07

第六节 晶体类型
根据晶格结点上的粒子的种类不同，晶体可 以分成四种类型： （1）离子晶体：晶格结点上交替排列的是正、 负离子。 （2）原子晶体： 晶格结点上排列的是中性原子。 （3）分子晶体： 晶格结点上排列的是中性分子。
（4）金属晶体： 晶格结点上排列的是金属原子 或金属离子
§1 离子晶体
1.1 离子晶体的特征
相应的电子构型变化： 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 —— 2s 2 2p 6 ，3s 2 3p 5 —— 3s 2 3p 6 形成稀有气体原子结构的稳定离子。
第二步 靠静电吸引， 形成化学键 。 体系的势能与核间距之间的关系如图所示：
V
0 Vr0 r0 r
纵坐标的零点 当 r 无穷大时，即两核之间 无限远时的势能。
+
+
Cl ( g )
－
NaCl ( g )
H 1 = S = 108.8 kJ· mol－1 ， Na ( s ) 的升华热 S ；
H 2 = I1 = 496kJ· mol－1 ， Na 的第一电离能 I 1 ； H 3 = 1/2 D = 121.5kJ· mol－1 ， Cl 2 ( g ) 的离解能 D 的一半；
d ) 阳离子半径小于它的原子半径；阴离子半径大 于它的原子半径。
如： Na + (97pm) < Na (157pm) ； Cl (99pm) < Cl － (181pm) 。
e ) 负离子半径一般较大；正离子半径一般较小 。
第二周期
第四周期
F－ 136 pm ；
Br－ 195 pm ；
Li + 60 pm 。
考察 Na+ 和 Cl － 彼此接近的过程中，势能 V 的变化。 图中可见： r > r0 ，当 r 减小时，正负离

详解FM2007战术知识理论进攻核心与组织核心07里面双核心被加强是不争的事实。

使用好双核心，是丰富比赛套路，打出合理配合的比较好的办法。

鉴于大家都对双核心有着迫切想了解的心情，我今天就献丑谈谈我的感受，以做引玉之用，若是引不出玉来，大家就对付着看我这破砖好了。

第一部分，进攻核心一、进攻核心的作用1、使用进攻核心的目的是使球队以进攻核心的高能力为主要攻击力量、攻击手段，用来更有利的攻击对手。

解读关键字：高能力：比如速度、身高、控球技术。

进攻手段：比如直塞、高球、脚下球。

主要：强调主要，而不是全部，就是说不会把所有的进攻机会都给进攻核心一个人，别人有更好的进攻机会时，一样会给。

攻击对手：说明只在进攻时有效，防守时无视。

防守时进攻核心也是普通一员，也会按设置参与防守。

2、进攻核心的作用不仅仅是临门一脚，进攻核心得球后要是不具备射门条件的时候，他也会助攻，要是接到进攻核心传球的人没有射门，而是助攻的话，那么进攻核心刚才的那脚传球就连助攻也算不上，是一般性传球。

所以进攻核心的运作大家就较清晰了吧，进攻核心是可以射门、助攻、一般性传球的。

二、进攻核心的效果只有当进攻核心距离禁区越近的时候，进攻核心的效果越明显。

就会得到更多的传球。

解释：进攻越接近禁区的时候越是有可能直接攻门、助攻，所以这个时候进攻核心的作用也就更加明显。

在传球可能性上，进攻核心被加强，当进攻核心处在的位置和别人同样有威胁的时候，进攻核心会被优先考虑。

估计就算进攻核心的位置略逊于别人，也会得到球。

因为有加强嘛。

但是，这个加强究竟会加到什么程度，从情理上讲，就是不会加到过分的程度。

比如FC拿球面对空门而不射，却把球传给射门角度更小的进攻核心，这显然是过分。

又如AM拿球不直塞给在明显空挡的FC，却直塞给被2、3人盯死的进攻核心ST，这也是过分。

就是说，进攻核心是一种战术设置，是为了让队伍更有利的攻击对手，而不是个人表演赛。

三、进攻核心的选材1、位置：应该是前场，理由是更接近禁区，更有威胁。

管中窥豹：已经配发的07系列作训服作者老徐笔者自儿时就喜欢军事和与此有关的物件，对军品怀有浓厚的兴趣。

最近两年因为工作关系，我经常能接触到一些已大量配发的07作训系列的被装物资，现在就简单聊聊我的一些看法。

07作战靴：靴腰是混纺厚帆布，里面有防水透气涂层。

这种材料可以防泼溅水，也曾用在05棉鞋和03防寒鞋上，可以说是非常实用、值得表扬的国产技术。

07作战靴的鞋面是牛皮材质，大底（鞋底子）使用了PU。

这种材料已经在外军靴鞋和户外鞋、运动鞋以及休闲流行鞋等方面广泛应用。

PU材质的一大优点就是调整范围很广，只需要简单修改配方，便可以获得不同的密度、弹性等物理性能，那么对于鞋子来说就是耐磨性，抓地力，弹性等等。

07作战靴的制作工艺也不复杂，简单点说就是先把牛皮中底（抽出鞋垫就能看到一层牛皮，这就是中底）和鞋帮缝在一起，然后再和大底烫（应该不是这么简单，抱歉啊，不懂制鞋技术）在一起。

因为中底是皮趟底，提高了舒适性。

07靴同时避免了使用固特异（透缝）工艺的鞋因为鞋底和鞋帮是用线缝在一起而引起的容易从针眼处吸潮进水的毛病。

07作战靴是第一款全军配发的制式军靴，相对于上一代99作训鞋来讲，对脚部和踝部提供了全方位的的保护是显而易见的，但现状是对大部分中国军人来说，皮靴还无法像99作训鞋那样形成战斗力。

首先是习惯和气候的原因（哥，欧洲西部比咱们这里冷吧？不然他们怎么都穿皮靴呢），我们的祖先很早就种植棉和麻，一直穿布鞋。

我们嫌皮靴捂脚、硌脚、笨重，许多人还是喜欢穿轻便的胶鞋。

以前有观点说外军机械化程度高所以穿靴子，言外之意走路还要靠胶鞋，其实也不尽然，主要是习惯问题。

再就是设计和生产的问题。

07作战靴从设计定型时就落伍了。

我们本来是为了赶上和超过未来的敌人，但是敌人嫌亮面皮靴捂脚又不结实（再好的亮面皮靴，碰到硬物也是一碰掉一块，皮子嘛，就这样），而且还要打鞋油，黑靴子的可视度也比较高啊，所以人家就换翻毛皮了。

而且众所周知，军靴和各种户外鞋的融合是大势所趋，外军靴子设计制作的技术门槛已经提高了很多，我们又没赶上。

07年考研英语作文篇一：2007年英语一考研作文自信的重要性As is graphically pictured in the miniature above, when a soccer player is preparing to shot at goal, in his mind appears a goalkeeper with huge figure which nearly block the goal so that he could not get any opportunity to score, while in the goalkeeper’s eyes, the same picture occurs. Apparently, what the miniaturist intends to reveal is a not uncommon phenomenon that far too many, particularly young adults in the Ivory Tower, are prone to distrust in their own, which is poisonous to their mental and physic growth.It is a truth universally acknowledged that most of high-achievers, if not all, pocket this sort of quality—self-confidence. Youngsters enjoying this kind of character can gain a competitive edge over their counterparts or opponents in the future career. Undeniably, people who lack of this quality is hardly likely to make a high achievement, not to mention to possess charismatic character to appeal to others’admire.On my personal level, it is this marvelous quality that inspires our glowing capacity so that we can accept all sort of challenges in thenot-too-distant future more naturally. Consequently, parents concerned are under the imperative to pay a great deal of attention to foster their kids’self-confidence. And moreover, they ought to encourage their children to make some bold attempt in an effort to improve their own self-confirm. Only when we people are equipped with this valuable quality, can we make consecutive improvement in our life journey.篇二：新东方2007年考研英语经典背诵小作文20篇新东方2007年考研英语经典背诵小作文20篇1、求学信Directions: You want to study at a certain foreign university. Write a letter to ask about the situation there as regards accommodation and fees, possible scholarsips, and what qualifications one needs for acceptance.Dear Sir or Madam,I am a Chinese student who wish to apply for admission into your prestigious university. My plan is to start my course next term, and I would be grateful if you would be kind enough to provide me with certain essential information.First, what qualifications do I need to follow a course of study at your university? I already have a bachelor’s degree from Beijing University, but I wonder if there are any further academic requirements. Second, how much are the tuition fees? Although Iintend to be self-supporting, I would be interested to hear if there are any scholarships available for international students. Third, what is the situation as regards accommodation?I look forward to your reply, and to attending your esteemed institution.Yours sincerely,Li Ming（124）2. 订购信2005年考研英语大纲样题：Directions:You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:1)detailed information about the books you want,2)methods of payment,3)time and way of delivery.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Sample letter:Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing for information about test preparation materials forthe IELTS test. I wonder if you have a vocabulary book covering the words required for IELTS, as well as past examination papers with keys and model essays. Besides, how should I pay for these books---by cash, cheque, or any other means? If possible, I would like to use my credit card. Finally, how will these books be shipped and when is the approximate time I can receive them? The express mail is preferable if the additional charge is not too much.I would appreciate it if you would send me a reply at your earliest convenience.Yours sincerely,Li Ming （2）（recite）Re: Ordering NETEM BooksDear Sir or Madam,As I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM), please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books.I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. If you have these books for sale, I would like to mail order them. Please let me know if I could pay for them by money or do you accept credit card.I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books byEMS by September 1, 2006 to the following address:Li MingRoom 433, Student Dormitory NO. 12Beijing UniversityBeijing, 100871 (110)Yours sincerely,Li Ming3. 投诉信Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. He/She has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to express/air dissatisfaction/disappointment/concern regarding accommodation.I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’sinconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.To solve this problem/surmount this difficulty/improve this situation/crack this hard nut, I hope to draw the attention of the authorities concerned. I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming（128）.4. 求职信Directions: You want to apply for the following post/position: Waiter/waitress required for evening work. Write a letter to Mr. Byron describing your previous experience, and explaining why you would be suitable for the job.Dear Mr. Byron,I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. Enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous work experience and qualifications.Not only do my qualifications and work experience make me a perfect candidate for the job, my personality is well suited toworking as a waitress. I am a very friendly person who can quickly establish rapport with people of all ages.I would like to meet with you at your earliest convenience, to discuss thepossibility of working at your restaurant. Thank you for your consideration of my application. I look forward to meeting you in the near future.Yours sincerely,Li Ming（111）5.感谢信Directions: After being involved in an accident, you were looked after by another person. Write a special letter to express your thanks.Dear Xiaoqiang,I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude. I am referring to that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your timely assistance in giving me first aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much serious. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays people in mounting numbers talk about theneed to be unselfish, we see very few people practice what they preach. If there were more people like you, this world would be a much nicer place.Yours sincerely,Li Ming（107）6.邀请信Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually, elaborating on the reason why such a party should be held, and what activities will be arranged for them.Dear Xiaobao,I will hold a dinner party at my house on April 1, 2006 to celebrate Mr. Old Fish’s marriage with Miss Fujiwora. As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to participate in the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely,Li Ming (113)7.商业信（确认信）Dear Sir or Madam,We have recently received a rather large order for personal computers from a company in your city whose name and address are as follows: China Machinery Import and Export Co., 1, Zhongguancundajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing. They asked us to open a credit account.As it is entirely a new customer to us, we shall highly appreciate you if you will give us any information regarding its financial standing and business capacity. It is hardly necessary for us to assure you that whatever information you give us will be treated as strictly confidential. We assure you of our readiness to reciprocate at any time.Yours sincerely,Li Ming8. 备忘录Directions: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employee’s training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Date：January 14, 2006To：Percy Shelley, Vice PresidentFrom：Li Ming, PresidentSubject：Computer Training of the StaffAs we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan for training our employees in the new field.I would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.Write up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four hours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science. （128）9. 文章摘要1)A third kind of thinking is stimulated when anyone questions our beliefs and opinions. We sometimes find ourselves changing our minds without any resistance or heavy emotion, but if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imputation and harden our hearts. We are incredibly heedless in the information of our beliefs, but find ourselves filled with an illicit passion for them when anyoneproposes to rob us篇三：2007年考研最后冲刺英语范文5篇07考研最后冲刺英语范文5篇范文1：提示：多个人物组合的命题，表达共同的一类现象，例如“崇拜、尊老爱幼、热爱科学”等等。