(6)Center Process Unit(2011-12) V5
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写在前面的话各位老师:您们好。
欢迎使用劳动版专业英语教材。
如果您在使用中发现问题,或者有任何建议和意见,可与我们联系:联系人:赵硕联系电话:64962011电子邮箱:zhaos@物流英语(第二版)参考答案Unit 1Lesson1Check and LearnA quantity place time condition priceDialogueA 1. KFC chain 2. suppliers 3. logisticsB 1. logistics2. regularly3. supplier4. operationReadingA 1-b 2-e 3-a 4-d 5-cC. 1. be made of 2. ship 3. uniqueLesson 2Check and LearnA 客户服务、运输、仓储、设施布局、库存管理、采购、物料搬运、包装、需求预测、废弃物处理、信息处理A 1. warehouse assistant 2. exported 3. clearanceReadingA 1-c 2-e 3-d 4-a 5-bB customer service / transportation / warehousing / facility location / inventory management / procurement / material handling / packaging / demand forecasting / waste disposal / information processingLesson 3Check and LearnA a-3 b-6 c-4 d-1 e-2 f-5B 1. developed 2. reduce 3. leading 4. step by stepDialogueA 1. FedEx Express 2. air 3. processesB 1. fifteen2. one hundred and sixty-eight3. six thousand, five hundred and twenty4. twelve thousand, five hundred5. one hundred and fifty-seven thousand6. two million, three hundred thousand, seven hundred and eighty7. ten million8. eight point fiveReadingA sustainable globalization efficiency goalB 1- c 2- d 3- b 4- aLesson 4Check and LearnA 运输专员/ 仓库助理/ 订单处理专员/ 采购专员/ 客户代表/ 客户服务专员A 1. 安全库存2. 人体其实是一台精密的机器。
序号缩略语英文解释中文翻译收录时间1AACE Association for Advancement ofCost Engineer费用工程师协会2011-5-29 2ABS American Bureau of Shipping美国航运局2009-1-24 3AC Alternating Current交流电2008-11-34 A.C Airline Clerk航空公司职员2009-2-235 A.D.Anno Domini公元2008-12-23 6ADS atmospheric diving system常压潜水系统2008-11-14 7AE Asphalt Enamel沥青底漆2008-11-2 8AFC approved for construction批准用于建造(图纸)2008-11-14 9AFE AUTHORIZATION FOR EXPENDITURE授权支出2009-3-25 10AGA American Gas Association美国天然气协会2009-3-27 11AGS American Geographical Society美国地理学会12AISC American Institute of SteelConstruction美国钢铁建设研究会2009-3-2713AISI American Iron and SteelInstitute美国钢铁研究会2009-3-1814AMA American Marketing Association美国营销协会2008-12-18 15AMEC AMEC PLC总部位于伦敦的一家工程公司。
主要关注能源、环保、水资源利用等领域的工程设计和咨询2011-5-2816ANP Agência Nacional do Petróleo,Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis 巴西国家石油天然气和生物燃料管理机构2011-5-917ANSI American National StandardsInstitute美国国家标准研究会2009-3-27 18AO Asset Optimization system资产优化系统2009-12-22 19AOE Additional Oil Entitlement政府征收的附加税(油)2009-6-24 20APB Annular Pressure Build up环空压力恢复2009-1-21 21API American Petroleum Insititue美国石油学会2008-11-222APP Accommodation and PowerPlatform生活动力平台2008-11-1423APRM African Peer Review Mechanism非洲同侪审查机制2008-12-26 24ASC Audit Services & Certifications审计服务和认证2008-11-1925ASHRAE American Society of Heating,Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers美国加热制冷和空调工程师协会2009-3-2726ASME American Society Mechanicalengineers美国机械工程师协会2008-11-227ASNT American Society of Non-destructive Testing美国无损检测协会2009-3-2728ASTM American Society for Testingand Material美国测试和材料协会2009-3-2529ATCF After Tax Cash Flow税后现金流2009-6-9 30ATM Atmosphere大气压2009-5-7 31AVO Amplitude Versus Offset振幅--偏移2009-1-20 32AWS American Welding Society美国焊接协会2009-3-27 33BACT Best Available ControlTechnology最优可用技术2009-3-25 34BBC Bare Boat Charter空船租赁合同2011-6-14 35BCF Billion Cubic Feet十亿立方英尺2009-3-24 36BCM Bow to Center Manifold接入中心管汇2009-4-24 37BED Basic Engineering and Design基本工程设计2011-5-28 38BEDP Basic Engineering DesignPackage基本工程设计包2011-5-29 39BHP Brake HorsePower制动马力2009-3-25 40BHP Bottom Hole Pressure井底压力2009-5-20 41BHT Bottom Hole Temperture井底温度2009-5-20 42BII Business Interruption Insurance营业中断保险2009-3-25 43BPD Barrels per day桶每天2008-11-2 44BLPD Barrel Liquid per day桶液每天2008-11-2 45BML Below the Mud Line泥面以下2009-1-21 46BO Barrel of Oil桶油2009-8-25 47BoD Board of Directors董事会2011-6-14 48BOD Basis of Design设计基础2009-3-25 49BOE Barrel of Oil Equivalent油桶当量2009-3-25 50BOG哥伦比亚波哥大机场代码2010-6-9 51BOP Blockout preventer (BOP)防喷器2008-11-17 52BOPD Barrel Oil per day桶油每天2008-11-2 53BPD Barrel per day桶每天2009-3-25 54BPU Basement Processing Unit基底油藏采出原油处理装置2009-5-20 55BSI British Standards Institution英国标准研究会2009-3-27 56BS&W Basic Sediment and Water基本沉淀物和水2009-3-25 57BTCF Before Tax Cash Flow税前现金流2009-1-20 58BTU British Thermal Unit英热单位2008-11-2 59BV Bureau Veritas检验局2009-3-25 60BWPD Barrel Water per day桶水每天2008-11-2 61CADD Computer Aided Drafting andDesign计算机辅助制图和设计2011-5-29 62CALM Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring悬链锚腿系泊2009-6-9 63CAPEX Capital Expenditures资本性支出,投资2008-10-29 64CAR Corrective Action Requests整改通知单2008-11-665CAPP Canadian Association of PetroleumProducers加拿大石油生产商协会2008-1-466CBT Commercial Bid Tabulation商务评标表2009-6-21 67CCE Current Control Estimate目前控制估算2011-6-1468CCE Constant Composition Expansion定组分膨胀2009-1-20 69CCE Carbon Chloroform Extraction碳氯仿抽提(萃取)2009-1-20 70CCR Central Control Room中心控制室2008-11-3 71CCR Conradson Carbon Residue康氏残炭2010-2-8 72CCS Current Control Schedule目前控制进度2011-6-14 73CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine联合循环燃气涡轮机2008-12-2474CCGT Combined-Cycle GeneratingTechnology 联合循环发电技术2008-12-2475CCITT Consultative Committee forInternational Telegraphy andTelephony 国际电讯和电话协商委员会2009-3-2776CCTA Coal/Asphaltene, Fuel oil/heavyoil,Surfactant and Water Trilpleemulsion 煤/沥青,燃油/重油,表面活性剂,和水组成的多重乳状液2010-9-2977CCTV Close Circuit Television闭路电视系统2008-11-3 78CCU Central Compression Unit中心压缩装置(单元)2008-11-11 79CD Colsed Draining密闭排污2008-11-2 80CD Chart Datum海图(水深)基准面2008-11-2 81CD Compact Disc(Data storage media)硬盘(数据存储介质)2008-11-3 82CDF Commercial Demonstration Facility商业化示范设施2010-9-28 83CDG法国巴黎戴高乐机场代码2010-6-9 84CDM Clean Development Mechanism清洁发展机制2009-6-1 85CDU Crude Distillation Unit原油蒸馏装置2011-5-29 86CEO Chief Executive Officer首席执行官2009-6-9 87CFM Cubic Feet per Minute立方英尺/分2008-11-26 88CFO Chief Financial Officer财务总监89CFT Call For Tender招标2008-11-11 90CGA Compressed Gas Association压缩天然气协会2009-3-27 91CGR Condensate Gas Ratio凝液/气比2009-1-20 92CI Chemical Injection化学剂注入2008-11-3 93CM Construction Management建设管理2009-3-19 94CMC Contractors Management Committee合同者管理委员会2009-6-14 95CMC Carboxy Methyl Cellulose羧甲基纤维素2010-1-4 96CMS Competence Management System权限管理系统2009-2-6 97CMMS Computerized MaintenanceManagement System计算机化维护管理系统2009-12-22 98 C.O Customs Officer海关官员2009-2-23 99COO Chief Operating Officer首席营运官2009-6-9 100COPI Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc.雪弗隆海外石油公司2009-5-6101COT Cargo Oil Tank货舱污油罐2009-1-24 102COW Crude Oil Washing原油清洗2009-4-24 103CP Conductor Pod井口导管平台2009-4-14 104CPI Computer Processed Image plot计算机处理影像图2009-1-20 105CPI Corrugated Plate Interceptor瓦楞板拦截器2008-11-25 106CPM -Critical Path Method关键路径法2008-11-21 107CPP Central Processing Platform中心处理平台2008-10-29 108CRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy耐蚀合金2009-1-23 109CS Classification Society船级社2009-1-24 110CSG Casing套管2008-11-17 111CSR Claim Service Record理赔服务记录2008-12-23 112CSR Conditional Safety Requirement有条件的安全要求2008-12-23 113CSR Codes, Standards, and Regulations规范、标准和法规2008-12-24 114CSR Corporate Social Responsibility企业社会责任2009-2-62009-1-4 115CSS Cyclic Steam Stimulation Process循环蒸汽刺激工艺(蒸汽吞吐)116CTR Call to Response相应召唤2008-11-25 117CV Curriculum Vitae(拉)简历,履历2011-6-1 118DAO deasphalted oil脱沥青油2010-9-29 119dBA decibels Amplitude分贝,分贝振幅2008-11-2 120DB Design Basis设计基础2009-3-25 121DBB Design Bid Build设计-招标-建设2009-3-19 122DC Direct Current直流电2008-11-3 123DC Drill Collar钻铤2008-11-17 124DCF Discounted Cash Flow .折现现金流2009-4-15 125DCS Distributed Control System分布控制系统2008-10-29 126DFT Dry Film Thickness干膜厚度2008-11-2 127DG Diesel Generator柴油发电机2008-11-11 128DGM Deputy General Manager副总经理2011-6-14 129DGPS Differential Global Positioning System差分全球定位系统2009-4-24 130DMO demetallized oils脱金属油2010-9-29 131DMO Directive Management Office指令管理办公室2009-5-7 132DN Distribution Network配电网2008-12-3 133DNV Det Norske Vertas挪威船级社2008-11-2 134DOT Deep Offshore Technology深海技术2008-11-24 135DP Dynamically Positioning动力定位2008-10-28 136DP Drill Pipe钻杆2008-11-17 137DRA Design Risk Assessment设计风险评估2009-3-25 138DSCR Debt Service Coverage Ratio偿债率比2009-3-25139DSU Debt Service Undertaking偿债约定2009-3-25 140DST Drill Stem Test钻杆中途测试2008-11-17 141DWT Dry Weight Tons干重吨位2009-1-6 142 E & A Exploration and Appraisal勘探和评价2008-12-23 143E&P Exploration and Production勘探和开发2009-5-20 144EA Environment Assessment环境评估2009-3-25 145EAP Employee Assistance Program员工援助计划2009-7-16 146EBIDTA Earnings Before Interest DepreciationTaxes and Amortization扣除利息税折旧及摊销2009-3-25 147ECA Export Credit Agency出口信贷机构2009-3-25 148ECD Equivalent Circulating Density当量循环密度2010-1-12 149ECG Electricity Company of Ghana加纳电力公司2008-12-24 150EDG Emergency Diesel Generator应急柴油发电机2008-12-3 151EH Electro-Hydraulic电动-液压2008-11-2 152EHU Electro-Hydraulic Umbilical电动-液压 脐带管2008-11-2 153EHXT Enhanced Horizontal Christmas Tree加强型水平井口采油树2009-3-25 154EIA Electronic Industries Association电子工业协会2009-3-27 155EIA Environment Impact Assessment环境影响评价2008-11-3 156EIS Environmental impact statement环境影响报告书2009-6-24 157EITI Extractive Industry TransparencyInitiative采掘业透明度倡议2009-4-29 158EMP Environment Management Plan环境管理计划(方案)2009-3-25 159EMS Environmental Management Systems环境管理系统2008-12-23 160EMV Expected Monetary Value预期货币价值2009-2-21 161ENV Estimated Net Value估计净价值2009-6-24 162EOR Enhanced Oil Rrcovery提高原油采收率2009-12-23 163EPA Environment Protection Agency环境保护机构2009-3-25164EPC Engineering,Procurement &Construction 设计、采办和建设2008-11-3165EPCI Engineering,Procurement ,Construction & Installation 设计、采办、建设和安装2008-11-26166EPF Early Production Facilities早期生产设施2009-5-20167EPIC Engineering,Procurement , Installation& Construction 设计、采办、安装和建设2009-3-25168EPSC Exploration and Production SharingContract勘探开发分成合同2009-4-29 169EPT Extended Production Test扩大生产测试2009-4-24 170EQMD Equivalent Mud Density当量泥浆密度2010-1-13 171ERG Emergency Response Group应急反应小组2009-4-24 172ERP Emergency Response Plan应急反应方案2009-4-24 173ERR Emergency Response Room应急反应办公室2009-4-24 174ERT Emergency Response Team应急反应系统2009-4-24175ERW Electric Resistance Weld电阻焊2008-11-26 176 E.S Electrical Stability(油基泥浆或乳状液的)电稳定性2010-1-11 177ESC Engineering Service Contract工程设计服务合同2009-3-25 178ESD Emergency Shutdown紧急关断2008-11-2 179ESDV Emergency Shutdown Valve紧急关断阀2008-11-2 180ESP Electric Submersible Pump电潜泵2008-11-11 181ESS Expandable sand screen膨胀筛管2008-11-17 182ESSDS Electric Safety Shutdown System电子安全关闭系统2009-3-25 183ETA Estimated Time of Arrival估计到达时间2008-11-11 184EUR Estimated Ultimate Recovery估计最终采出量(采收率)2009-1-21 185EVA Economic Value Addation经济价值增加2009-12-23 186FA Framework Agreements框架协议2011-5-16 187FAO Food and Agriculture Organization联合国粮农组织2009-12-24 188FAT Factory Acceptance Test工厂可接受性测试,出场前检验测试2008-11-3 189FBE Fusion Bonded Epoxy热融结环氧2008-11-2 190FCC Fluid Catalytic Cracking流化床催化裂化2010-2-8 191FEED Front End Engineering and Design前端工程设计,设计前期研究2008-10-30 192FEL Front end loading加载前期工程2010-9-28 193FFD Full Field Development全油田开发2009-4-24 194FFG Field Fuel Gas油田燃料气2009-4-28 195FFS Fitness for Service服务见证2009-3-25 196FG Fuel Gas燃料气2009-5-20 197FGDSU Flue Gas Desulphurization Unit烟气脱硫装置2010-9-29 198FGIIP Free Gas Initially In Place原始自由气储量2009-3-25 199FGS Fire & Gas System火焰和气体监测系统2008-11-3 200FID Final Investment Decision最终投资决定(日期)2009-3-23 201FIDIC International Federation of ConsultingEngineers国际咨询工程师联合会2009-7-21202FIDIC Federation Internationale desIngenieurs Conseils (French)国际咨询工程师联合会(法)2009-7-21203FLB Field Logistics Base油田物流基地2009-3-25 204FOT Fuel Oil Tank燃料油罐2009-1-24 205FPU Floating Production Unit浮动生产装置2009-1-21 206FPSO Floating Production Storage andOffloading system浮动生产储存过驳系统2008-10-28 207FRA Friction Reducing Agents减阻剂2010-2-8 208FRC Fast Rescue Craft快速救援船2009-4-24209FRP Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics玻璃纤维增强塑料, 玻璃钢2009-3-25210FSO Floating Storage and Offloadingsystem 浮动储存过驳系统2008-10-29211FTF Feedstock Test Facility原料试验设施2010-9-28 212FTP First Tranche Petroleum第一期油2009-5-7 213FUC Follow Up Call按约付费项目2008-11-12 214FVF Formation Volume Factor底层体积系数2009-1-20 215FWHP Flowing Weelhead Pressure流动井口压力2008-11-2 216FWHT Flowing Weelhead Temperature流动井口温度2008-11-2 217FWS Full Well Stream全井流2009-3-25 218FWT Fresh Water Tank清水罐2009-1-24 219G&A General & Administrative一般费用及行政费用2008-12-23 220GC Gas Chromatography气相色谱2009-1-20 221GCoS Geological Chance of Success地址成功机会2009-2-20 222G&G Geological and Geophysical地质与地球物理2008-11-12 223GHG Green House Gas温室气体2009-11-30 224GHV Gross Heating Value总热值2008-11-2 225GM General Manager总经理2011-6-14226GMDSS Global Maritime Distress & SafetySystem 全球海上遇险和安全系统2009-4-24227GOR Gas Oil Ratio气油比2009-3-25 228GP Gas Production气体产量(生产)2009-3-25 229GPC General petroleum company叙利亚通用石油公司2010-6-7 230GRE Glass fibre Reinforced Epoxy玻璃纤维增强环氧2008-11-25 231GRE Gas Release Event气体释放事件2008-11-25 232GRER Glass fiber Reinforced Epoxy Resin玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂2008-11-25 233GRV Gross Rock Volume总岩石体积2009-2-20 234GS General Specification通用技术要求2009-5-20 235GSA Gas Sale Agreement天然气销售协议2009-6-24 236GSI Gas Services International气体服务国际公司(迪拜一家国际服务公司)2008-11-11 237GTG Gas Turbine Generator燃气透平发电机2008-12-3238GVF Gas Volume Fraction (multiphaseflows)含气率(多相流)2009-6-9239GWH Gigawatt Hour十亿瓦特时,千兆瓦时2008-12-24 240HAZID Hazard Identification Study危险识别研究2008-11-3 241HAZOP Hazard & Operability Study危险和可操作性研究2008-11-3 242HCIIP Hydrocarbon Initially In Place烃原始储量2009-3-25 243HDD Horizontal Directionl Drilling水平定向钻2009-3-25 244HDPE High-Density Polyethylene高密度聚乙烯2008-11-26 245HDS hydrogenation-desulfurization加氢脱硫2010-2-8 246HIC Hydrogen Induced Cracking氢诱导裂纹2009-2-22247HIPPS High Integrity Pressure ProtectionSystem高度集成压力保护系统2008-10-30 248HIS Hightech Information System高技术信息技术2008-12-3 249HK1Holds Confirmed, 1 seat1座位确定2010-6-9 250HLV Heavy Lift Vessel重吊船2008-11-3 251HMI Human Machine Interface人机界面2008-11-2 252H.O Heavy Oil重油2010-2-8 253HP Horse power (HP)马力2008-11-17 254HP High Pressure高压2008-11-3 255HPU Hydraulic Power Unit液压动力装置2009-4-24 256HRWP High rate water pack高水通量封隔器2008-11-17 257HSE Health,Safety & Environment健康,安全和环境2008-11-3258HSE-MS Health,Safety & EnvironmentManagement System 健康,安全和环境管理体系2009-4-24259HTL Heavy oil to Light oil重油转化为轻油2010-9-28 260HUC Hook-up and Commissioning海上连接与调试2008-11-2 261HU&C Hook-up and Commissioning海上连接与调试2008-11-2 262HV High-Votage高(电)压2008-12-3263HVAC Heating, Ventilation and AirConditioning 暖通和空调2008-11-3264HWCS Hydraulic Wellhead Control System液压井口控制系统2008-11-3 265HWDP High wall drill pipe (HWDP)加重钻杆2008-11-17 266IA Instrument Air仪表风,仪表空气2008-11-3 267IADC International association drillingcontractor国际钻井承包商2010-1-18268IACS International Association ofClassification Societies国际船级社协会2009-3-25269ICC Integrated Construction andCompletion 综合建设和完工2011-6-14270ICS Integrated Control System集成控制系统2008-11-3 271ICSID THE INTERNATIONAL CENTERFOR THE SETTLEMENT OFINVESTMENT DISPUTES解决国际投资争端中心2009-4-29272IDP Incremental Development Plan增产方案2009-4-14 273IDS Intrusion Detection System入侵检测系统2009-12-23 274IEA International Engery Agency国际能源署2009-12-24275IEEE Institute of Electrical & ElectronicsEngineers 电力与电子工程师研究会2009-3-27276IFC International Finance Corporation国际金融公司2009-3-25277IGCC Integrated Gasification CombinedCycle 整体气化联合循环(工艺)2010-2-8278ILT Internal Lifting Tools内部吊装工具2008-11-4 279IMF International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织2008-12-26280IMO International Maritime Organization国际海洋组织2009-3-27 281IMS Information Management System信息管理系统2009-12-22INVIAS Instituto Nacional de Vias(NationalInstitute of vias)国家道路研究院(哥伦比亚)2011-8-3282IP INDUSTRIAL PLANT工业规模装置2010//9/29 283IPP Investment Protection Program投资保护计划2008-12-24 284IPT Integrated Project Team一体化项目组2008-12-23 285IOGP Integrated Oil &Gas Project综合油气项目2009-3-25 286I/O Input / Output输入/输出2008-11-3 287I.O Immigration Officer移民局官员2009-2-23 288IOR Improved Oil Recovery提高原油采收率2009-12-23 289IPT Integrated Project Team综合项目组2009-3-25 290IR Infrared Radiation红外2008-11-11 291IRR Internal Rate of Return内部收益率2009-2-22 292ISA Instrumentation Society of America美国仪表协会2009-3-27 293ISMC Instrumentation Society ofMeasurement and Control国际测量和控制协会2009-3-27 294ISO International Standard Organization国际标准化组织2009-3-25 295ITT Invitation To Tender招标邀请函2010-7-25 296JIB Joint Interest Billing共同关注的账单2009-3-25 297JIC Joint Industry Companies联合工业公司2009-3-25 298JOA Joint Operation Agreement联合作业协议2009-6-14 299JOC Joint Operating Committee联合作业管委会2008-12-23 300JOCM Joint Operating Committee Meeting联合作业管委会会议2008-11-25 301JOM Joint Operation Manual联合作业手册2009-4-24 302JSA Job Safety Analysis作业安全分析2008-11-5 303ITC Independent Technical Consultant独立技术顾问2009-3-25 304JV Joint Venture合资2008-12-3 305KEI Kosmos Energy International K osmos能源国际公司2009-6-9 306KEG Kosmos Energy Ghana HC K osmos能源加纳公司2009-6-9 307KHA Kharir Kharir油田名缩写2009-5-20 308KIP Kilopound千磅2008-11-24 309KLH Kantor Lingkungan Hidup (IndonesiaOffice of Environment印尼国家环境办2009-5-7 310KO Knock-Out(drum)清除/排放(罐)2008-11-3 311KOD Knock-Out Drum清除/排放(罐)2009-5-20 312KOP Kick off point起钻点2008-11-17 313KV Kilovolt千伏2009-3-25 314L.A.C.T Lease Automatic Custody Transfer租赁自动交接系统2009-2-27 315LAH Level Alarm High液位高报警2009-5-20316LAT Lowest Astronomical Tide最低天文潮位2008-10-29 317LCA Life-Cycle Analysis生命周期分析2011-5-29 318LD's Liquidated Damages违约赔偿金2009-3-25 319LER Local Equipment Room现场设备间2008-11-3 320LLI Liquid Level Indicator液面指示器2008-11-12 321LLI Long Lead Item长周期供货项目2008-11-12 322LLL Low Liquid Level低液位2009-5-20 323LMO国内市场义务2009-6-14 324LNG Liquefied Nature Gas液化天然气2009-2-22 325LOA Length Overall总长度, 全长2008-10-28 326LOA Letter of Award授标函2008-11-12 327LOI Letter of Intent意向书2009-2-6 328LOPA Layers of Protection Analysis保护层分析2009-3-25 329LP Low Pressure低压2008-11-3 330LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气2009-2-22 331LQ Living Quarter生活区,生活舱2008-10-29 332LRS Lloyd's Register of Shipping劳氏船级社2009-3-25 333LRT Lenders Reliability Test贷款可靠性试验2009-3-25334LS Lump Sum一揽子(报价、费用等)2009-3-25335LSTK Lump Sum Turn Key一揽子交钥匙报价2009-3-25 LTI Lost Time Injury损工时伤害2011.9.11 336LTIF Lost Time Injury Frequency损失工作日事故频率2008-11-12 337LTMOBMLow Toxicity Mineral Oil Base Mud低毒矿物油基泥浆2009-1-21 338LWD Logging while drilling (LWD)随钻测井2008-11-17339MAOP Maximum Allowable OperatingPressure 最大允许操作压力2008-11-2340MCC Motor Control Center电机控制中心2008-11-3 341MCS Master Control Station主控室2008-11-2 342MCT Multi Cable Transit多根电缆组合穿线槽口2008-11-3 343MD Measured Depth测深2008-11-17 344MD Mud Density泥浆密度2010-1-18 345MDG Millennium Development Goals千年发展目标2008-12-26 346MDT Modular formation Dynamics Tester模块化(底层)动态测试仪2009-1-20347MEA Monoethanolamine单乙醇胺2009-12-11 348MEG Mono Ethylene Glycol一乙基乙二醇(乙二醇)2008-11-3349MER Maximum Efficient Rate最适产量,最大有效产量2009-1-20 350MFD Material Flow Diagram物流图,材料流程图2008-11-3 351MLA Multilateral Agencies多边机构2009-3-25 352MMscf Million stand cubic feet百万立方英尺2008-11-3353MMscfd Million stand cubic feet per day百万立方英尺每天2008-11-2 354MPFM Multi-Phase Flow Meter多相流量计2008-11-11 355MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit可移动海上钻机2008-11-24 356MOM Minutes of Meeting会议纪要2008-11-3 357MOM Ministry of Oil and Minerals for theRepublic of Yemen.也门石油和矿产部2009-7-27358MOMS Marine Operations ManagementSystem 海洋操作管理体系2009-4-24359MOU Memorandum Of Understanding谅解备忘录2009-3-25 360MPMS Manual of Petroleum MeasurementStandards(API)石油计量标准手册2009-12-9 361MPPS Multi Phase Pump Station多相混输泵站2009-3-25 362MWD Measurements while drilling (MWD)随钻测试2008-11-17 363MWL Mean Water Level平均海平面2008-10-28 364MWP Minimum Work Programme最低工作方案2009-4-29 365MWS Marine Warranty Surveyor海事保险勘查人员2008-11-3 366MS Mass Spectrometry质谱2009-1-20 367MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet材料安全和数据表单2009-4-24 368MSL Mean Sea Level平均海平面2008-11-2369MSS Manufacturers Standardization Societyof the Valve and Fittings Industry 阀门和管件制造商标准化协会2009-3-27370MTO Material Take Off采购料表2008-11-2 371MTU Master Telemetering Unit主遥测装置2009-3-25 372MW Megawatt兆瓦2009-3-25373NAAQS National Ambient Air QualityStandards 国家环境空气质量标准2009-3-25374NACE National Association of CorrosionEngineers美国腐蚀工程师协会2008-11-2 375NAGD Naphtha Assisted Gravity Drainage石脑油辅助重力泄油2010-2-8 376NB Normal Bore公称口径2008-10-29 377N.B.[拉]nota bene注意, 留心2008-12-23378NBBI National Board of Boiler and PressureVessel Inspectors 国家锅炉压力容器督察局2009-3-27379NDT Non-Destructive Test无损检测2009-3-25 380NEC National Electrical Code国家电力规范2009-3-27 381NEC National Electric Code国家电子规范2009-3-27 382NED National Economic Development国家经济部2008-12-24 383NEMA National Electrical ManufacturersAssociation国家电力制造商协会2009-3-27384NEPAD New Partnership for Africa'sDevelopment 新的促进非洲发展伙伴关系2008-12-26385NFPA National Fire Protection Association国家防火协会2009-3-27 386NGL Natural Gas Liquid天然气凝液2009-3-25387NGR Net to Gross Ratio净毛比2009-2-22 388NKK Nippon Kaiji Kyokai日本海事协会2009-3-25 389NLL Normal Liquid Level通常液位2009-5-20390NOPSA National Offshore Petroleum SafetyAuthority (Australia)全国海洋石油安全局(澳大利亚)2009-4-24391NOR Notice Of Readiness准备就绪通知2009-4-24 392NPV Net Present Value净现值2009-2-22 393NTG Net to Gross Ratio净毛比2009-2-22 394NTR Nothing To Report无事可报2008-11-25 395NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit比浊法浊度单位2009-6-24 396OA Offtake Agreement转输协议2009-3-25 397O&M Operation and Maintenance操作和维护2009-3-25 398OBD Over Balanced Drilling过平衡钻井2009-7-28 399OBM Oil Based Muds油基泥浆2009-1-20 400OCIMF Oil Companies International MarineForum石油公司国际海运论坛2009-4-24 401OD Outside Diameter外径2008-11-2402OGP International Association of Oil & GasProducers 国际石油天然气生产者协会2008-12-23403OIM Offshore Installation Manager海上安装经理2009-4-24 404OOIP Original Oil In Place原始地质储量2008-12-10 405OPEX Operating Expenses操作费用,运营成本2008-10-29 406OSD Original Structure Damage原始结构损伤2008-11-4 407OSHA Occupational Safety & HealthAdministration职业安全及健康管理2009-3-25408OSPARConvention Oslo/Paris convention奥斯陆/巴黎协定(北大西洋海上环境保护协定)2009-12-9409OSV Offshore Supply Vessel(with anchorhandling capabilities)海上供应船(带抛锚能力)2009-4-24410OTSG Once Through Steam Generator直通式蒸汽发生器2010-2-3 411OWC Oil Water Contact油水界面2008-12-10 412PA Public Alarm System公共警报(广播)系统2009-12-22 413PABX Private Automatic Branch EXchange专用自动交换分机(通信)2009-12-23 414PBTD Plug back total depth (PBTD)全井封堵2008-11-17 415PCS Process Control Syetem工艺控制系统2008-11-2 416PDCA Plan-Do-Check-Act.计划执行检查纠偏循环系统2008-12-10 417PDD Project Design Documents项目设计文件2009-6-1 418PDVSA Petroleos De Venezuela, SA委内瑞拉国家石油公司2010-2-5 419PEC Public Electricity Corporation公共电力公司(也门)2008-12-3420PEP Project Execution Plan项目执行计划2009-3-25石油勘探开发局2008-11-12 421PEPA Petroleum Exploration and ProductionAuthority422PES Project Engineering Service项目工程设计服务2009-4-14 423P & ID Piping and Instrument Diagram配管和仪表简图2008-11-2 424P & ID Processing and Instrument Diagram工艺自控流程图2008-11-2 425PF Procurement & Fabrication采办和建造426PFD Process Flow Diagram工艺流程图2008-11-2 427PG Power Generation发电2008-12-3 428PGS Productivity Gain Sharing生产收益分享2009-6-24 429PHPU Production Hydraulic Power Unit生产液压装置2008-11-2 430PI Productivity Index生产指数2009-2-22 431PJ Peta-Joule (10^15 Joules)热量单位2009-3-24 432PL Procurement & Logistics采办与物流2008-11-25 433PLC Programmable Logic Controller可编程逻辑控制器2008-11-2 434PLEM Pipe Line End Manifold管线端点管汇2008-10-28 435PLET Pipe Line End Teiminal管线端点节点2008-12-23 436PMC Project Management Consultancy项目管理咨询2009-3-19 437PMS Project Management Systen项目管理体系2009-1-6 438PMT Project Management Team项目管理组(团队)2009-3-26 439PO Puchase Order订单2008-11-11 440POD Plan of Development开发方案2009-3-26 441PPE Personal Protective Equipment个人防护装备2009-4-24 442ppf ponds per feet磅/英尺2008-11-2 443ppg ponds per gallon磅/加仑2008-11-17 444ppmv parts per million volume百万分之体积浓度2008-11-2 445PR Purchase Request订货要求2008-11-25 446PSA Production Sharing Agreement产品(量)分成合同2008-11-12 447PSA Pressure Swing Absorption变压吸附2009-12-9 448psia Pounds per Square Inch Absolute磅/平方英寸(绝)2009-3-26 449PSD Process Shutdown工艺系统关闭2009-4-24 450PSV Pressure Safety Valve压力安全阀2008-11-3 451PT Pipeline Terminal管道终端2009-4-14 452PTB Pounds per Thousand Barrels磅/千桶2009-5-20 453PTR Project Technical Review项目技术审核2008-11-11 454PV Plastic Viscosity塑性粘度2009-12-30 455PVG上海浦东国际机场代码2010-6-9 456PVT Pressure,Volume, Temperture压力,体积,温度2009-5-20 457QA Quality Assurance质量保证2009-3-26 458QC Quality Control质量控制2009-3-26 459QC/DC Quick Connect/Disconnect快速连接和解脱2009-4-24460QEIT Qualified Extractive IndustryTaxpayers 获得资格的采掘业纳税人2009-4-29461QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment定量风险评估2008-11-3462RAM Reliability, Availability, &Maintainability 可靠性,可用性,及可维修性2009-3-26463RDC Rotating Disc Contactor (Column)旋转碟片反应器(塔)2010-9-29 464RFCC Residue Fluid Catalytic cracker渣油流体催化裂化2010-9-29 RFID Radio Frequency Identification无线射频识别(技术)2011.9.11 465RFO Ready For Operation操作准备就绪2009-3-26 466RFQ Request For Quotation报价请求2008-11-3 467RFSU Ready For Start-Up具备投产条件2008-11-11 468RISC Resource Investment StrategyConsultants资源投资策略顾问公司2008-12-1 469RKB Rotation kelly bushing凯里旋转套管2008-11-17 470ROI Return On Investment投资回报率2009-4-8 471ROP Rate of Penetration机械钻速2010-1-18 472ROV Remotely-Operated(Submersible)Vehicle远程操纵潜水器2008-10-28 473ROW Right of Way正确道路2009-3-26 474RSDS Rotary Steerable Drilling System旋转导向钻井系统2009-6-23 475RSS Rotary Steerable System旋转导向系统2009-6-23 476RSVP Reply,if you please请回复2008-11-6 477RTD Resistance Temperature Detector电阻温度检测器2008-11-3 478RTE Real Time Execution实时执行2008-11-17 479RTP Rapid Thermal Processing快速热加工工艺2010-9-28 480RTU Remote Telemetry Unit现场测控远传终端2008-11-3 481RVP Reid Vapour Pressure雷氏蒸气压2008-11-11 482SAE Society of Automotive Engineers汽车工程师协会2009-3-26 483SAR Safety Analysis Report安全分析报告2009-6-24 484SAT Site Acceptance Test现场可接受性测试2008-11-3485SARA Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, andAsphaltenes (petroleum analysis)饱和,芳烃,树脂,沥青质(石油分析)2009-1-20486SAGD Steam Assisted Gravity DrainageProcess蒸汽辅助重力泄油工艺2009-1-4 487SAHBV South Atlantic Holding BV那大西洋公司2011-6-14 488SAS/EL Safety and Automation System andElectrical system安全自控和电力系统2011-5-16 489SBM Single Buoy Mooring单浮标系泊2009-3-26 490SBOGL Statoil Brasil Óleo e Gás Ltda挪威国家石油公司巴西油气有限公司2011-5-16 491SBT Segregated Ballast Tank隔离压载舱2009-4-24492SCADA Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition监控和数据采集系统2008-11-2 493SCAL Special Core Analyses特殊岩心分析2009-1-20 494SCD Sustainable Community Development可持续社区发展2009-3-26 495scfm standard cubic feet per minute标准立方英尺/分2009-3-26 496SCM Subsea Control Module水下控制模块2008-11-2 497SCS Subsea Control System水下控制系统2008-11-2 498SCO Synthetic Crude Oil合成原油2010-9-28499SCSSV Surface Control Safety ShutdownValve 地面控制安全关断阀2008-11-2500 SDA Solvent deasphalting溶剂脱沥青工艺2010-9-29 501SDU Subsea Distribution Unit水下分配装置2008-12-23 502SDV Shutdown Valve关断阀2008-11-2 503SEC Scurities and Exchange Commission美国证券交易委员会2009-1-4 504SGIIP Solution Gas Initially In Place溶解气原始储量2009-3-26 505SGS Safe Guarding System安保系统2008-11-2 506SGS Sequential Gaussion Simulation顺序高斯模拟2009-2-22 507SIF Serious Incident Frequency严重事件频次2011-5-9 508SIS Sequential Indicator Simulation顺序指示剂模拟2009-2-22 509SIL Safety Integrity Level安全完整性水平,安全证和等级2008-11-2 510SIT Site Integration Test现场集成测试2009-3-26 511SIMOPS Simulation Operations模拟操作2009-5-11 512SITP Shut-In Tubing Pressure关井油压2008-11-2 513SLD Single Line Diagram(电气)单线图2008-11-3 514SMEL Subtec Middle East Limited S ubtec中东有限公司2008-11-11 515SMLS Seamless无缝钢管2008-11-26 516SMS Safety Management System安全管理体系2009-4-24 517SMTS Specified Minimun Tensile Strength要求的最小拉伸强度2008-11-2 518SMYS Specified Minimun Yield Strength要求的最小屈服强度2008-11-2 519SO Service Order服务订单2009-6-24 520SOLAS International Convention for the Safetyof Life At Sea海上人命安全国际公约2009-4-24521SOPEP Shipboard Oil Pollution EmergencyProgram船上油污应急计划2009-4-24 522SOR Statement Of Requirement要求声明2009-5-20 523SOR steam oil ratio汽油比2010-9-29 524SOW Statement Of Work工作说明书2008-11-11 525S&P Standard & Poor's标准普尔2008-12-24526SPAR Seagoing Platform for AcousticResearch 声学研究用海上移动平台2008-11-23527SPBL Sinochem Petróleo Brasil Ltda’s中化石油巴西有限公司2011-5-16 528SPC Syria petroleum company叙利亚石油公司2010-6-7529SPDC Shell Petroleum DevelopmentCompany 壳牌石油开发公司2008-12-24530SPL Sinochem Petroleum Limited.中化石油有限公司2009-6-15 531SPM Single Point Mooring单点系泊2009-1-24 532SPS Subsea Power Supply水下电力供应2008-11-2 533SPS Surface Pumping System地面泵系统(一种地面安装的多级离心泵,常用于井场注水)2008-11-25534SPS Safety Pump System安全泵输系统2008-11-25 535SPS Subsea Production System海底生产系统2009-2-6 536SQ Site Queries现场疑问2008-11-3 537SRB Sulphate Reducing Bacteria硫酸盐还原菌2008-12-3 538SRU Sulfate reduction unit硫酸盐还原装置2009-2-22 539SSB Single Side Band单面带2009-4-24 540SSCC Sulphur Stress Corrosion Cracking硫应力腐蚀裂纹2009-2-22 541SSD Sliding side door = Sliding sleeve滑套2008-11-17 542SSIP Self Stable Integrated Platform自我稳定的式集成平台2008-12-23 543SSIV Subsea Isolation Valve水下隔离阀2008-10-29 544SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council钢结构油漆理事会2009-3-27 545SSR Salt Sulphur Removal脱硫脱盐(装置)2011-6-14 546SSSV Sub-surface Safety Valve井下安全阀2008-11-2 547SSWI Ship Specific Work Instruction船舶具体工作指南2009-4-24 548STOIIP Stock Tank Oil Initially in Place原始地质储量(地面脱气原油)2009-3-26549STOOIP Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place原始地质储量(地面脱气原油)2009-1-21550STP Submerged Turret Production水下转塔生产(系统)2011-6-14551SURF Subsea Umbilicals, Risers andFlowlines 水下脐带管立管和海管2008-12-25552SV Supply Vessel(no anchor handlingcapabilities)供应船(无抛锚能力)2009-4-24 553SVP Senior Vice President高级副总裁2009-6-9 554SWD Seismic while drilling随钻地震2008-11-17 555SWL Safe Working Load安全工作载荷2009-4-24 556TAN Total Acid Number总酸值2010-2-8 557TBA To Be Approved需要批准2008-12-23 558TBA To Be Arranged需要安排2008-12-23 559TBC To be Confirmed需要确认2008-11-2 560TBG Tubing油管2008-11-17 561TBT Technical Bid Tabulation (engineering)技术评标表2009-6-21 562TCF Trillion Cubic Feet万亿立方英尺2009-3-24 563TCM Technical Committee Meeting技术委员会会议2009-6-14 564TCMS Tripod Catenary Mooring andOffloading System三悬锚链和过驳系统2008-11-11。
Unit 1Part III Follow-up Exercises3. write a focused topic sentence for the following subjects:1) looking for jobsA person can look for a job in several ways.2) penguinsPenguins resemble human beings in many respects.3) personalityOne’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.4) weatherLiving in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.4. Read the following paragraphs and write a topic sentence for each of them in the space provided.Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions. Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Read the following paragraphs and 1) underline the topic sentence of each paragraph, and 2) mark out the sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph.1) topic sentencesParagraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invetnion of the telephone. Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraphParagraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet has brought us more convenience.Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.6. Pick out the topic sentence from the following group of sentences and restore the logical sequence of the others and decide where to put the topic sentence.Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.7. Put the following words and phrases in the blankets; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) First of all(2) Secondly(3) By and by(4) In addition(5) In short8. Read the following paragraph and find out what techniques have been used to achieve coherence.1) repetition of key words : junk food, students2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however3) use of pronouns: they, their, thisUnit 2Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Here is a list of events in time order with a given topic sentence. Organize them into a coherent paragraph by using linking devices and making some necessary alternations.Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.1) , when 2) 3) As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13) Then 14) 15)4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and completer the table.Logical sequence of the sentences:4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.Concluding sentence: Although we were very tired at midnight, we agreed that our two-day vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) Then (2) morning (3) afternoon (4) Then(5) After that (6) when (7) already (8) afterPart III Follow-up Exercises3. logical sequence of the sentence:3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.4. Read the following passage and 1) underline the space signals in it; 2) discuss how effectively they help to achieve coherence.1) in above in front of under through behind2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot of descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence is achieved.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) into(2) crosses(3) In the center of(4) Outside(5) inside(6) On the front(7) over(8) down(9) lined with(10) At the rear6. Disscuss in what order this paragraph is developed.This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to southPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of process analysis it is organized; 2) complete the table.1) Pattern: description with supplementary explanations.2) the tableSteps of the processStep 1 Wooden casks are first interconnected and then stacked in tiers.Step 2 Young sherries are poured into the casks at the top wheras the mature sherries are drawn out of the casks at the bottom.Step 3 Different sherries are constantly mixed up.Result of the effortStep 1 noStep 2 One third of the content is drawn out of one cask in any one year.Step 3 Special characteristics of the different sherries are maintained year after year.4. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) with(2) while(3) slowly(4) Gradually(5) with(6) By this time(7) Suddenly8) final(9) ending(10) applause5. Task OneThe following paragraph is written according to the type of the exclusive description of process. Work in groups to identify 1) procedures of the festival in Japan; 2) linking devices that connect these procedures.Procedures of celebrating the festival:Step 1: Prepare and lay out food; make the special lanterns.Step 2: Keep dancing and singing overnight.Step 3: Throw the food and lanterns into a river or sea.Step 4: Watch the lanterns drifting way.Linking words and phrases that connect these procedures:Firstly, also, afterward, then, signals the endPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following two paragraphs and 1) decide in which pattern of examplification each one is organized; 2) complete the outline for paragraph B.1) Paragraph A follows Pattern 2, which uses one extended example to illustrate the controlling idea. Paragraph B follows Pattern 1, which uses several examples to illustrate the topic sentence.2)The outline for paragraph B:Topic sentence: Working in an apple plant was the worst job I ever had.Examples:1. First of all, the work was physically hard.Specific details:1) For ten hours a night, I took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2) Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice, and they were heavy.2. The second bad feature of the job was the pay.Specific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time, $1.25 an hour, plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3. The worst feature of the apple plant job was the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch.2) The steel floors of the trucks were like ice; the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding sentence: I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of exemplification the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:3, 6, 1, 8, 2, 4, 7, 5,Pattern: It follows Patten 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) For example(2) Furthermore(3) In still another instance(4) Even(5) his(6) these(7) contemporary6. If you want to write a paragraph to prove that some of the laws in Masssachusetts seem ridiculously funny in today’s world, pick out the effective examples you will use form among the listed seven examples.Examples 2, 3 and 5 are relevant and specific. They are effective examples that can be used. Examples 1 and 7 are not specific, though relevant.Examples 4 and 6 are completely irrelevant. They don’t refer to a Massachusetts law.7. Read each group of the following examples, then write a topic sentence.1) Topic sentence: I’ve never seen a girl as lazy as Arena.2) Topic sentence: English teachers are applying different means to teach English language.3) Topic sentence: Americans have been decreasing their working hours since the early 1900s.4) Topic sentence: My father has been a generous man to his children.Uint 6Part III Follow-up Exercises3. To write a definition paragraph, the first step is usually to place the term in a class or category, and then describe what you think are the special features that distinguish the term from all the other members in the class. Now fill in the table by putting the terms in an appropriate category. SubjectRepublicClass: a form of governmentCharacteristics: in which power resides in the people (the electorate)WolfClass: a large, dog-like carnivorous mammalCharacteristics: with yellowish or brownish gray and coarse fur, erect pointed ears, and a bushy tailJazzClass: a style of musicCharacteristics: that features improvisation and performancepersistenceClass: a kind of qualityCharacteristics: not giving up even during rough times4. Read the following definitions and discuss what problems each has and then improve them.1) ,2) The expression “is where” and “is when” should not be used to begin the main part of a definiton. The linking verb “is” should be followed by a noun, a pronoun or an adjective. Improved: 1) A stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held.2) Socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land and so forth, in the community as a whole.3) This is a circular definition, a practice of defining a term with the term itself.Improved: Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide.4) The subject is defined in a language equally or more complex than the original.Improved: surreptitious means “secret.”5) Exemplification is mistaken for definition; the examples are good for clarification, but they do not define.Improved: Political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions, such as William F.Buckley, Jr., and Pat Robertson.6) It is a generalization rather than a precise definiton, for the concept is defined with characteristics without being first put under a class or category.Improved: Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such as normal speech.5. Task OneRestore the logical sequence of the following sentences to form a well-ordered definition. Logical sequence of the sentences: 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 6,Task ThreeRead again the sentences in the arrangement you have established and fill in the following blanks. -- The purpose of the paragraph is to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent.-- The two main characteristics of machismo are courageous behavior and earthy sexuality.-- Also is the transitional word that leads you from the first characteristic to the second one.6. Following are a topic sentence and some supporting points for a paragraph that defines “rudeness.” Please plan out and write the secondary supporting details using the methods you have learned in this unit to develop the definition.Unit 7Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Read the following passage and 1) decide in which pattern of cause and effect it is organized;2)complete the table.1) pattern: single effect and multiple causes.2) causes(1) got drunk at the party(2) had taken the drug of Accutane(3) adolescent depressionEffect:Bart Jr’s suicide4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of cause and effect the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5,Pattern of cause and effect:single effect and multiple causes.5.Task one. The following paragraph is written in a cause-and-effect pattern. Work in groups to identify 1) the topic under discussion; 2) points covered in terms of cause and effect.Topic: Society itself may be producing the distortions of personality, mental illness, and emotional instability.Causes1)society’s compartmentalizing2)society’s competitive demands3) inability to rebelEffectDistortions of personality, etc.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Complete the following outlines for paragraps of classification. Keep in mind the principles of classification.1) Topic: University Students’ EntertainmentTopic sentence: Uni versity students’ entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes place.Division:a) entertainment at homeb) enterainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2) Topic: Roles of Young Married Women in SocietyTopic sentence: The average young married woman in today’s society has her life divided into three different roles.Division:a) the role of lifeb) the role of motherc) the role of self3) Topic: NeighborsTopic sentence: Neighbors fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards you.Division:a) those who are friendlyb) those who are indifferentc) those who hate you5. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and complete the outline.Logical sequence of the sentences:7, 3, 10, 9, 1, 5, 8 ,4, 2 ,11, 6,Subject: Christmas giftsTopic sentence: Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups, according to their after-Christmas fate.Division:a) those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb) those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc) those that you banish as soon as possible.Concluding sentence: By New Year’s Day, you have either used, stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts.6. Put the following words and phrase in the blanks; each word and phrase can only be used once.(1) types(2) Though(3) Finally(4) however(5) Even though(6) Before(8) If(9) Then(10) thesePart III Follow-up exercises3. Read the following paragraph and 1) decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast it is organized; 2) complete the table.Pattern: point-by-pointSubject 1: Western HomesPoint:Room function: Each room has its own function.Table: Each home has several tables for different functions.Door: Western homes have fixed, hinged doors.Subject 2: Japanese HomesPoint:Room function: One room serves all the functions.Table: One low table serves all the purposes.Door: Japanese homes have lightweight sliding doors.4. Restore the logical sequence of the following sentences and decide in which pattern of comparison and contrast the text is written.Logical sequence of the sentences:5, 3, 6, 2, 4, 8, 7, 1Pattern of comparison and constrast: subject by subject5. Put the following words in the blanks; some can be used twice.(1) similar(2) although(3) difference(4) identical(5) again(6) while(7) But(8) difference(9) consistency(10) completelyPart III Follow-up Exercises3. The following incomplete paragraph leads you to make your own generalization. On the basis of the examples given, write a conclusion of the paragraph.General Statement: The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed press.5. Presenting sufficient details to develop a generalization is one of the basic concerns in paragraphing. The use of a three-level outline is usually helpful. Please complete the outline by arranging the ideas given in the box and providing supporting details.A. Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity.(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2) misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB. TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1) enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2) giving a false picture of realityC. Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1) too many commercials(2) an insult even to the intelligence of a moronGeneralization: In brief, it is harmful and damaging for children to watch too much television. 6. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; some can be used twice while some may not be used.(1) Thus(2) When(3) also(4) however(5) Moreover(6) indeed(7) also(8) Yet(9) and(10) ThusPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Analyze the following sketch and decide how the character is described.The description centers on one trait of personality: Uncle Amo’s being ordinary and average in life.4. Read the following passage and 1) find out how many techniques appear in it and which of them stands out; 2) complete the table.There are obviously three methods used: comparison (1), generalization (2,4), and cause-effect (3).The one that stands out is generalization.Part III Follow-up Exercises3. Choose some of the following subjects and turn them into thesis statements. Pay attention to4. Read the following composition carefully and then point out the details that are not relevant to the thesis statement.1) For example, some people don’t like to stay at home a fter work.2) I once stopped drinking for a while.3) The world we live in is changing every day.4) And the price of tobacco has been going up on the international market.5) A lot of people have successfully given up smoking now.5. Read the following composition carefully and answer the following questions.Questions1) What is the thesis statement? And where is it?The thesis statement is “there are minor differences between them in three areas.” It is the second sentence in the first paragraph.2) What is the function of each of the paragraphs in terms of organizational pattern? And what3) How does the composition achieve coherence?By repetition of key words: difference, British English, American English.By using transitional words and phrases: in terms of, in addition to, second, third, generally speaking.6. Complete the following two tasks.Task OneFill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word or phrases.(2) often(3) Since(4) on the other hand(5) also(6) but(7) AlthoughTask TwoPart III Follow-up Exercises3. Tell which of the following sentences use the technique of “telling” and which use the technique of “showing” in narrating what happened.Sentences that tell: 1, 3, 6Sentences that show: 2, 4, 55. Rearrange the following sentences in a chronological order to tell a story.Logical sequence of the sentences:8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 9, 13, 2, 6, 12, 4, 11, 106. Put the following words and phrases in the blanks; change the form where necessary. Some can be used more than once.(1) While(2) in the morning(3) in the evening(4) While(5) until(6) while(7) before(8) at six o’clock(9) As soon as(10) Unfortunately(11) What’s more(12) After(13) the next morning(14) later(15) Luckily(16) until(17) at last。
Chapter1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1.In area, the United States is the 4th largest country in the world.2.The Midwest in the US refers to the region around the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley.3.The Backbone of North America refers to the Rocky Mountains4.Death Valley is on the western edge of the Great Basin.5.The Great Plains might have a dust storm in summer.6.The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7.The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries except Japan8.The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is in Utah.1. The United States is bordered on the north by Canada, on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atlantic seacoast west to the AppalachiansB. the Mississippi River BasinC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are the most densely populated region in the US, where the land is flat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highly productive area, which produced enormous amounts of fruits and vegetables.5. Most production of oil and natural gas in the US comes from offshore areas of Louisiana and Texas, and from onshore areas of Texas, Oklahoma and California. Her big consumption of energy now has made America insufficient in oil supply. The US reliance of foreign oil has reminded consistently in the 40% ranges.6. The United States has little trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about 12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among the richest and most productive.Chapter 2 American Population1.The over 3 million of early Americans in 1790 were mostly of British ancestry.2.About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3.The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until 1954.4.American Indians now mainly live in the South.5.The majority of American Hispanics are from the following countries except Spain.6.The West now leads in percentage increase in population.7.According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US is Taxes.8.The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions except the South.1.The United States is the third most populous nation in the world.2.Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take up permanent residence there. Later the US Congress passed laws restricting immigration on the basis of morality, race, and national origin. The 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigrants to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3.The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 as indentured servants, but soon[ after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally freed in1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century. Today many blacks still live in the South, some have entered the middle class, but one-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4.The Chinese-Americans have proved to be industrious and intelligent. They are now viewed as a “model minority” in the US. According to the 2010 US census, there were about 3.8 million Chinese-Americans living in the US. The figure was more than twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. The ancestors of the present American Indians came from Asia.2.“The ambition for the vast lands”is not correct to explain the reasons for the sudden daring exploration of the unknown in the mid-15th century.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reach India.4. Vasco da Gama discovered the route to India.5. John Cabot was sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones except Virginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies was Georgia, which was established in 1733.1. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under the Portuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, financed by rulers of Spain sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the islands of the Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the continent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was named America after his name.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They drew up “Mayflower Compact”4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the following three kinds. Specify how the governors were chosen in each.a. Royal: appointed by the English Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing: elected by residents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center for fishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as the breadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The southern colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the South was tobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 American Revolution1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies after 1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament in order to help the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies except Georgia.5. The first shot of the American War of Independence was fired in Lexington.6. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged the American colonists to declare their in dependence.7. The principal author of the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colonial days the English ruling class did everything they could to control the development of the colonial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed to complement and not compete with English industry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France, the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in 1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to take violent action to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia in Sep.1774. The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British government to give in to their demands. This united action could be called boycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. Karl Marx once called it “the first declaration of the rights of the individual”.6. The American War of Independence lasted 7 years. The fighting was actually ended in 1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris in 1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spanish Florida on the south. The direct social change brought about by the American Revolution was the emancipation of slaves who fought against the British.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. The confederation created in 1781 was a very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except that the new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitution.6. “They spell out the people’s right” is incorrect to comment on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. When the Second War of Independence broke out in 1812, the US president was James Madison.1. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce and to tax their citizens.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787. Fifty-five delegates from all states except Rhode Island attended the opening session. The president of the convention was George Washington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Washington was elected unanimously as the first US President in 1788. The first Vice-President was John Adams, and the first Secretary of Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, and the first Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson.5. the most glorious achievement of Jefferson as President was the Louisiana Purchase, which was about 828,000 square miles. This Purchase doubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called the Second War of Independence. This war lasted three years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was after this war that the US was able to make the change of a semi-colonial economy into a really independent national economy.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctrine had the following features or ideas except Latin America for Europeans.2. The US continental expansion was almost complete by 1848.3. Cotton became the most profitable crop in the South mainly because of the Whitney’s cotton gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by some abolitionists.5. In his inaugural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that he would not abolish slavery immediately but to preserve the Union.6. “It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States” about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was its industrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the North was its superior military leadership.1. The essence of the Monroe Doctrine was “America for Americans” which later became the cornerstone of the US foreign policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mississippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupation of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of the French pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louis and New Orleans.4. Oregon Territory was settled between Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state. In addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line36°30’ parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turning point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Confederate army under the general Robert E. Lee was defeated. The battlefield was made a national cemetery, where Lincoln gave his famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, on November 19, 1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US president who faced impeachment proceedings was Andrew Johnson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the President Rutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.4. The first transcontinental railroad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by 1900.7. The first imperialist war, the US—Spanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the US—Spanish War, the US acquired all the following areas except Cuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Reconstruction Acts divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.2. During the Reconstruction period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all their belongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made out of a carpet like material.3. During the Reconstruction the Southern whites who supported the radical reconstruction and joined the Republican Party were called scalawags. They were considered as traitors by the Southern Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret society for restoring white supremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the US got control of Panama Canal.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depression1. By the beginning of the 20th century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observe strict neutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilson’s Fourteen Points did not include the point of creation of an international peacekeeping force.5. “Only the rich could afford new consumer goods” about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In responding to the Depression, President Hoover thou ght that the basic role of the Government was to “create conditions favorable to the development of private enterprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt to deal with the farmers’ problem of overproduction.8. “It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar” is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers: the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The direct cause that made the US declare war on Germany in 1917was the Germany’s unlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference was the formation of the League of Nations.4. The United States didn’t join the League of Nations because the US Senate refused to approve the Treaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting the status quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval arms apportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity of China in appearance, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted in 1920, which granted women the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of the Stock Market in New York in October, 1929. This economic distress extended to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 American During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following except active intervention to prevent aggression.2. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.3. Normandy Landing took place on June 6, 1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Francisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.6. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the President Lyndon B. Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relation at the ambassadorial rank between China and the US was established under the President Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens to sell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as thosegoods were not transported on American ships.2. Lend-Lease Act enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. F.D. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US the arsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights involve government protection of individuals against discrimination based on their race,religion nation origin, gender, age, and other factors. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was honored for his effort to fight discrimination. In 1964, he won the Nobel Prize for peace.4. Star Wars program was proposed by President Reagan in 1983. The program seeks to construct a defensive “shield” against incoming missiles. The shield would be made of laser and electronic devices that would destroy such missiles launched to attack the US.5. In 1990, President Bush ordered Operation Desert Storm to punish Iraq, more than 200000 US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, and the US navy blocked all oil exports from Iraq and all imports except food.6. Under Clinton, the US enjoyed an economic growth for nine consecutive years. This phenomenon, hardly seen before, has been termed the “new economy” by some. The fundamental reason for it is that American economic structure went through essential changes because of the promotion of scientific and technological progress.Chapter 10 the Federal System and Congress1. The power of the state in the US is actually from both B and C. (the state constitution, the US Constitution)2. The supreme law of the United States includes all the above three.3. The terms of the senator and representative are six and two years respectively.4.”The 17th Amendment (1913)” provided for the direct election of senators.5. Certain presidential appointments must be approved by a majority vote in the Senate.6. All revenue or tax bills must be originated in the House.7. The Speaker of the House is second in line in presidential succession.8. In the House, the power to decide when the full House will hear the bill is vested in the Rules Committee.1. Federalism means the division of powers by a constitution between the central government and state government. It operates only on two levels, the national and the states. Units of government within a state enjoy no independent existence.2. Separation of powers in the United States means not only allocating legislative power to Congress, executive power to President and judicial power to the Supreme Court, but also giving each branch constitutional and political independence and checks and balances that ensure each of the three branches a sufficient role in the actions of the others.3. According to the Constitution, members of the House of Representatives must be25years old and must have been citizens for 7 years. Senators must be at least 30 and must have been citizens for 9 years.4. The Vice President is officially the presiding officer and is called the president of the Senate. In fact he seldom appears in the Senate chamber in this role unless it appears that there might be tie vote in the Senate. In such instances, he casts the tiebreaking vote. To deal with day-to-day business, the Senate chooses the president pro tempore.5. A senator who wants to delay action on a bill or kill it altogether may use a tactic called a filibuster. It can be cut off only through cloture.6. Lobbying is part of the citizen’s right to petition government in the US. Now there are thousands of lobbyists in Washington D.C. Their influence in making the US policy is so great that some people call them “the third house”.Chapter 11 The President and the Judiciary1. The 22nd Amendment in following limits the President to two successive terms only.2. The American President has all the following powers except declaring war on another country.3. The president’s major appointments should be approved by the Senate.4. “It requires the approval of Congress” is not correct to explain the executive agreement.5. The President’s veto can be overridden by two-third votes in both houses.6. The federal courts that regularly employ grand and petit juries are the district courts.7. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is to interpret the US constitution.8. The case involving copyright, trademark, counterfeiting, and bank robbery are usually first tried in the federal district courts.1. By law any natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years of age and of being a resident within the United States for 14years can run for the President. The duly elected and duly qualified president-elect takes office on the20th of January following his election.2. The war powers resolution (1973) requires the President to consult congress and withdraw troops after sixty days unless Congress specifically approves the continued deployment of troops.3. A federal law gave President an item veto in 1996, which is an authority to reject specific sections of a bill without having to veto the entire bill.4. The Supreme Court has the power to examine the bills passed by Congress and policies made by President, and declare them unconstitutional and thus abolish them. John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history called this power of interpretation judicial review5. There are three federal court levels: 1) the district courts 2) the courts of appeal 3) the Supreme Court. All the judges of federal courts are appointed by President with the consent of the Senate. The state court system also has a hierarchy of three levels: 1) superior courts, 2) appellate courts, 3) a state supreme court. The state court judges are usually elected. The term of the country court judges is usually four years. And the judges in higher state courts usually sever eight or twelve years for one termChapter 12 Political Parties and Elections1. The emblem of the Democratic Party is donkey.2. The first Democratic President was Thomas Jefferson.3. The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln.4. The only Democratic President who served two separate terms between the end of Civil War and 1912 was Grover Cleveland.5. The presidential candidate of the major party is nominated at the national convention.6. In the presidential election year the American voters vote on the Tues, after the 1st Mon.7. The number of the presidential electors in each state is equal to the number of its senators and Representatives.8. The American President is actually elected by presidential electors.1. Two factions emerged during the ratification of the US Constitution. One group was called Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton. They favored business development, a strong national government, and a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Another group led by Thomas Jefferson was called Democratic-Republicans. They called for a society based on small farms, a relatively weak central government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. The roots of today’s Republican Party lie in the Federalists, while the Democrats can trace their beginnings back to Antifederalists or Democratic-Republicans.2. In general, Democrats traditionally have supported workers and minorities, while the Republicans are known for known for their support of business and conservative positions on social issues.3. Before 1971 the only state that gave 18-year-old the right to vote was Georgia; all other states set the age at 21. In 1971 the 26th Amendment to the Constitution lowered the voting age to 18.4. The voting percentage now is very low in the United States. In general older people with more education and high income tend to vote, while the youth, especially aged 18 to 21, has the lowest voting percentage in the Unites States.5. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle. The candidate who wins the majority of the 538 Electoral College votes will be the US President in the next four years.。
普通CPU和服务器CPU区别及主流CPU型号服务器CPU和普通CPU的区别1、服务器CPU设计的可连续运⾏时间长,基本都是设计为能常年连续⼯作的,⽽普通桌⾯级CPU是按72个⼩时连续⼯作⽽设计的。
2、服务器CPU⽀持多路互联,简单的说就是1台机器可装很多CPU,普通桌⾯级CPU不⽀持这种⼯作⽅式。
3、服务器CPU往往⾸先运⽤先进的技术如近期才在普通桌⾯级CPU出现L3缓存,服务器CPU很早就运⽤了。
4、内部指令集⼆者也会根据不同有所差异。
5、⼆者接⼝也不同,以INTEL为例,⽬前其桌⾯级CPU为775接⼝,⽽服务器CPU则有775和771服务器CPU⼊门级的⼀般是对普通CPU做了服务器化,⽀持多路互联和长时间等,性能没有提升,价格更⾼。
⾼端则是运⽤⼤量的先进技术,价格贵。
对于服务器⽽⾔,价格占考虑因素⽐重很低,如果性能不⾜或⽆法⾜时运⾏,带来的损失将远远超过本⾝。
服务器CPU⼀般不适合家⽤和娱乐,由于其⾃⾝特性,价格⾼反⽽游戏等性能低(视具体CPU来定),⽇常家⽤也不会连续运⾏⼀周以上吧。
服务器CPU,顾名思义,就是在服务器上使⽤的CPU(Center Process Unit中央处理器)。
接触过局域⽹络的读者⼀定了解服务器是⽹络中的重要设备,要接受成千上万⽤户的访问,因此对服务器具有⼤数据量的快速吞吐、超强的稳定性、长时间运⾏等严格要求。
所以才将CPU⽐喻成计算机的“⼤脑”,同时CPU也是是衡量服务器性能的⾸要指标。
本⽂通过对两家CPU⼚商的的产品简要分析,旨在给读者朋友们⼀个认识,能与普通CPU作区别就⾏! 我们先来看看服务器CPU的⼀些特性。
⽬前,服务器的CPU仍按CPU 的指令系统来区分,通常分为CISC型CPU和RISC型CPU两类,后来⼜出现了⼀种64位的VLIM(Very Long Instruction Word超长指令集架构)指令系统的CPU。
CISC型CPUCISC是英⽂“Complex Instruction Set Computer”的缩写,中⽂意思是“复杂指令集”,它是指英特尔⽣产的x86(intel CPU的⼀种命名规范)系列CPU及其兼容CPU(其他⼚商如AMD,VIA等⽣产的CPU),它基于PC机(个⼈电脑)体系结构。