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毕业论文（或毕业设计）文献综述文献综述题目（中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗）学生姓名指导教师二级学院专业名称班级学号年月日（标题Times New Roman三号加粗）The Literature ReviewofThe Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice （正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗）Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved.In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play.1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice（Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符，下同）Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice is one of the most influential comedies in his works. Shylock has mostly been the center of the research on the play.The Merchant of Venice was first printed in 1600 in quarto, of which nineteen copies survive. This was followed by a 1619 printing, and later an inclusion in the First Folio in 1623. The play was written shortly after Christopher Marlowe’s immensely popular Jew of Malta (1589), a play wherein a Jew named Barabas plays a greatly exaggerated villain. The portrayal of Shakespeare's Jew was and remained comic until the late 1700s at which time he was first played as a true villain. In 1814 Sh ylock’s role was depicted as a character to be pitied, and in 1879 he was first portrayed as a tragic character. Subsequent interpretations have varied greatly over the years, but since World War II he has most often been conceived of as tragic. The Merchant of Venice has been described as a great commentary on the nature of racial and religious interactions.2. Deficiencies of Previous Studies on the Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of V eniceThe title character, Antonio, begins the play intriguingly: "In sooth, I know not why I am so sad; / It wearies me" (I.i.1-2). Much ink has been spilled with conjectures about Antonio's melancholy: that he's simply melancholic of temperament, that his devotion to Bassanio is homoerotic and the news that this friend seeks to marry has depressed him (Antonio is a name Shakespeare uses also in Twelfth Night for a character with an intense devotion to another male), or that he has an "ominous foreboding" about the events that will transpire in the course of this play. Although those pioneers aroused people to think much of The Merchant of Venice and left us invaluable and systematic reference, and made many achievements in description and explanation of the cause of Antonio’s sadness, there remain many deficienc ies.First, The Merchant of Venice,which is considered to be one of Shakespeare’s four great comedies, actually functions as Shakespeare's farewell to comedy. Antonio is one of Shakespeare’s melancholic characters. Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice is undermining all that passes for comic entertainment. Shakespeare uses Antonio’ssadness as a device to set the tragic tone in the comic atmosphere.Second, a lot of issues that are argued about regarding The Merchant of Venice can be considerably clarified if we know something about the audience it was written for. In the modern, post-Holocaust readings of the play, the problem of anti-Semitism in the play has been discussed a lot. Given that Antonio decides not to seize Shylock’s goods as punishment, we might consider Antonio to be merciful. But we may also question whether it is merciful to return to Shylock half of his goods, only to take away his religion and his profession. Antonio’s compassion seems to stem as much from self-interest as from concern for his fellow man. Shakespeare thus shows a balance of prejudice on both sides. The question whether Antonio is a homosexual in love with Bassanio can also interpreted differently.5. ConclusionDespite the researches already done and achievements already made on the subject, many frontiers are still waiting to be explored. On the basis of the previous researches by forerunners and adopting new approaches we are to make a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this subject. We don't mean to suggest that other ways of looking at the play are "wrong." In fact, one of the things that is so great about Shakespeare is that there are so many different ways of interpreting his plays that all work.References （Times New Roman四号加粗）参考文献不应少于10条，参考文献应按英文26个字母的顺序排列，先列外文文献后列中文文献，中文用宋体小四，外文用Times New Roman小四。

低碳经济发展研究国内外文献综述1国内研究现状国内学者也投身到了对低碳经济的摸索道路上，而探究重心不外乎其意义、实现途径等。

知名学者庄贵阳（2010）曾表达过这样的理念，国内只有坚持改进能源利用率，打造出成熟的能源构架，并致力于研发工作，并不断优化政策，才能妥善把控好节能的节奏，顺利遏制气候的恶化。

张坤民、潘家华（2014）的看法是，低碳经济是全新的经济模式，若以能源的层面来解读，不妨将其视作凭借大量发达技术构筑出的先进经济形态，从而妥善统筹资源，充分发挥新能源的价值等，后者则以碳生产率来衡量人类活动。

付允等（2016）将其诠释为遵循绿色准则的经济框架，特质在于低排、低能耗与高效率。

在2015年，权威机构更是批示了相关文件，将低碳经济的概念界定为把金融、科研乃至社会融合成一个完整的框架，全方位控制能耗，从而立竿见影地削减碳排量，也塑造出理想的经济环境，和以往的经济模式存在着本质上的差别。

而谢来辉（2016）则另辟蹊径，强调低碳经济的核心为打破碳锁定。

王韬的看法是，低碳经济不妨从微观、宏观两条思路来解读，前者就是在振兴经济的道路上，尽可能削减碳排放；后者则代表着全新的经济框架，不再盲目依赖自然资源，摸索出更可靠、成熟的经济方针。

谢军安等（2017）看来，低碳经济其实是人类的自救措施，以免生态被破坏，带来难以挽回的后果。

总的来看，学术界迟迟未能对低碳经济做出权威、统一的诠释，各类观念、见解层出不穷。

如牛文元、贺庆棠、李国志等人（2016），就将其界定成具备绿色特质的生态经济。

刘薇（2012）全面介绍了世界各国在低碳发展方面的研究状况，认为低碳发展的内容包含了技术、制度及文化方面的创新，其中核心内容是技术方面的低碳发展，除此之外，创新制度及管理活动，也属于其中的内容。

根据冯志军（2013）的观点，让自然保护、生态保护的理念取代资源利用贯穿整个创新发展活动，进而在发展经济的同时，也让生态环境得到了相应的保护，不但能创造良好的经济效益，还能实现较高的环境效益。

数学专业文献综述范文文章一：数学专业文献综述——函数逼近理论函数逼近理论是数学专业中一个重要的研究领域，它主要研究的是利用已知的函数近似地求解未知函数。

本篇文章将从函数逼近基础、线性逼近和非线性逼近三个方面探讨函数逼近理论的研究进展。

一、函数逼近基础函数逼近基础是函数逼近理论的重要组成部分，主要研究的是通过一定的逼近方法，构造近似函数，从而近似地求得未知函数。

在函数逼近基础领域，研究者主要关注的是逼近过程中的误差估计和收敛性质。

二、线性逼近线性逼近是函数逼近中的一种常见方法，它是指使用一组线性函数去近似未知函数。

在线性逼近领域，研究者主要关注的是基函数的选取和线性组合的系数计算方法。

近年来，深度学习技术的发展使得线性逼近在实际应用中得到了广泛的应用。

三、非线性逼近非线性逼近是函数逼近中的另一种常见方法，它是指使用一组非线性函数去近似未知函数。

在非线性逼近领域，研究者主要关注的是选取的非线性函数的充分性和逼近精度等问题。

近年来，机器学习技术的发展使得非线性逼近在实际应用中得到了广泛的应用。

综上所述，函数逼近理论的研究涵盖了函数逼近基础、线性逼近和非线性逼近等多个方面。

未来，基于机器学习技术的函数逼近方法将得到更加广泛的应用。

文章二：数学专业文献综述——微分几何微分几何是数学专业中一个重要的研究领域，它主要研究的是空间上的曲面和流形的性质。

本篇文章将从微分流形、黎曼度量和微分流形上的微积分三个方面探讨微分几何的研究进展。

一、微分流形微分流形是微分几何中的关键概念，它是指一个可以被局部地看做与欧几里得空间同构的空间。

在微分流形领域，研究者主要关注的是流形的切空间、切丛和余切丛等基本概念，以及它们的光滑性质。

二、黎曼度量黎曼度量是微分几何中的重要工具，它是指在微分流形上定义的一个内积和长度的概念。

在黎曼度量领域，研究者主要关注的是黎曼度量的充分性和唯一性、范数和距离的定义，以及它们在诸如广义相对论等领域的应用。

文献综述、述评范文我国现金股利政策研究文献综述股利政策一直是上市公司财务管理的重要环节之一，长期以来也是公司财务领域的研究热点和难点。

早在1976年被称之为“股利之谜”，围绕上市公司股利政策的研究结论层出不穷。

一、影响现金股利政策的因素国内关于上市公司选择现金股利政策的动机和影响因素的研究成果较多，由于选取的样本和采用的研究力一法不同，结论一也不尽相同。

吕民江和王克敏(1999)研究发现对于现金股利分配的公司，其股利支付水平主要受前期股利支付额和当期盈利水平及其变化；同时现金股利分配主要受到公司规模、股东权益、盈利能力、流动能力、代理成本、国有及法人控股程度及负债率等因素影响，而且公司的股票股利支付额与现金股利支付水平相互影响。

林海(2000)实证分析结果表明现金股利发放水平与收益存在相关关系，上市公司的收益水平越高，相应的股利支付水平也越高，而且收益水平较高的上市公司的现金股利与股票股利存在着相互替代关系。

杨淑娥等(2000)实证研究结果表明现金股利主要受货币资金余额和可供分配利润两因素影响。

陈国辉和赵春光(2000)研究结论表明对现金股利有解释作用的因素主要有股票股利、净资产收益率、利润增长率和股票市价。

赵春光等(2001)实证研究结果认为上市公司是否分配现金股利与是否分配股票股利、上年度是否分配现金股利和企业规模有关;每股现金股利大小与股票价格、市盈率、主营业务利润、是否分配股票股利有关。

吕长江和韩慧博(2001)实证研究结果认为在影响股利分配倾向的各因素中，盈利能力和经营风险是最主要的因素，盈利能力与发放现金股利概率呈二项式变动，经营风险与其呈.相反方向变动。

原红旗（2001）实证研究结论发现我国现金股利政策是代理问题没有得到解决的产物，上市公司控股股东存在以现金股利从上市公司转移现金的行为；上市公司留存资金存在浪费行为，并非是股东利益最大化:规模大的公司倾向于选择现金股利。

李志彤和陈敏（2001）研究结果表明：现金股利主要受净利润和可供分配利润两因素影响；另外还存在上市公司通过现金股利政策来调节其净资产收益率并使之达到再融资标准的行为。