语言学客观自测练习与答案_1

练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English wordA. [r∧b ]B. [ læ b ]C. [məsta:∫]D. [lmæp]18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. Sound1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech’s seven typ es of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB.converse oppositesC. hyponymsD.contradictory6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, - male, +human, - adultD. +animate, - male, +human, +adult8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.A. DenotationB. Affective meaningC. Reflected meaningD. Connotation9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in ___A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/young17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy”they are synonyms but they have different______A. stylistic meaningB. denotative meaningC. affective meaningD. collocational meaning20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The und erlined part in the sentence is_A. agent caseB. object caseC. instrument caseD. benefactive case1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blondeThe relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. FVI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammarMost language utterances（话语）depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. SynonymsD. co-hyponyms2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.A. +animate, +human, +male, -adultB. +animate, +human, -male, -adultC. +animate, +human, +male, +adultD. +animate, +human, -male, +adult3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.A. derivational morphemesB. bound morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. free morphemes?9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats”“mouse→mice”,which are called_____.A. bound morphemeB. allomorphC. free morphemeD. minimal morpheme10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. AffixesD. Roots12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.A. phonemesB. morphsC. morphemesD. allomorphs13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have tobe combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. FreeB. BoundC. RootD. Affix14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the partof speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SufficesC. RootsD. Affixes15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.A. derived morphemesB. inflected morph.C. bound morphD. free morpheme16. Which is variable word?A. fromB. untilC. workD. and17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “国务院”experienced?A. BlendingB. AbbreviationC. BorrowingD. Back-formation18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?A. adB. editC. AIDSD. Bobo19. The word “math” is formed through ___.A. back formationB. clippingC. BlendingD. derivation20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphologysyntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.A. Syntactic relationsB. paradigmatic relationsC. Linear relationsD. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?A. Inferential ConnectiveB. Inflectional ComponentC. Immediate ConstituentD. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut?Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.A. between stone and yesterdayB. between she and brokeC. between broke and the windowD. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.A. ConcordB. Immediate constituentC. Syntagmatic relationsD. Government8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.A. BloomfieldB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Sussure9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric constructionC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tells people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing 14．F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.195719. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC. subordinateD. exocentric1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of gov ernment.3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. Wh en we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F17. The open-class words include prepositions. F18. “The boy smiled” has an exocen tric structure. T19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.A. SyntaxB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Sociolinguistics2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 63. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.A. the Speech Act TheoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.A. Locutionary actB. Illocutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.”B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.In the conversation B violets the _____.A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim 7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.B: Well, m mm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue?B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.There is a _____ violation in the conversation.A. QuantityB. QualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaningnot in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.A. You congratulate me.B. I envy you.C. I command you to put out that cigarette.D. I warned you not to go.13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech act14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. RelevanceD. Clarity15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.A. qualityB. quantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A. This bag is heavy.B. I don’t want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. I’m very happy about it.17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?A. QualityB. QuantityC. RelevanceD. Clarity18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech. 22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.A. direct speech actB. indirect speech actC. illocutionary actD. utterance23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.A. speech act theoryB. CP theory.C. communicative competenceD. linguistic competence24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.A. fourB. twoC. threeD. five25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contentC. formD. context27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpokenC. SoundD. Speech28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.A. falseB. trueC. briefD. orderly31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above32. Pragmatics is a study ofA. language learningB. language acquisitionC. language planningD. language in use33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.A. LocutionB. IllocutionC. PerlocutionD. Direct action36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.A. Speech Act TheoryB. PerlocutionC. PerformativeD. Constative37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?A. Generosity maximB. Tact maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!”What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?A. Sympathy maximB. Approbation maximC. Modesty maximD. Agreement maxim39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.A. performativeB. ConstativeC. indirect speechD. procedure40. Conversational Implicature can be___.A. CalculabilityB. CancellabilityC. Non-ConventionalityD. all of above1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. FPragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. PragmaticsIf semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaningSemantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ —hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax。

语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的规律C. 语言的使用D. 语言的发展答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的主要分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 地质学答案：D3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音节B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C4. 语言的哪一层级是研究单词如何组合成短语和句子的？A. 语音层B. 形态层C. 句法层D. 语义层5. 语言学中的“同音词”是指什么？A. 拼写相同但意义不同的词B. 意义相同但拼写不同的词C. 拼写和意义都相同的词D. 拼写不同但意义相同的词答案：A6. 语言的哪一层级是研究语言的意义和语境的？A. 语音层B. 句法层C. 语义层D. 语用层答案：D7. 语言学中的“方言”是指什么？A. 一种语言的不同变体B. 一种语言的书面形式C. 一种语言的口头形式D. 一种语言的古形式答案：A8. 语言学中的“语言接触”通常指的是什么？A. 不同语言之间的交流B. 语言的演变过程C. 语言的起源D. 语言的标准化答案：A9. 语言的哪一层级是研究语言的声音特征的？B. 语义层C. 语音层D. 语用层答案：C10. 语言学中的“借词”是指什么？A. 从其他语言借来的词B. 从本族语中派生的词C. 从古语中保留下来的词D. 从方言中借用的词答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学中的“______”是指语言的物理表现形式。

答案：语音2. 语言的“______”是指语言的最小意义单位。

答案：语素3. 语言学中的“______”是指研究语言如何表达意义的学科。

答案：语义学4. “______”是指语言中词的形态变化。

答案：形态5. “______”是指语言中词的组合规则。

答案：句法6. “______”是指语言中词的意义和语境的关系。

答案：语用学7. “______”是指一种语言内部的地域性变体。

一,名词解释(10分,每词2分)1 语言2 说话3 交际工具4 社会现象5 思维参考答案:1.语言语言是人类最重要的交际工具,也是思维的工具.2.说话说话就是运用有声语言这个工具表达自己思想的一种行为.3.交际工具人与人交流时所使用的用来沟通思想的工具,例如语言就是交际工具.4.社会现象就是指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生,存在和发展密切联系的现象.5.思维是在表象,概念的基础上进行分析,综合,判断,推理等认识活动的过程,是人类社会特有的一种精神活动.二,填空题(20分,每空1分)1 人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动,而且人类有 ,这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。

2 一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和是十分有限的。

3 语言是人类社会的，而且也是思维的。

4 在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。

例如汉民族点头表示，摇头表示，送别时挥手表示，表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示，手舞足蹈表示。

5 人的大脑分为左右两个半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的。

6 汉语的姐姐、妹妹，英语都用表示，汉语的叔叔、伯伯、舅舅、姨父、姑父英语用表示。

7 英语可以直接用数次修饰名词，汉语数次修饰名词一般要加上一个。

8 儿童最早的直立活动就是学习。

9 语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有，没有。

10 语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是，说话是个人的；语言是抽象的，说话是。

参考答案：1.语言2.规则3.交际工具工具4.肯定否定再见鼓掌愤怒兴奋5.左直观思维6.sister uncle7.量词8.语言9.全民性阶级性10.社会的具体三,判断题(20分,每小题1分)(只判断正误即可)1 语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

（）2 文字是人类最重要的交际工具。

（）3 地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是具有阶级性的。

（）4 语言具有自然属性，是自然现象。

语言学纲要自测题1第五章词义一、名词解释1、词汇2、同义词3、反义词4、多义词二、填空题1、语言的词汇有一个核心，这就是____。

2、语言词汇中除了基本词汇以外的词构成语言的，它的主要特点是____：不是全民常用的，或者虽然在短时期内为全民所常用，但不稳固，一般没有构词能力或者构词能力比较弱。

3、掌握一种语言的词，核心的问题是要把词的____和词的____联系起来。

4、语言的意义可以分为两类，由词的语法关系产生的意义叫____，人们对现实现象的反映以及由此带来的人们对现实现象的主观评价，叫作____，简称____。

5、以现实现象作基础，不涉及人们主观态度的词义是词的____。

它是词义的核心部分。

6、对于同样的现实现象，人们的主观态度可以不同，因而在形成理性意义的时候可以带进人们的主观态度，这就给词义加上了一层____。

7、词义对现实现象的反映是一种抽象的、概括的反映，而____、____和____则是这种概括性的三个重要表现形式。

8、一个词的意义只概括反映某一类现实现象，这类词是____，一个词概括反映相互有联系的几类现实现象，这类词是____。

9、词的有历史可查的最初的意义叫作____，它是产生这个词的其他意义的基础。

10、由本义衍生出来的意义叫作____。

11、离开上下文，一般人首先想到的某个词的意义，是这个词的____。

12、词义完全相同的词，又叫____。

13、语言中的等义词大多是借用____或____的结果。

14、____的各个意义所反映的现实现象必须是相同的，或者基本上相同的。

15、词义包含理性意义和____两方面。

同义词的"同"，是指理性意义相同或基本相同。

16、反义词的意义所反映的都是同类现象中的两个____的方面。

17、词义所概括的现实现象有各种不同的关系，同义是____关系，反义是____关系。

18、反义词必须以共同的____为前提，反义词在修辞上有____作用，可利用来揭露矛盾，突出对立面。

语言学教程测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语篇答案：A4. 语言的三大功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 表达功能B. 交际功能C. 思考功能D. 娱乐功能答案：D5. 下列哪个术语用于描述一个语言项目在特定语境中的意义？A. 语义B. 句法C. 语音D. 语用答案：D6. 语言的系统性表现在哪些方面？A. 语言规则B. 语言结构C. 语言使用D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的变异性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 地域B. 社会C. 时间D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的任意性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言的变异性答案：C9. 语言的双重性是指什么？A. 语言的规则性与变异性B. 语言的任意性与象似性C. 语言的表达性与交际性D. 语言的系统性与使用性答案：B10. 下列哪个术语描述了语言符号与其所指对象之间的关系？A. 语义关系B. 句法关系C. 语音关系D. 语用关系答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的四大分支包括语音学、语法学、_______和语用学。

答案：语义学2. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系。

答案：任意3. 语言的_______性是指语言符号与其所指对象之间存在某种程度的相似性。

答案：象似4. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于表达思想和情感。

答案：表达5. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于传递信息和交流思想。

答案：交际6. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于思考和认识世界。

答案：认知7. 语言的_______功能是指语言用于社会互动和建立社会关系。

语言学测试试题答案Concise Linguistics (1)Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good proof that human language is ______.A. arbitraryB. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productive2. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ______.A. phrase structureB. surface structureC. syntactic structureD. deep structure3. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ______.A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy4. The utterance …We?re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.? obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner5. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates _______. A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animalcommunication6. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk7.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ for mula "S→NP VP".A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. vertical8. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives10. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative11.Chomsky uses the term _______to refer to the actual realization of alanguage user?s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance12. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by_______in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday13. Synonyms are cla ssified into several kinds. The kind to which …girl? and …lass? belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational14. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express thepsychological state specified in the utterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives15. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___.()A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms16. A word with several meanings is called __word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple17. The function of the s entence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative18. The se mantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, -male, +human, -adultD. +animate, -male, +human, +adult19. The kind of antonymy between "married "and "single" is one of__________.(A) converseness(B) relational opposites(C) complementarity (D) gradable opposites20. …This orphan has a father? is a case of ________(A) inconsistency (B) presupposition(C)semantic anomaly (D) tautology21. According to Austin , a speaker, while making an utterance, is in most cases performing _______ acts simultaneously.(A) two(B) three(C)four(D)five22. …Your money or your life?" is an example of _________(A)declarations (B) expressives(C)commissives (D) directives.23.______ are also called rewrite rules.(A) phonological rules(B) morphological rules(C) phrase structure rules(D) transformational rules24.The major components of a transformational grammar are __________(A) syntactic, phonological, and semantic(B)base, deep structure, and surface structure(C)deletion, copying ,addition, and reordering(D)generation and transformation25. …Rotten, addle, rancid, sour? can be best described as _________(A) dialectal synonyms(B) collocationally-restricted synonyms(C) words differing in …styles? or …registers?(D) words differing in emotive or evaluative meaningⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followin g statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)1. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language,linguists have to observe and collect linguistic facts before they can do anything else.2. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.3. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a free morpheme.4. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics.5. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the Cooperative principle proposed by J. Grice.6. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.7. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8. Referent is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.9. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of language as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.10. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description ofa language at some point of time is called a synchronic study of language.11. An essential difference between consonants and vowels is whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with any obstruction when a sound is produced.12. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words arecalled bound morpheme.13. XP may contain more than just X. For example, the NP "the boy who likes his puppy" consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the specifier, N the head and S the complement.14. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The word that is more general in meaning is called superordinate.15. V owels can be nasalized. The vowel nasalization rule is an assimilation rule, which, for the most part, is caused by articulatory or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.16.Clear ［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in complementary distribution.17. A root is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.18. A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.19. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)(T ) 1.Radar is an example of acronym.(T ) 2.What is a permissible sequence in one language may not be so in another language.( F) 3.English has only three bilabials,which are [p][b][m]. ([W]) (T) 4.Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two possible ways: phonemic contrast and complementary distribution.(F ) 5.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. (The opposite is right.) ( T) 6.Bloomfield's theory of syntax has two central ideas: one is the notion of discovering procedures and the other is that of constituent structure.( F ) 7.A compound is the combination of only two words. (It can combine more than two words, e.g. stay-at-home ) (T ) 8.Transformational rules are also called rewrite rules.( T) 9. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today?s world that can only be spoken, but not written.(F ) 10.The task of the semantic component is to convert deep structures into surface structures. (transformational component)(T ) 11.Sense relations are in fact a part of the semantic structures of English.( F) 12. In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent. (aspirated)(F )13. Linguists suggest that language is very variable phenomenon, and that this variability is not governed by any rules. That is one of the reasons why we say language is arbitrary. (The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good proof that human language is arbitrary.)(F ) 14.Chomsky thinks that human beings are innately endowed with the capacity to form some concepts rather than others. (…form universal concepts.)(F) 15. The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception. (…not necessarily…. e.g. …Eight-year-old? is an adjective.)(T ) 16. The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.(T ) 17. The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.(T ) 18. Searle?s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.(T )19. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is thatphonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.(F ) 20. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. (Not necessarily. e.g. open-minded, stay-at-home, etc.)(T ) 21. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( F) 22. According to Searle's classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of directives. (Promising falls into the category of commissives.)Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or twoexamples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)1. cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learnt. (P11)2. phonic medium of languageThe limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds. (P13)3. inflectional morphemesInflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate thegrammatical relations and categories, such as number, tense, degree and case. E.g.-ed,-(e)s,-est in English. workers, children; walking, walked; biggest ; John?s. (P37)4. suprasegmental featuresSuprasegmental features refers to the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments (phoneme), they are phonological properties of such linguistic units as syllable, word and sentence. The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. (P28)5. locutionary actLocutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.6. bound morphemesThe morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called bound morpheme. For example, -s in dogs, -al in national, and dis- n disclose, cannot occur alone. (P35)7.duality of structureLinguists refer duality (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first,higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhanglin et al. (p.6), language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor. (P11)8. hyponymyHyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items.The word that is more general in meaning is called superordinate.9. surface structureThere are two levels of syntactic structure, deep structure and surface structure. Surface structure correspond to the finalsyntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations. (P57)10. assimilation ruleThe …assimilation rule? assimilates one segment to another by …copying? afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones more similar.(This rule accounts for the raring pronunciation of the nasal[n] that occurs within a word. The rule is that within a word the nasal consonant[n] assumes the same place of articulation as the following consonant. The negative prefix “in-“ serves as a good example. It may be pronounced as [in], or [im] when occurring in different phonetic contexts: e. g., indiscrete-[ ](alveolar) inconceivable-[ ](velar) input-[…imput](bilabial)) (P27) The …deletion rule?tells us when a sound is to be deleted although is orthographically represented. While the letter …g?is mute in …sign?, …design?and …paradigm?, it is pronounced in their corresponding derivatives: …signature?, …designation?and …paradigmatic?. The rule then can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. This accounts for some of the seeming irregularities of the English spelling. (P28)11. rootA root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. A “root” is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed witho ut total loss of identity. In other words, a “root”is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed. “Internationalism” is a four-morpheme derivative which keepsits free morpheme “nation” as its root when “ inter-”, “-al” and “-ism” are tak en away. (P35)12. narrow transcriptionIn handbook of phonetics, Henry Sweet made a distinction between “narrow” and “broad” transcriptions, which he called “Narrow Romic”. The former was meant to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation while Broad Romic or transcription was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.13. stemA “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. It may be the same as, and in other cases, different from, a root. For example, in the word “friends”, “friend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “friendships”, “friendships” is its stem, “friend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlfriend” ,e tc. (P35)14. derivational affixesA kind of bound morphemes, added to existing forms to create new words. There are three kinds according to position in the new words: prefix, suffix and infix. (P35)15. predication…Predication analysis? is a new approach for sentential meaning analysis. …Predication? is usually considered an important common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Predication is to break down the sentence into their smaller constituents: argument (logical participant) and predicate (relation element). The …predicate?is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. We may nowdistinguish a …two-place predicate?(which governs two argu ments, e.g., subject and object), a …one-place predicate?(which governs one argument, i.e., subject) and a …no-place predicate?that has simply no argument(no real subject or object).Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)1. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.2. One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to? Give examples if necessary. (10 points)By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds (see I .1). A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be somesound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “bang”, “crash”, “roar”, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds (words compounded to be one word) are not entirely arbitrary either. “Type” and“write” are opaque or unmotivated words, while “type-writer” is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degre e.3. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.…Suprasegmental phonology?refers to the study ofphonological properties of linguistic units larger than the segment called phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.Hu Zhuanglin et al.,(p,73) includes stress, length and pitch as what they suppose to b e “principal suprasegmental features”, calling the concurrent patterning of three “intonation”. Dai Weidong(pp23-25) lists three also, but they are stress, tone and intonation.4. Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.5. What is the speech act theory advanced by John Austin? Please give examples for illustration.Speech act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically, they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it isoften used to “do things”, to perform ac ts. Austin suggests three basic senses in which in saying something one is doing something and three kinds of acts are performed simultaneously: locutionary act言内行为:------the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. I t’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and /doc/c93918915.html,ly.,the act of saying something :the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.言内行为指的是用句子来叙述，报告，描写。

语言学客观自测练习及答案 1I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _________.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC. subjectiveD. Latin-based2. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ________.A. abnormalB. something to be fearedC.naturalD. unnatural3.Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate？A. [dV]B.[tF]C.[z]D.[T]4.There are ___________morphemes in the word “disabled”？A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English，“dis-“ is called________？A. a free morphemeB. a suffixC. an infixD. a prefix6.Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ____ variety of the English language.A. regionalB. ethnicC. socialD. lower class7.The pair of words “alive” and “dead” are _____________.A. gradable antonymsB. complementary antonymsC. relational oppositesD. co-hyponyms8.____ belong（s）to the Indo-European language family.A. EnglishB. GermanC. FrenchD. All of them9.The sentence “Kids like apples” is a___________.A.two-place predicationB.three-place predicationC.no-place predicationD.one-place predication10.What is the construction of the sentence：“The baby smiled？”A. subordinateB. coordinateC. exocentricD. endocentricII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）nguage is a system of a ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.12.The linguistic study of meaning in the context of use is called p____________.13.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ study.14.According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure，p___________ refers to the realization of language in actual use.15.The three branches of phonetics are labelled a____________ phonetics，auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.16.M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.17.S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.18.The term a________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19.S________ is the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts.20.Variation in language use associated with the sex of individual speakers is called g__________varieties.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）petence and performance mean，to N. Chomsky，much the same thing.22.The basic difference between a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.23.In English，nouns，verbs，prepositions and adverbs are open classes since we can regularly add new words to these classes.24.Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.25.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.26.“It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.27.Idiolect is the stylistic variation in a person’s speech，or writing，usually ranges ona continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite.28.Bilingualism describes a situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community，each with a distinct range of social function and appropriate for certain situations.missive，a type of illocutionary speech acts by Searle，means bringing about immediate changes by saying something.30.Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning；the former is concrete and context-dependent and the latter is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B2. C3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. D9. A10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. arbitrary12. pragmatics13. diachronic14. parole15. articulatory16. Morpheme17. Syntax18. Antonymy19. Sociolinguistics20. genderIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. T23. F24. F25. T26. F27. F28. F29. F30. T语言学客观自测练习及答案 2发布人：圣才学习网发布日期：2010-08-16 10:20 共99人浏览[大] [中] [小]I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.F. de Saussure is a（n）_________ linguist.A. AmericanB. SwissC. BritishD. Russian2. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop？A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]3. Of the “words” listed below，__________ is not an English word.A. [spriN]B. [lkbi]C.[strikt]D. [5U：ziz]4. The affixes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-ing，-est” are called __________.A. derivational affixesB. free morphemesC. inflectional affixesD. roots5. The sentence containing two clauses joined by a linking word is called a ____________ sentence.A. coordinateB. simpleC. subordinateD. embedded6. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory.A. mentalismB. contextualismC. conceptualismD. naming theory7. The semantic relationship between flower and rose is _______.A.hyponymsB. hyponymyC. co-hyponymsD. superordinate8. The words such as handbook and highway are ___________.A. formed by blendingB. coined by back-formationC. compound wordsD. derivations9. X-bar theory is __________________.A.highly specific and concrete，therefore only useful to solve concrete problemsB.capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rulesC.so highly abstract that it can explain all the properties of all phrasal categoriesD.inefficient in coping with the language structures other than those of English10. The words “railway” and “railroad” are __________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB.synonyms differing in stylesC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in registerII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. A person who studies linguistics is called a l____________.12.M_________ is the linguistic study of how morphemes are combined to form words.13. In modern linguistics，s__________ is considered primary over writing.14. There are two ways to classify consonants：by place of articulation and by m___________ of articulation.15. S_________ is the linguistic study of meaning in abstraction.16. H___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.17. The study of language with reference to the workings of the mind is called p________.18. Vowels can be classified by the position of the tongue，openness of the mouth and l_________ of the sound.19. The notion of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism is called the S_________ hypothesis.20. An e___________ is a mild，indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh or unpleasant.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. English language is a tone language.22. A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use such as obscene，profane and swear words.23. Chinese is thought to be the first language by most linguists.24. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.25. Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional，social and stylistic variation.26. It is generally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into the periods of old English and modern English.27. A locutionary act of Speech Act Theory is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.28. According to predication analysis，in the sentence “The man beat the dog.”，the word “beat” is called predic ate，and the words “man” and “dog” are called arguments.29.[f] is a dental consonant.30. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. D7.B8.C9. B10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given. （1%X10=10%）11. linguist12. Morphology13. speech14. manner15. Semantics16. Homonymy17. psycholinguistics18. length19. Sapir-whorf20. euphemismIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. T23. F24. F25. T26. F27.F28.T29.F30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 3I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as ___________ linguistics.A. comparativeB. appliedC. synchronicD. diachronic2.N. Chomsky is a famous _____________ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. GreekD. Swiss3.In the following sounds ___________ is a voiceless affricate.A. [d]B.[l]C. [tF]D. [w]4.In English，“pill” and “bill” are___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair5.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morpheme（s）A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6.In English the letter combination “care” in the word “carelessness” is called___________.A. suffixB. prefixC. infixD. free morpheme7. A word with several meaning is called _________.A. a synonymous wordB. a polysemous wordC. an abnormal wordD. none of the above8.We call the relation between “animal” and “tiger” as ___________.A. polysemyB. synonymyC. hyponymyD. homophony9.The pair of words “let’ and “rent” is called ___________.A. relational oppositesB. gradable antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms10.Which description of the meaning components of the word “mother” is right.A. [+human，+adult，+male]B. [-human，+adult，+male]C. [+human，+adult，-male]D. [+human，-adult，-male]第二部分非选择题II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. P________ is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.12. M________is the study of the way in which words are formed.13. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use，it is said to be d__________.14. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_________ study.15. Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c________ and performance by the linguist N. Chomsky.16. Language is p________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses.17. The English sounds [m]，[n] and [N] are called n_______ consonants.18. The morphemes suc h as “-en”，“dis-”and “–ism” are called b_______ morphemes.19. The words of a sentence are produced one after another in a sequence is thel____________ structure of a sentence.20. Jane Austin’s Speech Act Theory includes locutionary act，illocutionary act andp_______ act.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Our mother tongue Chinese is a tone language.22. We were all born with the ability to acquire language，so the details of any language system are genetically transmitted，and not to be taught and learned.23. The English sounds [ai]，[au][Ci][iE] and [tF] are called diphthongs.24. The morphemes “dog”，“able” and “quick” are free morphemes.25. The contextualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to but they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms.27. The relation between the words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms.28. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning，it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a specific context.29. The maxim of manner by CP is to say what you believe to be true.30. Black English is the widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language.Reference answersI.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.C2. A3. C4. D5.C6. D7.B8. C9.A10. CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11.Phonetics12. Morphology13. descriptive14. diachronic15. competence16. productive17. nasal18. bound19. linear20. perlocutionaryIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21.T22. F23. F24.T25. F26.F27.F28.T29.F30.T语言学客观自测练习及答案 4I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.The word “language” is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language called _________.A. colloquial languageB. scientific languageC. standard languageD. idiolect2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？A. bangB. photoC. typewriterD. rumble3.Which of the following sounds is a diphthong？A. [ai]B. [t]C[dV] D. [A]4.“hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dog5.There are _________morphemes in the word” frightening”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four6. In English，“-ate” and “dis-“ are called _________.A. PrefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. affixes7.The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ______ construc tion.A. complexB. coordinateC. embeddedD. subordinate8. The illocutionary act of the utterance “ I promise to come.” is a_______.A. representativeB. expressiveC. declarationD. commissive9.Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity？A. hot/coldB. doctor/patientC. single/married d. husband /wife10. Which part of the brain is generally considered to control language and speech.A. left hemisphereB. right hemisphereC. front hemisphereD. back hemisphereII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inOne word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal s________ used for human communication.12. A linguistic study is p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour.13. Generally speaking，we can divide p______ into at least three branches：articulatory phonetics，acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.14. The speech sounds can be divided into two broad categories：v_________ and consonants.15. M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.16. S___________ is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.17. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of m______.18. The term a__________ is used for oppositeness of meaning.19. A predication usually consists of a________ and predicate.20. The Cooperative Principle includes four maxims：the maxim of q_______，the maxim of quality，the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in isolation.22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary，not the spoken language.23. According to the Swiss linguist Saussure，langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.24. The English sound[m] is a bilabial nasal.25. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “ a house which is green in colour.”26. The morphemes such as “room” and “help” are free morphemes.27. The meanings of compound words generally can not be worked out by looking at the meanings of the constituent words.28. The words of a sentence are only structured in the linear order.29. The word “man” is analyzed as comprising the semantic features of [+human，+adult，+male].30. In general，the right hemisphere of brain controls the right side of the body，the left hemisphere of the brain controls the left side of the body.Reference answersI.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.D2. B3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. C10.AII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11.symbols12. prescriptive13. phonetics14. vowels15. Morpheme16. Syntax17. meaning18. antonymy19. argument20. quantityIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F22. F23. T24. T25. F26.T27. T28.F29. T30. F语言学客观自测练习及答案 5I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Modern linguistics give priority to speech because _____________.A. speech sounds are derived from writing systemsB. The spoken form is more basic than the written formC. Writing precedes speech in English languageD. All the languages today have both spoken and written forms.2.In the following sounds，_________ is a glottal sound.A：[h] B. [k] C. [g] D.[n]3.Of the words listed below，________ is not an English word.A. [blik] B [bilk] C. [kilb] D. [skw]4.In English，the root “tele” means _________.A. seeing，sightB. a branch of learningC. distant，farD. small in size5.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred to as __________.A. blendingB. BilingualismC. clippingD. pidginization6.The function of the sentence “ A sunny day，isn’t it？” is __________.A. informativeB. interrogativeC. expressiveD. phatic7. ___________ are language varieties related to the use in particular speech situation.A. Education varietiesB. Age varietiesC. Gender varietiesD. Register varieties8.There are _________ mo rphemes in the word “ disabled”.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four9.Which of the following two-term sets is relational opposite？A. old/youngB. alive/deadC. teacher/pupilD. hot/cold10.The words such as “smog”，and “motel” are __________.A. compound wordsB. abbreviated wordsC. formed by blendingD. coined by backformation.II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inOne word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s_________ study.12. P_________ is the actual realization of the ideal user’s kno wledge in linguistic communication.13. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c_______.14. English speech sounds can be classified into vowels and c__________.15. The affixes indicating number，tense，degree and case are i________ affixes.16. S______ can be simply defined as the study of meaning.17. H_______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.18. Selectional r___________ constrain what lexical items can go with others.19. A l______ act is the act of uttering words，phrases and clauses.20. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis includes the notion of linguistic d______ and linguistic relativism.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of language that can be used independently.22. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.23. Arbitrariness is one main design feature of language，so all the words in English are entirely arbitrary.24. The different phonemes which can represent a phone in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.25. The words “gym”，“lab” and “Dr.” are all the words formed through clipping.26. The word “flower” is the superordinate of the hyponyms “rose”，“tulip” and “lily”.27. A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established a s a native language in some speech community.28. The illocutionary force of “I appoint you chairman of the committee” is a commissi ve.29. Psychological research suggests that the left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere because left brain controls language and analytic reasoning.30. Language is always necessary for the functioning of thought because thinking can’t take place without language.Reference answersI. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C orD in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.B.2. A3. D4. C5. B6. D7. D8. C9. C10.CII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only，and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%X10=10%）11. synchronic12. Performance13. communication14. consonants15. inflectional16. Semantics17. Homonymy18. restrictions19. locutionary20. determinismIII. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%X10=20%）21. F 2. T23.F24.F25.F26.T27.T28.F29.F30.F语言学客观自测练习及答案 61I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C or D in the brackets. （2%X10=20%）1.Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists？A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used ona certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when they use language？D.To investigate the social aspects of language.2. Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation ofnew signals by its users.A. systematicB. culturally transmittedC. intuitiveD. productive3. ____________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.A. WideB. NarrowC. BroadD. Detailed4.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in ______________ .A. the pharyngeal cavityB. the oral cavityC. the nasal cavityD. all of the above5. ___________ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.A. PhonologyB. SemanticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology6.The word “refreshment” contains ___________ morpheme（s）.A. zeroB. oneC. twoD. three7.The central element in a simple sentence，or in each clause，is the _____________.A. subjectB. finite verbC. objectD. adverbial8.The syntactic rules of any language are ___________ in number.A. infiniteB. finiteC. largeD. definite9. Which pair of antonyms differs from other pairs？A. above，belowB. sell，buyC. teacher，pupilD. hot，cold10. What is the sentential relation between “He likes swimming.” and “He likes sports.”？A. PresuppositionB. Entailment。

语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 文学作品B. 语言C. 社会文化D. 人类行为答案：B2. 以下哪个选项不属于语音学的研究范畴？A. 音素B. 音节C. 语法D. 音调答案：C3. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 词汇B. 语素C. 句子D. 篇章答案：B4. 以下哪个选项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会认同D. 文学创作答案：D5. 语言的演变主要受哪些因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 科技发展C. 地理环境D. 所有以上答案：D6. 以下哪个选项不属于句法学的研究内容？A. 句子结构B. 词类C. 语音变化D. 句型答案：C7. 语言的同义现象指的是什么？A. 同音异义词B. 同形异义词C. 同义异形词D. 反义词答案：C8. 以下哪个选项不是语言的变异现象？A. 地域方言B. 社会方言C. 个人语言风格D. 语言的标准化答案：D9. 语言的符号性特征主要体现在哪个方面？A. 声音的物理性质B. 符号与意义的关系C. 符号的书写形式D. 符号的使用频率答案：B10. 以下哪个选项不是语言接触的结果？A. 借用B. 语言融合C. 语言分化D. 语言灭绝答案：D1. 语言是一种______的社会现象，它是人类最重要的______工具。

答案：社会性；交际2. 语言的任意性是指语言的______和______之间没有必然的、逻辑的联系。

答案：形式；意义3. 语言的双轨制指的是______和______。

答案：语言；言语4. 语言的层级结构包括______、______、______等。

答案：音系层；词汇层；句法层5. 语言的同化现象是指外来词在______语言中逐渐失去原有的______特征。

答案：借入；语音6. 语言的规范化是指通过______、______等手段，使语言的使用更加______和______。

答案：立法；教育；统一；规范7. 语言的交际功能包括______、______、______等。

选择题1、和“聚合关系”概念相近的是（）。

A、类比关系B、搭配关系C、拼合关系D、组合关系2、以下概念属于聚合关系的是（）。

A、动宾B、偏正C、动词D、联合3、以下概念属于组合关系的是（）。

A、主谓B、形容词C、宾语D、单纯词4、下列语言单位都属于词的是（）。

A、语言、饭菜、（英语）classsroom（教室）、（俄语）книга（书）B、劳动、进步、（英语）light ?wave（光波）、（日语）わたくし（我）C、学习、大树、（英语）bathroom（浴室）、（俄语）родина（祖国）D、朋友、老师、（英语）civilization（文明）、（日语）本（书）5、下列语言单位都属于语素的是（）。

A、看、听、萄、（英语）un-（非）B、友、谊、视、（英语）-er（者）C、你、我、他、（英语）-ght D、沙发、琵琶、玫瑰、（英语）happiness（幸福）6、下列语法形式变化属于异根法的一组是（）。

A、（英语）book?books work?workedB、tooth?teeth foot?feetC、good?better I?meD、走?走走看?看看选择题答案1、A2、C3、A4、D5、B问答题1、自由词组和固定词组有何区别？2、如何区别构词后缀和构形后缀（词尾）？3、什么是内部曲折？4、什么是形态？5、什么是语法手段？问答题答案1、自由词组是人们根据表达需要按照语法规则临时组合而成的词组，如：我们今天上午学习、你们明天下午开会，等。

固定词组是成份一般不能更换、增删，次序不能颠倒、语法结构中的作用相当于词的词组，如专名、成语、谚语、警句等。

2、构词后缀和构形后缀（词尾）都是附在词干后面的成份，但它们是两种性质不同的语言成份。

构词后缀主要用来构成派生词，它有词汇意义，有时也表示一定的语法意义。

如：汉语中的“者”放在动词形容词（或语素）后面表示跟这个动作形状有关的人?作者、编者、长者、工作者、劳动者，等等。