国际经济与贸易常考简答题(全英)

国际经济与贸易常考简答题1.Describing the changes of the factor intensity during the product cycle.P93-P95 描述产品周期过程中要素密集度的改变（科学知识密集-资本密集-劳动力密集）Product cycle theory suggests that the technological development of a new product generally has three stages: new product phase, growth phase, standardization phase.In the first stage, the new product is actually a knowledge-intensive product. In the second stage, changes into a capital-intensive product. The third stage , changes into a labor-intensive product.2. What are some possible explanations of the Paradox? P69-P71对里昂惕夫之谜的各种解释①Due to the high efficiency of American workers由于美国工人效率高所致②Due to the rich human capital of U.S. 由于美国人力资本丰富所致③Due to the natural resources of U.S. 由于美国自然资源所致④Due to the Factor intensity reversal由于生产要素密集型逆转所致⑤Due to the trade policies of U.S. 由于美国贸易政策所致⑥Due to the demand reversal由于需求逆转所致3. What dynamic benefits are the nations forming a customs union likely to receive? P202关税联盟对成员国的动态效应①The increased competition that is likely to result有利于加强竞争②Economies of large-scale production可带来规模经济效益③Stimulus to investment有利于激励投资4. Summarized the reasons for trade protectionism.贸易保护主义的原因①Protect the infant industry保护幼稚产业②Improve the terms of trade改善贸易条件③Strengthen national defense为国防和保障国家安全④Correct “domestic distortion”纠正国内市场“扭曲”⑤Increase government revenue增加政府收入⑥Share foreigner’s monopolistic profits分享国外垄断利润⑦Enhance the power to retaliate and negotiate作为报复或谈判手段的观点5. The concept and conditions necessary for immiserizing growth.贫困化增长的概念和产生条件Concept: The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before, even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.The following conditions are necessary in order for immiserizing growth to occur:①the country’s growth must be biased toward the export sector;该国生产能力的增长主要集中在出口商品生产部门②the foreign demand for the country’s export must be price inelastic;国际市场对此种商品的需求弹性较低③The country's merchandise exports account for a large share of world markets该国的商品出口在世界市场上占有较大份额6. H-O theory: cause and conclusion.Cause: H-O theory started on doubting the trade theory of Adam Smith and Ricardo. Heckscher suggested that in addition to technical differences, there must be other factors that determine the countries in the comparative advantages of different products.Conclusion: the differences of factor endowments is the basic reason that cause countries have the comparative advantages of different products.五、论述论述题（2题30分）1.The impacts of decreasing tariff rate.①the impact of the import and exportThere Is no doubt that decreasing tariff rates will lead to the growth of imports. That is because it will reduce the import costs.②the impact on the domestic marketDecreasing tariff rate will lead to lower production costs using raw materials of imports, and thus may promote their products price decline.Another effect on the market is to alleviate the pressure on domestic inflation.③the impact of domestic enterprisesEnable enterprises to gain foreign advanced equipment, quality raw materials and components, so that the competitive position of domestic enterprises increased.From various industries, the impact varied. Benefit most are imported raw materials-based manufacturing, while manufacturer producting raw materials are facing great challenge.④the impact of foreign investmentHave some adverse effect on its business.Advantages:Encourage the enterprise obtained foreign advanced equipment, quality raw materials Reduce trade frictions .Disadvantages:Not conducive to the development of domestic industrial and agricultural production bring great challenge on SMEs①对进出口的影响降低关税税率无疑会促使进口的增长。

这是因为，降低关税后，进口成本降低。

②对国内市场的影响进口原材料的大幅度降税，会使企业的生产成本降低，进而有可能促使企业产品价格有所下降。

进口关税大幅度下降对市场的另一个影响是缓解国内通货膨胀的压力。

③对国内企业的影响使企业通过进口获得国外先进设备、优质原材料和零部件，使国内企业的竞争地位相应提高。

从各个行业看，调整关税的影响不尽相同。

受益最多的是以进口原材料为主的制造业，面临较大挑战的是国内的某些原材料生产企业，④对外商投资的影响对其经营有一定的不利影响。

降低关税的利：降税鼓励进口的发展，使企业通过进口获得国外先进设备、优质原材料和零部件降低关税有利于中国减少与其他国家的贸易摩擦。

降低关税的弊：降低关税不利于本国工农业生产的发展降低关税对本国的中小企业带来很大的冲击2.The impacts of TBT on the Chinese exporting firm?(negative or positive)技术性贸易壁垒对中国出口公司的影响Positive impacts:①protect human health and safety②safeguard national security③promote the improvement of the Industrial Structure④protect the ecological environmentNegative impacts:①limite export markets, reducing exports②increase cost of exports and weaken the market competitivenessimprove the technology and quality content in the product when acrossing the TBT will increase the costs and weaken the competitiveness of exports③damage to the "Made in China" image. Undermine China's export products reputation abroadthe export products recalled by the CPSC frequently suffered economic losses, while its damage to the image of China product in the international consumers is incalculable. Suspect the quality of "Made in China" product, has brought great negative impact on our export积极影响①保障人类健康和安全②维护国家安全③促进企业产业结构的提高④保护生态环境负面影响①出口市场受限，出口额减少②出口产品成本增加，削弱了市场竞争能力在产品技术含量和质量提高并跨越TBT的同时会增加企业的各项成本，并削弱产品出口竞争力③损坏“中国制造”形象。