dividend股票股利 Stock dividend拨款 appropriation十一、财务报表财务报表 Financial Statement资产负债表 Balance Sheet收益表 Income Statement账户式 Account Form报告式 Report Form编制(报表) Prepare工作底稿 Worksheet多步式 Multi-step单步式 Single-step十二、财务状况变动表财务状况变动表中的现金基础 SCFP.Cash Basis(现金流量表)财务状况变动表中的营运资金基础SCFP.Working Capital Basis (资金来源与运用表)营运资金 Working Capital全部资源概念 All-resources concept直接交换业务 Direct exchanges正常营业活动 Normal operating activities财务活动 Financing activities投资活动 Investing activities十三、财务报表分析财务报表分析 Analysis of financial statements比较财务报表 Comparative financial statements趋势百分比 Trend percentage比率 Ratios普通股每股收益 Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率 Dividend yield ratio价益比 Price-earnings ratio普通股每股账面价值 Book value per share of common stock 资本报酬率 Return on investment总资产报酬率 Return on total asset债券收益率 Yield rate on bonds已获利息倍数 Number of times interest earned债券比率 Debt ratio优先股收益率 Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本 Working Capital周转 Turnover存货周转率 Inventory turnover应收账款周转率 Accounts receivable turnover流动比率 Current ratio速动比率 Quick ratio酸性试验比率 Acid test ratio十四、合并财务报表合并财务报表 Consolidated financial statements吸收合并 Merger创立合并 Consolidation控股公司 Parent company附属公司 Subsidiary company少数股权 Minority interest权益联营合并 Pooling of interest购买合并 Combination by purchase权益法 Equity method成本法 Cost method十五、物价变动中的会计计量物价变动之会计 Price-level changes accounting一般物价水平会计 General price-level accounting货币购买力会计 Purchasing-power accounting统一币值会计 Constant dollar accounting历史成本 Historical cost现行价值会计 Current value accounting现行成本 Current cost重置成本 Replacement cost物价指数 Price-level index国民生产总值物价指数Gross national product implicit pricedeflator (or GNP deflator)消费物价指数 Consumer price index (or CPI)批发物价指数 Wholesale price index货币性资产 Monetary assets货币性负债 Monetary liabilities货币购买力损益 Purchasing-power gains or losses资产持有损益 Holding gains or losses未实现的资产持有损益 Unrealized holding gains or losse▎本文转载自acca(gaodunacca)。
财务报告分析名词解释财务报告分析是指对企业财务报告中所包含的数据和信息进行解读、评估和研究,以便更好地了解企业的财务状况、经营绩效和潜在风险。
在进行财务报告分析时,我们需要理解并熟悉一些专业术语和概念。
下面将对一些常见的财务报告分析名词进行解释,以帮助读者更好地理解财务报告。
1. 资产负债表(Balance Sheet)资产负债表是企业财务报告中最基本的报表之一,也被称为资产负债表。
该表呈现了企业在特定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益的情况。
资产负债表按照会计等式“资产=负债+所有者权益”的原则编制,显示了企业的财务状况。
2. 利润表(Income Statement)利润表也被称为损益表或收入表,用于展示企业在特定时间段内的销售、成本、费用和利润等情况。
利润表一般按照收入、成本和费用的顺序编制,最终计算出企业的净利润。
3. 现金流量表(Cash Flow Statement)现金流量表记录了企业在特定时间段内现金流入和流出的情况,以及这种现金流动的原因。
现金流量表通常分为经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动三个部分,有助于评估企业的现金流动性和经营能力。
4. 财务比率分析(Financial Ratio Analysis)财务比率分析是通过计算和比较不同指标之间的比率,以揭示企业财务状况和经营绩效的一种方法。
常用的财务比率包括流动比率、速动比率、负债比率、营业利润率、资产周转率等等。
财务比率分析可以帮助投资者和利益相关者评估企业的盈利能力、偿债能力、运营效率等方面的表现。
5. 财务指标(Financial Indicators)财务指标是用来衡量企业财务状况和业绩的量化指标。
常见的财务指标包括净利润、营业收入、总资产、总负债、净资产以及各项财务比率等。
财务指标的分析可以帮助人们更好地了解企业的财务状况和潜在风险。
6. 盈利能力(Profitability)盈利能力是指企业在特定时间段内实现利润的能力。
常见的盈利能力指标包括净利润率、毛利率和营业利润率等。
会计英语知识点汇总会计英语是指与会计相关的英语词汇、表达方式以及专业术语。
随着国际间经济交流的日益频繁和全球化进程的加快,掌握会计英语成为了很多专业人士的必备技能。
本文将梳理一些常见的会计英语知识点,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、财务报表1. Balance Sheet(资产负债表):用于反映企业在特定日期的资产、负债和所有者权益的情况。
2. Income Statement(利润表):反映企业在一定期间内的收入、费用和净利润。
3. Cash Flow Statement(现金流量表):按照企业的经营、投资和筹资活动分类,反映现金的流入和流出。
4. Statement of Retained Earnings(留存收益表):展示企业在一定期间内的净利润留存情况。
二、会计核算1. Accounting Equation(会计等式):Assets(资产)= Liabilities(负债)+ Owner's Equity(所有者权益),反映了企业财务状况的基本平衡关系。
2. Depreciation(折旧费用):用于反映资产价值随时间的减少。
3. Accrual Accounting(权责发生制):将收入和费用与实际发生的时间匹配,而非支付和收入的时间。
4. Double-entry Bookkeeping(复式记账法):每笔交易必须同时记录借方和贷方的金额。
5. Financial Ratios(财务比率):用于分析企业财务状况和经营绩效的指标,包括盈利能力、杠杆比率、偿债能力等。
三、财务分析1. Liquidity(流动性):反映企业偿付短期债务的能力。
2. Solvency(偿债能力):反映企业偿付长期债务的能力。
3. Profitability(盈利能力):反映企业获取利润的能力。
4. Efficiency(效率):反映企业运营资源利用的程度。
5. DuPont Analysis(杜邦分析):将利润率、资产周转率和资本结构相互关联,分析企业绩效因素。
会计英语详细参考答案会计英语详细参考答案会计是一门重要的商科学科,涉及到财务报表、成本控制、税务管理等方面。
在学习会计的过程中,掌握好会计英语是非常重要的。
下面将为大家提供一些常用的会计英语参考答案,帮助大家更好地学习和应用会计英语。
一、财务报表1. Balance Sheet(资产负债表)The balance sheet provides a snapshot of a company's financial position at a particular point in time.2. Income Statement(损益表)The income statement shows a company's revenues, expenses, and net income or loss over a specific period of time.3. Cash Flow Statement(现金流量表)The cash flow statement provides information about a company's cash inflows and outflows during a specific period of time.4. Statement of Retained Earnings(留存收益表)The statement of retained earnings shows changes in a company's retained earnings over a specific period of time.二、会计原则1. Accrual Basis(权责发生制)Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or paid.2. Matching Principle(配比原则)The matching principle requires that expenses be matched with the revenues they help generate in the same accounting period.3. Historical Cost Principle(历史成本原则)The historical cost principle requires that assets be recorded at their original cost, regardless of their current market value.4. Materiality Principle(重要性原则)The materiality principle states that an item should be recorded or disclosed if it is likely to influence the decisions of financial statement users.三、财务分析1. Liquidity Ratio(流动性比率)Liquidity ratios measure a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. Examples include the current ratio and the quick ratio.2. Profitability Ratio(盈利能力比率)Profitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits. Examples include the gross profit margin and the return on equity.3. Solvency Ratio(偿债能力比率)Solvency ratios measure a company's ability to meet its long-term obligations. Examples include the debt-to-equity ratio and the interest coverage ratio.4. Efficiency Ratio(效率比率)Efficiency ratios measure how effectively a company utilizes its assets. Examples include the inventory turnover ratio and the accounts receivable turnover ratio.四、税务管理1. Tax Deduction(税务减免)A tax deduction is an expense that can be subtracted from a taxpayer's gross income to reduce their taxable income.2. Tax Credit(税务抵免)A tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in a taxpayer's tax liability. It directly reduces the amount of tax owed.3. Taxable Income(应纳税所得额)Taxable income is the amount of income that is subject to taxation after deductions and exemptions have been taken into account.4. Tax Audit(税务审计)A tax audit is an examination of a taxpayer's financial records and accounts to ensure compliance with tax laws and regulations.以上是一些常用的会计英语参考答案,希望能对大家在学习和应用会计英语时有所帮助。
财务分析英语词汇表一、资产类词汇1、 Assets(资产):企业拥有或控制的具有经济价值的资源。
2、 Current assets(流动资产):能够在一年内或一个经营周期内变现或运用的资产,如 Cash(现金)、Accounts receivable(应收账款)、Inventory(存货)等。
3、 Fixed assets(固定资产):使用期限较长,价值较高,并在使用过程中保持原有实物形态的资产,例如 Plant and equipment(厂房和设备)、Land(土地)。
4、 Intangible assets(无形资产):没有实物形态,但能为企业带来经济利益的资产,如 Patents(专利)、Trademarks(商标)、Goodwill(商誉)。
二、负债类词汇1、 Liabilities(负债):企业过去的交易或事项形成的、预期会导致经济利益流出企业的现时义务。
2、 Current liabilities(流动负债):需要在一年或一个经营周期内偿还的债务,如 Accounts payable(应付账款)、Shortterm loans(短期借款)。
3、Longterm liabilities(长期负债):偿还期限在一年以上的债务,例如 Bonds payable(应付债券)、Longterm loans(长期借款)。
三、所有者权益类词汇1、 Owner's equity(所有者权益):企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益。
2、 Share capital(股本):公司通过发行股票所筹集的资金。
3、 Retained earnings(留存收益):企业历年实现的净利润留存于企业的部分。
四、利润表相关词汇1、 Revenue(收入):企业在日常活动中形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的总流入,如 Sales revenue(销售收入)、Service revenue(服务收入)。
会计英文知识点在全球经济一体化的背景下,英语已经成为了国际商务交流的重要工具。
对于会计专业的学生而言,掌握一些会计英文知识点是非常必要的。
本文将重点介绍一些常用的会计英文词汇和短语,帮助读者更好地理解和运用会计英语。
1. Financial statements(财务报表):Financial statements是记录和概括公司财务状况的重要工具。
它包括三大要素:资产(assets)、负债(liabilities)和所有者权益(owner's equity)。
常见的财务报表包括资产负债表(balance sheet)、利润表(income statement)和现金流量表(cash flow statement)。
2. Assets(资产):Assets指的是公司拥有的可衡量的经济资源。
根据流动性的不同,可以将资产分为流动资产(current assets)和非流动资产(non-current assets)。
常见的流动资产包括现金(cash)、应收账款(accounts receivable)和存货(inventory)等。
3. Liabilities(负债):Liabilities指的是公司欠他人的债务或待支付的款项。
类似于资产,根据偿还期限的不同,可以将负债分为流动负债(current liabilities)和非流动负债(non-currentliabilities)。
常见的流动负债包括应付账款(accounts payable)和短期借款(short-term borrowings)等。
4. Owner's equity(所有者权益):Owner's equity指的是公司归属于所有者的净资产。
它由资本(capital)和利润(profit)构成。
如果资产超过负债,那么所有者权益为正数;如果负债超过资产,那么所有者权益为负数。
5. Depreciation(折旧):Depreciation指的是固定资产(fixed assets)在使用过程中价值的减少。
会计英语期末知识点会计是一门涉及财务和商业运作的重要学科,它有着自己独特的术语和词汇。
在学习会计的过程中,了解和掌握会计英语是非常重要的。
下面将介绍一些会计英语的常见知识点。
1. 会计基础词汇会计英语中有一些基础的词汇需要掌握,比如:“accounting”(会计)、“asset”(资产)、“liability”(负债)、“revenue”(收入)和“expense”(费用)等。
这些词汇是会计学中的基本概念,理解它们有助于理解会计的核心原则和概念。
2. 财务报表财务报表是记录和反映企业财务状况和经营成果的重要工具。
在会计英语中,有一些词汇和短语与财务报表相关。
- "balance sheet"(资产负债表): 显示企业在特定日期的资产、负债和股东权益。
- "income statement"(利润表): 描述企业在一定期间内的收入、费用和利润情况。
- "statement of cash flow"(现金流量表): 汇报企业现金流动的进出情况。
- "financial statement analysis"(财务报表分析): 通过对财务报表进行分析,评估企业的财务状况和经营表现。
了解这些词汇和短语有助于理解和解读财务报表。
3. 会计准则会计准则是规范会计行为的准则和原则,它们对财务报表的编制和披露提供了一套标准规范。
会计准则在不同国家和地区可能有所不同,但有一些国际通用的准则,如国际财务报告准则(IFRS)。
- "generally accepted accounting principles"(普遍认可的会计准则,简称GAAP): 是一套被广泛接受而通用的会计准则,用于编制和呈报财务报表。
- "International Financial Reporting Standards"(国际财务报告准则,简称IFRS): 是国际会计准则委员会(IASB)制定的一套国际会计准则,广泛应用于世界各国的财务报告编制。
财务会计英语1. Introduction财务会计是负责记录、分类和报告企业财务交易和业务活动的一种会计方法。
作为财务会计从业人员,在进行国际商务交流时,熟练掌握财务会计英语是非常重要的。
本文将介绍一些常用的财务会计英语词汇和短语,帮助读者提高财务会计英语表达能力。
2. Financial Statements2.1 Balance SheetBalance Sheet(资产负债表)是财务会计中用于反映公司资产、负债和股东权益的重要报表。
以下是一些和资产负债表相关的英语词汇:•Assets(资产)•Liabilities(负债)•Shareholders’ Equity(股东权益)•Current Assets(流动资产)•Non-current Assets(非流动资产)•Current Liabilities(流动负债)•Non-current Liabilities(非流动负债)•Retained Earnings(留存收益)2.2 Income StatementIncome Statement(损益表)是财务会计中用于反映公司收入、费用和净利润的报表。
以下是一些和损益表相关的英语词汇:•Revenue(收入)•Sales(销售额)•Expenses(费用)•Gross Profit(毛利润)•Operating Income(营业利润)•Net Income(净利润)2.3 Cash Flow StatementCash Flow Statement(现金流量表)是财务会计中用于反映公司现金流动状况的报表。
以下是一些和现金流量表相关的英语词汇:•Operating Activities(经营活动)•Investing Activities(投资活动)•Financing Activities(筹资活动)•Net Cash Flow(净现金流量)3. Financial Ratios财务比率是评估公司财务状况和经营绩效的重要指标。
财务报表相关词汇财务报表简称财报,是一套会计文件,是会计主体对外提供的反映会计主体财务状况和经营的会计报表,它反映一家企业过去一个财政时间段(主要是季度或年度)的财政表现,及期末状况。
接下来小编为大家整理了财务报表相关词汇,一起来学习吧!比率 Ratios吸收合并 Merger合并财务报表 Consolidated financial statements财务报表分析 Analysis of financial statements比较财务报表 Comparative financial statements趋势百分比 Trend percentage普通股每股收益 Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率 Dividend yield ratio价益比 Price-earnings ratio普通股每股帐面价值 Book value per share of common stock 资本报酬率 Return on investment总资产报酬率 Return on total asset债券收益率 Yield rate on bonds已获利息倍数 Number of times interest earned债券比率 Debt ratio优先股收益率 Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本 Working Capital周转 Turnover存货周转率 Inventory turnover应收帐款周转率 Accounts receivable turnover流动比率 Current ratio速动比率 Quick ratio酸性试验比率 Acid test ratio创立合并 Consolidation控股公司 Parent company附属公司 Subsidiary company少数股权 Minority interest权益联营合并 Pooling of interest购买合并 Combination by purchase 权益法 Equity method成本法 Cost method。
In the part of this chapter, I’ll make clean some ratios, such as Current Ratio , Total Debt Ratio, Inventory Turnover……All of these ratios are necessary to financial analysis.There are two primary tools in financial analysis:·Ratio analysis–to assess(评价)how various line items in financial statements relate to each other and to measure relative performance.·Cash flow analysis–to evaluate liquidity and the management of operating, investing, and financing activities as they relate to cash flow.In this chapter we will mainly introduces ratio analysis.As we all known, profitability and growth drive firm value. Managers can employ four levers to achieve growth and profit targets:1. Operating management2. Investment management3. Financing strategy4. Dividend policy(股息分配方针)Then ratio analysis seeks to evaluate the firm’s effectiveness in these areas.Ratio Analysis·Evaluating ratios requires comparison against some benchmark(基准). Such benchmarks include:–Ratios over time from prior periods (time series)–Ratios of other firms in the industry (cross-sectional)–Some absolute benchmark·Effective ratio analysis must attempt to relate underlying business factors to the financial numbers (有效的财务分析必须联系相关的财务要素来分析财务数字)and we use ratios to analysis the company’s solvency(偿债能力)、Operating Capacity(营运能力)、generating capacity/ Profitability(获利能力)Financial Leverage Analysis·Borrowing allows a firm to access to capital, but increases the risk of ownership for equity holders.·Analysis of leverage can be performed on both short- and long-term debts:1. Liquidity analysis relates to evaluating current liabilities。
2. Solvency analysis relates to longer term liabilities。
Liquidity Analysis(Short-term solvency analysis短期偿债能力)•There are several ratios useful to evaluate a firm’s liquidity, including: –Current ratio–Quick ratio–Cash ratio–Operating cash flow ratio•Each of these ratios attempts to measure the ability of a firm to pay its current obligations.•Knowing how the liquidity ratios are calculated allows the user to understand how to interpret解释them:①Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilitiesCurrent ratio also called Working Capital Ratio(营运资金比率)②Quick ratio = Cash + Short-term investments + Accounts. receivableCurrent liabilitiesThis ratio also called Acid test.Here, I need to explain quick ratio. First, quick access refer to the current assets minus the inventory that cash flow ability is bad and unstable, prepaid receivable, a maturity of non-current assets(一年内到期的非流动资产)and other current assets. Quick access include cash, short term investment, and receivable(应收票据)and accounts receivable (less the loss of bad), prepaid receivable, other receivables(其他应收款), etcThe current ratio and quick ratio is a reflection of the enterprise short-term solvency index. Generally speaking, the two ratio is high, the enterprise assets that the stronger ability of cash and short-term debt paying ability also is stronger; Otherwise, the weak. Generally thinking that current ratio should be in the 2:1 above, quick ratio should be at 1:1 above. The current ratio 2:1,means that current assets is two times of current liabilities, even if the current assets have half in the short term not realizable, also can ensure that all of the current liabilities be paid back. Quick ratio 1:1,means that quick assets has sold instant cash ability equal liquid liability,at any time to pay all current liabilities. But we should know that the two ratios are not the higher the better. The current ratio is too high, which is current assets relative to the current liabilities too much, may be the backlog inventories, also may be too much cash held. All of these are not we would like to see.一般说来,这两个比率越高,说明企业资产的变现能力越强,短期偿债能力亦越强;反之则弱。
一般认为流动比率应在2:1以上,速动比率应在1:1以上。
流动比率2:1,表示流动资产是流动负债的两倍,即使流动资产有一半在短期内不能变现,也能保证全部的流动负债得到偿还;速动比率1:1,表示现金等具有即时变现能力的速动资产与流动负债相等,可以随时偿付全部流动负债。
应当说明的是,这两个比率并非越高越好。
流动比率过高,即流动资产相对于流动负债太多,可能是存货积压,也可能是持有现金太多,或者两者兼而有之;速动比率过高,即速动资产相对于流动负债太多,说明现金持有太多。
企业的存货积压,说明企业经营不善,存货可能存在问题;现金持有太多,说明企业不善理财,资金利用效率低下。
·Current Ratio = CA / CL1,553,725 / 1,525,453 = 1.02 times·Quick Ratio = (CA – Inventory) / CL(1,553,725 – 295,225) / 1,525,453 = 0.825 timesWe could see that current ratio is too low, there will not enough money for the liability. The quick ratio is we can accept.③Cash ratio = Cash + Marketable securitiesCurrent liabilitiesThis ratio reflects the company’s cash ability. Here said the cash, it is to point to cash and cash equivalents. We generally think cash ratio should be in the 20%above. But the rate is too high, means that company’s current liabilities failed to get the reasonable application.From the sample,Cash Ratio = Cash / CL6,489 / 1,525,453 = .004 times The cash ratio is only 4%. It’s means that the enterprise did not enough cash to pay back the current liabilities.Leverage Ratios(Long-term solvency analysis长期偿债能力)①Total Debt Ratio(资产负债率)=total liability / total assetWe also could say this ratio debt ratio. The Total Debt Ratio reflects the total assets of enterprises in the share of debt to get through. This ratio is higher, the ability of the enterprise to repay the debt is poor; Conversely, the stronger ability to repay the debt.资产负债率反映的是企业资产中有多少是通过举债获得的,这个比率越高,企业的偿债能力越差,反之,越强。