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高考英语词汇手册P1 (7)1. abandom—the abandoned baby/city被抛弃的孩子/被废弃的城市sb abandon doing sth 放弃做。
2. ability—a person with high ability ; 一个能力高强的人have ability to do,有能力去做。
able—be able to do 有能力去做。
3. about—what/how about (doing)sth ; 做某事怎么样啊; sb be about to do某人正要做。
4. above—above all 最重要的是5. abroad—go/study abroad 去国外/ 到国外留学6. absent——sb be absent from school/work某人不上班/课7. absorb—sb be absorbed in (doing)sth某人沉迷于做。
P2(8)1. academic—academic achievement 学术上的成就2. access—sb have/get access to spl某人有机会接近/进入某处3. accident—meet with an accident ；某人遇到事by accident意外地4. accomplish – accomplish doing 完成做。
5. according --- according to sth 根据。
6. account—sth account for sth 某事解释了某事7. accuse—accuse sb of sth 因为某事指责某人8. accustom—sb be/get accustomed to doing某人习惯于做。
P3(7)1. achieve—achieve success/nothing取得成功/ 一事无成2. achievement—make achievements 取得成就3. acid—acid rain 酸雨4. act --- act as 充当5. action—take action to do; 采取行动做。
精解名题
例1（1）如果把上升20m 记作+20m ，那么下降15m 记作 。
（2）海平面的高度一般用 m 表示，比海平面高8848m 的山峰处，它的高度记作海拔 m ，比海平面低11034m 的海沟处，它的高度记作海拔 m 。
（3）粮食产量增产12%，记作+12%，则减产8%记作 。
例2 某次考试成绩平均85分，以85分为标准，老师将某一小组10名同学的成绩简记为： +9，-7，+10，+15，0，—13，—12，－4，+11，－7,则这10名同学的总成绩为多少？
例3 表达出下列语句所表示的意义：
（1）向东走－100米
（2）气温上升－3℃
（3）支出－100元
例4 下列所画数轴对不对？如果不对，指出错在哪里．
例5 试一试：用你画的数轴上的点表示4，1.5，-3，-
73，0
例6.有4个数，最小的是a ，每相邻两个数之间的差是3，这四个数的和是多少？
例7.一盒糖连盒重1100克，吃掉一半后，连盒重w 克，糖重几克？ ①②-1021③④0
⑤0⑥0⑦0。
杨浦新王牌一．【知识回顾】<1>向量的相关概念：1.向量的概念：既有大小又有方向的量(注意向量和数量的区别) (1)向量的基本要素：大小和方向.(2)向量的表示：几何表示法AB u u u r ；符号表示法a ；坐标表示法),(y x j y i x a(3)向量的长度：即向量的大小，记作｜a｜.2.零向量：长度为0的向量叫零向量，记作0，注意零向量的方向是任意的；3.单位向量：长度为一个单位长度的向量叫做单位向量(与AB u u u r 共线的单位向量是||AB AB )；4.相等向量：长度相等且方向相同的两个向量叫相等向量，相等向量有传递性；),(),(2211y x y x 2121y y x x5.平行向量（也叫共线向量）：方向相同或相反的非零向量a 、b 叫做平行向量，记作：a ∥b，【注：①相等向量一定是共线向量，但共线向量不一定相等；②两个向量平行与与两条直线平行是不同的两个概念：两个向量平行包含两个向量共线, 但两条直线平行不包含两条直线重合；③平行向量无传递性！（因有0r)，规定零向量和任何向量平行；④三点A B C 、、共线 AB AC u u u r u u u r、共线；】6.相反向量：长度相等方向相反的向量叫做相反向量。
a 的相反向量是a.<2>向量的运算:向量的加减法，数与向量的乘积，向量的数量积（内积或点积）及其各运算的坐标表示和性质：<3>重要定理、公式：(1) 平面向量基本定理:21,e e是同一平面内两个不共线的向量，那么，对于这个平面内任一向量，有且仅有一对实数21, ，使2211e e a(2)两个向量平行的充要条件a ∥b a＝b 01221 y x y x(3)两个向量垂直的充要条件a ⊥b a ·b＝O 02121 y y x x(4)线段的定比分点公式设点P 分有向线段21P P 所成的比为 ，即P P 1＝2PP ，则OP ＝111OP ＋112OP (线段的定比分点的向量公式).1,12121y y y x x x (线段定比分点的坐标公式) 当1 时，得中点公式：OP ＝21（1OP ＋2OP ）或.2,22121y y y x x x二．【热身练习】（1）若向量a r ，b r 满足12a b r r ，且a r 与b r 的夹角为3，则a b r r _____________ （2）设向量(12)(23) ，，，a b ，若向量 a b 与向量(47) ，c 共线，则 _____________（3）a r ，b r 的夹角为120 ，1a r ，3b r 则5a b r r_____________（4）已知平面向量(2,4)a r ，(1,2)b r ．若()c a a b b r r r r r ，则||c r_____________（5）在平行四边形ABCD 中，AC 为一条对角线，若(2,4)AB u u u r ，(1,3)AC u u u r ,则BD u u u r_____________ （6）已知向量a 与b 的夹角为120o，且4 a b ，那么)2(b a b的值为_____________三．【例题讲解】A CBDEA ．2133b cB ．5233c b C ．2133b cD ．1233b c （2）在平行四边形ABCD 中，AC 与BD 交于点O E ，是线段OD 的中点，AE 的延长线与CD 交于点F ．若AC u u u r a ，BD u u u r b ，则AF u u u r（ ）A ．1142 a b B ．2133a bC ．1124 a bD ．1233 a b （3）设D 、E 、F 分别是△ABC 的三边BC 、CA 、AB 上的点，且2,DC BD u u u r u u u r 2,CE EA u u u r u u u r 2,AF FB u u u r u u u r则AD BE CF u u u r u u u r u u u r 与BC uuu r( )A.反向平行B.同向平行C.互相垂直D.既不平行也不垂直（4)设D 是ABC 边BC 延长线上一点，记AC AB AD )1( .若关于x 的方程22sin (1)sin 10x x 在[0,2) 上恰有两解，则实数 的取值范围是（ ）A. 2B. 4C. 122D. 4 或122（5）已知22,,1A B C x y 是圆上不同的三个点，0OA OB u u u r u u u r ，若存在, 实数使得OC u u u r=OA OB u u u r u u u r ，则, 的关系为（ ）A ． 221 ；B ．111；C ．1 ；D ． 1 ．<7> <8>(6)（C 闵行）（理）如图，△ABC 中,4AB ,AC =8, 60 BAC ，延长CB 到D ，使BA BD ，当E 点在线段AD上移动时，若AC AB AE ，则 t 的最大值是 .(7)（C 崇明）给定两个长度为1的平面向量OA 和OB ，它们的夹角为 120.如图所示，点C 在以O 为圆心的圆弧AB 上变动.若OB y OA x OC ，其中R y x ,，则y x 的取值范围是BCOA。
例题7.The situation in Iraq is so dangerous our government has _________ the worker ________there.A. forbidden, to goB. demanded, not to goC. kept, goingD. required, not going例题8.In our childhood, we were often _____ by our strict Grandma to pay attention to our table manners.A. demandedB. remindedC. allowedD. hoped44.Insist vt.1)Insist on doing2)My daughter insists on having dinner before 6 o’clock.3)Indians insist that they should not use paper in the toilet.4)Indians insist that using water is better than paper.例题1.The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A.findB. to findC.on findingD.in finding例题2.The old man insisted that the young man ____ his money and ____ to the policeman.A.had stolen; be sentB. should steal; should be sentC. had stolen; was sentD. should steal; was sent45.reward vt.1)Mother rewarded me ______ an IPAD.2)I was rewarded _______ the good exam results.46.rewarding adj.1)The discussion between the United States and China has been rewarding.2)Papa gave me a camera and a lot of $$$ today. It is a rewarding day.47.Mean adj. Vt.1)In Venezuela, having a surgery means being positive towards life.2)With her beauty, Stefania was meant to be Miss Universe.3)Many people in Asia mean to go to Venezuela for better appearance every year.4)Some South American women are meant for the Venezuelan Beauty Pageant (选美比赛).5)They say Sousa is very mean to those girls.6)the means of …7)_____ means of …8)by all means9)by no means48.meanwhile adv. = in the meantime例题1.Your plan means __________ more money, while I mean __________ it.A. losing; changingB. losing; to changeC. to lose; changingD. to lose; to change例题2.高一完型： In China, ranking (排名) students according to their examination as a means ofencouraging students to study harder.（）46．A. has used B. has been usedC. has treatedD. has looked on例题3.Student loan is supposed to provide financial support for people who would __not be able to go to college .A. thereforeB. meanwhileC. neverthelessD. otherwise例题4.Every possible means ____to prevent the air pollution ,but the sky is still not clear.A. is usedB. has been usedC. had been usedD. are used例题5.I'm sorry I didn't mean ________ you.A.hurtB. to hurtC. hurtingD. having hurt例题6.---Let's have a chat over the coming football matches,shall we?-----Sorry. I am tired,and I ______ going to bed.A.would likeB.meanC.intendD.feel like例题7.It's too late to go out now. ________, it's starting to rain.A.BesidesB. MeanwhileC. HoweverD. Anyhow例题8.Can you make a sentence to _____ the meaning of the phrase?A. show outB. bring outC. turn outD. work out例题9.In a way I can see what you mean, even though I don’t ______ your point of view.A. recognizeB. shareC. agreeD. permit例题10.He is in______control of the company. I mean, the company is in_____control of him.A. the; /B. /; theC. the; theD. /; /例题11.If you think that treating a woman well means always_______her permission for things, think again.A. getsB. gotC. to getD. getting例题12.----Can you tell me what the word mean?------Why don't you________it up in a dictionary.A.pickB.takeC.lookD.make例题13.All possible means ________ been taken to prevent the river ________.A.have; pollutingB. has; pollutedC. has; from pollutedD. have; being polluted例题14.Jim went to answer the phone. _______, Harry started to prepare lunch.A. HoweverB. NeverthelessC. BesidesD. Meanwhile二．阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解例题1.The researchers’ report said, “While more notes are beneficial, if the notes are taken mindlessly, as is more likely the case on a laptop, the benefit disappears.”In another experiment aimed at testing long-term memory, students took notes as before but were tested a week after the lecture. This time, the students who wrote notesby hand performed significantly better on the exam.23.The author of the passage aims to .A.examine the importance of long-term memoryB.stress the benefit of taking notes by handC.explain the process of taking notesD.promote the use of laptops例题2.These two experiments suggest that handwritten notes are not only better for immediate learning and understanding, but that they also lead to superior revision in the future.24. The passage is likely to appear in __.A. a newspaper advertisementB. a computer textbookC. a science magazineD. a finance report例题3.Nitrogen（氮）and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi（真菌）networks, making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons（神经元）in our brains, and when one tree is destroyed, it affects all.Simard talks about “mother trees”, usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation, transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.30. “Mother trees” are extremely important because they .A.look the largest in size in the forestB.pass on nutrition to young treesC.seem more likely to be cut down by humansD.know more about the complex “tree societies”例题4.“We didn’t take any notice of it.” Simard says sadly. “Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.31.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to .A.how “tree societies” workB.how trees grow oldC.how forestry industry developsD.how young trees survive32.What would be the best title for the passage?_____A.Old Trees Communicate Like HumansB.Young Trees Are In Need Of ProtectionC.Trees Are More Awesome Than You ThinkD.Trees Contribute To Our Society例题5.With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture, it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them arestill awake after the first 10 minutes; it is not even a surprise that most of them are still in their pyjamas. Obviously, students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their daily schedule.43. What docs the author stress in Paragraph 1? ________A. Many students are absent from class.B. Students are very tired on Monday mornings.C. Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.D. Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.第7讲完型填空高中完型填空考察内容：1.完型填空高考话题：2010年：议论文2011年：经济类评论/议论2012年：新闻/人文类科技报道2013年：议论2014年：说明2.完型填空考查逻辑含义——需要用中文预判：例题:住的离公司近可以节约_______A.房租B.设施C.通讯D. 车费(2013闸北一模）Besides living near the work place is always welcome as it saves time and fares on __55__ .50.A.housing B. facilities munication D. transportation3.完型填空考查词汇：1）动词动词短语2）名词3）形容词4）副词5）独立的介词短语（2014年上海高考）52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour解题原则1.连词前后的对等关系：句子之间的关系不是并列就是转折：例题1.In spite of 40 winds and rough seas, Pickle made the voyage of more than 1, 000 miles in just over eight days....40．A．strong B．weak C．warm D．light例题2.The girl became increasingly worried about this, both when 46 and in her dreams.46. A. asleep B. away C. around D. awake完型选项的关系：例题3.David stepped out of the toilet and stopped in surprise —the library lights were off. The place was 29 . The doors had been shut.29.A.lonely B.empty C.noisy D.crowded例题4.She made it through the class．Perhaps she thanked the young man; she is not 51 ．51．A．interested B．doubtful C．puzzled D．Sure例题5.It wasn’t hard;she 32 every minute of it.32.A.disliked B.loved C.expected D.bored例题6.“What’s up?”I asked．He answered in 47 English,“I…I no get money to buy book．”47．A．old B．broken C．traditional D．modern例题7.Is my main idea or purpose _clear_ throughout my draft? Do I ever lose sight of my purpose? Have I given my readers all of the _____ that is, facts, opinions, inferences --- that they need in order to understand my main idea? Finally, have I included too many _unnecessary_ details that may confuse readers? （上海卷）A. angles B . evidence C . information D . hints例题8.Eleven-year-old Angela had something wrong with her nervous system．She was unable to 36 ．In fact,she could hardly make any 37 ．36．A．see B．hear C．talk D．walk 37．A．progress B．difference C．movement D．achievement例题9.We can hate waiting, 38 it or even get good at it! But one thing is certain --- we cannot avoid it．38．A．accept B．control C．change D．improve例题10.As well, children arc even taught that hurting other players is _ acceptable or are pushed to continue playing even when they are injured. _59 , the media makes violence seem exciting. （上海卷）59. A. By contrast B. In additionC. As a resultD.After all例题11.Dr．Richardson never 33 her decision. 34 ,she was so pleased with May’s work that she later accepted two other deaf women as student nurses．33．A．regretted B．thought of C．liked D．believed34．A．In fact B．In a hurry C．In surprise D．In public例题12.Seeing that he had an 24 face, she let him in and gave him a nice treat. 24. A. interesting B. honest C. anxious D. angry例题13.When I took the first exam, I was shocked to find a 77, C-plus, on my test paper, 39 English was my best subject.39. A. but B. so C. for D. or例题14.I told her I would mess it up, 37 I had never worked at the bar before.37.A.because B.though C.until D.while例题15.The passengers on the bus watched with sympathy as Susan made her way carefully up the steps. She paid the driver and then, using her hands to the seats,settled in one of them. It had been a year since Susan became blind.A. touch B .grab C .count D .feel例题16.They continued to climb until they reached the old temple at the 49 of the mountain.49.A.tip B.back C.top D.bottom例题17.Children often do as much as what adults,particularly parents and teachers, expect of them.That is,tell a child he is “ 55 ,”and he may play the role of a foolish child.55.A.wise B.rude C.shy D.stupid例题18.I shrugged my shoulders.I thought my mother’s idea was a bad one,but I 43 .43.A.guessed B.obeyed C.begged D.admitted例题19.“What was he talking about!” Then I got it. I had set my trays on his wife’s orthopedic walker (助步器). I stood frozen as ice, but my face was 52 .52. A. cold B. full of joy C. pale D. on fire例题20.One day,Raul was miles away from the small ranch（牧场）house in a large valley．36 seemed to be all right,yet he felt strange and somewhat uneasy．36．A．Something B．Everything C．Anything D．Nothing例题21.44 he put on some warm clothes, it didn’t work, for there were too many of us.44. A. Since B. Once C. Whether D. Although例题22.Apparently, although no one wants to be 51 all the time, everyone needs some degree of privacy.51. A. noisy B. alone C. personal D. sociable例题23.Although she believed that she had a 38 chance of recovering,the doctors said that few ,if any,could come back to normal after getting this disease．。
杨浦新王牌秋季班郭Y老师高三英语第一讲Vocabulary Review ISpelling (P 1-30)选词填空Group 11. The __________ for electricity and gas will be increased next year.2. If he wants to get there by tonight he has no _________ but to go by plane.3. It was _________ that the World Youth and Student Festival would soon be held in Beijing.4.Being able to speak another language fluently is a great _________ when you arelooking for a job.5.Word came that both sides of the war agreed to __________ fire and sign peacecommitments.6.His __________ for gossip is absolutely indecent.7.I'd _________ it very much if you would help me arrange this interview.8.He will go all lengths to __________ his purpose.9.The scientist ___________ his research for lack of funds.10.Only a few people have ___________ to the full facts of the case.Group 21.I bought a coat for only 50p at the sales; it was a real _____________.2.Poor health and lack of money may both be __________ to educational process.3.Now we __________ people for a meeting to discuss this problem.4.His book represents a new __________ to the difficulty.5.My bicycle is not __________, and it is being repaired.6.Between them serious disagreements immediately ____________.7.I can not support a policy of which I have never __________.8.Before they fled the country, the enemy __________ to destroy all the factories.9.On the __________ of expanding both import and export, the corporation placesemphasis on exploring the oversea market.10.We will award __________ to whoever wins the first prize in the match.Group 31. Police have launched a ___________ to crack down on the drugs dealer.2. Why ___________ to go abroad, there are so many nice places to visit at home?3.If we __________ carefully, we will be able to afford a new car.4.Nobody paid attention to her for she was wearing a _________ dress.5.The trees which had been blown down by the strong winds __________ the road.6.The __________ of organizing the campaign fell to me.7.This is a new discovery that had a number of industrial __________.8.Many __________sent money to help the victims of the famine.9.The successful __________ for the post of manager is a child of fortune in hisbirth.10.The corporation has enough __________ to build another factory.Phrases (P1-30)I. Complete the sentences.1. When you go to a foreign country, you must ________ yourself _______ newmanners and customs. (使……适应)2. The visit was __________ __________ expanding relations between the twocountries. (旨在，目标在于)3. Fireworks _________ _________ the attraction of the festival night. (增加，增添)4. I come to ask for permission to ______ ________ ________ school tomorrowmorning. (缺席)5. He was so ________ _______ writing that he was not aware of a knock at the door.(专心致志于)6.Many large enterprises have been _________ _________ from small businesses.(逐步建立，增强)7. Never ______ ______ _______ your exams. (焦虑)8.He is trying to think of the topics that will ________ ________ youngsters. (吸引)9.The twins are so much alike that their own mother can hardly _________ them__________. (分辨)10. In this way they can better __________ theory to __________. (应用)11. Many people __________ dark clouds __________ depression and gloom. (联想)12. Then the car I was in __________ __________, so I had to walk home.(发生故障)13. The wind __________ __________ the clothes on the line. (被风等吹走)14. The government __________ __________ the citizens to oppose waste and carryout garbage classification. (呼吁)15.The scientists hope to _________ _________ soon in their fight against heartdiseases. (取得突破)16. I can _________ you _________ the reliability of the information. (保证)17. They __________ __________ in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.(坚持，继续)18. The man has been __________ __________ receiving stolen goods.(因某事控告某人)19. The country will probably __________ __________ _________ and surpassAmerica in industrial production and military forces. (赶上)20. Scientists say that many factors __________ __________ changes in the weather.(引起，造成，导致)Translation (P 1-30)1．除了经理没有人可以阅读这些文件。
学科教师辅导讲义季度：秋季年级：高三上课时长：2h班级名称：辅导科目：化学学科教师：周老师课题氧化还原反应重点、难点1、掌握氧化还原反应的本质及氧化剂、还原剂、氧化产物、还原产物的判断2、单线桥法表示电子转移3、氧化性、还原性强弱的判断4、用电子守恒法进行氧化还原反应的相关计算教学内容[知识点归纳]一、氧化还原反应1、特点：任何氧化还原反应中，氧化与还原同时并存缺一不可，而且得失电子总数相等，即化合价升降的总数一样。
2、氧化剂与还原剂：3、电子转移方向和数目的表示方法（1）单线桥式：箭头方向是由还原剂指向氧化剂。
（2）双线桥式：箭头都是由反应物指向生成物，所以在线桥上一定要注明“得”或“失”。
4、氧化性、还原性强弱比较一个自发进行的氧化还原反应：氧化剂 + 还原剂→氧化产物 + 还原产物氧化性：氧化剂>氧化产物还原性：还原剂>还原产物5、根据氧化剂与还原剂得失电子守恒，表现为元素的化合价升高和降低的总数相等。
H2O2 + KMnO4+ H2SO4→K2SO4 + MnSO4 + O2 + H2OFe3O4 + HNO3→Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2OFe3C + HNO3→Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + CO2 + H2O[例题讲解]例1：KClO3和浓盐酸在一定温度下反应会生成绿黄色的易爆物二氧化氯，其变化可表述为：KClO3 + HCl(浓) →KCl + ClO2↑ + Cl2↑ + H2O（1）配平上述氧化反应方程式。
（2）浓盐酸在反应中显示出来的性质是________（填编号）①只有还原性②还原性和酸性③只有氧化性④氧化性和酸性（3）氧化剂是________，还原剂是________；氧化产物是________，还原产物是________。
（4）产生0.1mol Cl2，则转移的电子的物质的量为________mol。
例2：对于白磷引起的中毒，硫酸铜溶液是一种解毒剂，有关反应如下：P+CuSO4+H2O → Cu3P+H3PO4+H2SO4（未配平）（1）配平该化学反应方程式：P+ CuSO4+ H2O →Cu3P+ H3PO4+ H2SO4（2）该反应中7.5 mol CuSO4可氧化的磷的物质的量是mol。
浦东高中秋季补习班浦东高中新王牌培训机构氧化还原反应教学目标：1. 氧化剂与还原剂：复述氧化剂、还原剂的概念；列举常见的氧化剂和还原剂；判断氧化剂和还原剂。
2.氧化反应与还原反应：复述氧化反应与还原反应的概念；判断氧化反应与还原反应。
3.氧化还原反应实质：复述氧化还原反应的定义，识别氧化还原反应；解释化合价升降、电子转移与氧化还原反应的关系；在简单氧化还原反应中描述电子转移方向与数目；解释有关氧化还原反应在生产、生活中的应用。
4.氧化剂氧化性强弱：归纳常见的氧化剂；归纳氧化还原反应发生规律；根据元素周期律判断同主族、同周期元素单质及化合物的氧化性强弱；根据金属活动性顺序判断相应阳离子的氧化性强弱；根据氧化还原反应发生规律判断物质氧化性强弱；应用物质氧化性强弱解决氧化还原反应有关问题。
5.还原剂还原性强弱：归纳常见的还原剂；根据元素周期律判断同主族、同周期元素单质及化合物的还原性强弱；根据金属活动性顺序判断相应金属的还原性强弱；根据氧化还原反应发生规律判断物质还原性强弱；应用物质还原性强弱解决氧化还原反应有关问题。
6.化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式：说出化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式的原则；归纳化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式的步骤；解决元素化合价“一升一降”的氧化还原反应方程式配平。
教学重点：氧化还原反应中的概念、规律教学难点：氧化还原反应中电子转移数目计算、氧化还原反应中的规律思维导图：教学内容：【基础知识梳理】一.氧化还原反应、氧化剂、还原剂、氧化产物、还原产物概念定义注意点氧化反应物质失去电子的反应物质失去电子的外部表现为化合价的升高还原反应物质得到电子的反应物质得到电子的外部表现为化合价的降低被氧化元素失去电子的过程元素失去电子的外部表现为化合价的升高被还原元素得到电子的过程元素得到电子的外部表现为化合价的降低氧化产物通过发生氧化反应所得的生成物氧化还原反应中，氧化产物、还原产物可以是同一种产物，也可以是不同产物，还可以是两种或两种以上的产物。
P51(91. devote --- devote oneself to (doing sth某人致力于做某事sb be devoted to (doingsth2. diary --- sb keep a diary 某人记日记3. dictionary --- sb look up sth in the dictionary sb refer to the dictionary某人查字典4. die --- sb die from / of sth 某人因为。
而死亡a dying person 一个垂死的人a dead person 一个死亡了的人deadly disease 致命的疾病5. differ --- a differ from b in ca和b在c方面不同6. difference --- sth make a difference某物有影响/效果7. different --- a be different from b in ca和b在c上是不同的8. difficulty --- sb have (nodifficulty (in doing sth 某人在做某事上有(无困难9. digital --- digital camera 数码相机P52(91. dine --- sb dine out 某人外出就餐2. dinner --- sb have dinner 某人吃饭3. dioxide --- carbon dioxide 二氧化碳4. direct --- direct sb to do sth 指导某人做某事5. direction --- in the direction of 。
在。
方向上6. disabled --- the disabled + pl v. 残疾人7. disappoint ---sb be disappointed at sth / do do sth / that …某人对。
第一章 A 质点、位移和时间1．情景引人通过对生活中相关现象的观察，适当设问启发，采用学生小组讨论的活动形式，引发学生学习机械运动的兴趣。
如：（1）观察书上导图及其他几幅照片，讨论其中蕴含了那些有关机械运动的信息？（2）思考能否判断出汽车的运动方向？（3）思考为什么大多汽车看不到呢？2．建立质点模型通过以上的分析，可以总结出要研究复杂的机械运动，首先从最简单的匀速直线运动入手，这就需要对实际物体作一个简化处理——突出问题的主要因素，忽略次要因素，从而引入质点模型。
质点是一个理想模型，用质点来代替原来的物体并不影响对问题的研究。
设问：结合质点模型，应怎样理解物理模型？为了便于研究事物而建立起的一种科学抽象，它对客观事物是一种近似的反映，它突出了事物的主要因素和主要特征，完全忽略了次要因素和次要特征。
设计学生讨论的问题：先让学生根据自己的理解找出一些例子判断该物体能否看成质点，再由老师给出的几个可以看成质点的实例，以及几个不能被看成质点的实例，然后由学生自己总结出物体能看成质点的条件。
举例：（1）平移的桌子可被看成质点；（2）研究抛出的铅球、手榴弹的运动轨迹时可被看成质点；（3）研究地球绕太阳的运动可以把地球看成质点；（4）研究平直铁轨上行驶的火车的运动快慢时，火车可被看成质点；（5）计算火车穿山洞的时间时，火车不能看成质点；（6）研究地球的自转时，地球不能被看成质点。
学生相互交流，老师将他们交流的结果，总结、归纳，共同得出物体可被看成质点的条件：（1）物体各部分运动情况相同，即物体上任意一点的运动可以代表整个物体的运动；（2）物体各部分运动情况不同（有形变、转动），但这些因素并不影响所研究的问题。
3．描述运动的基本物理量先介绍矢量和标量，矢量：既有大小又有方向的物理量。
标量：只有大小没有方向的物理量。
然后观看课件演示，组织学生根据所观察到的现象进行讨论，分析位移与路程，时间和时刻的区别和联系（1）位移和路程位移：质点的位置变化，是矢量。
