Development of Control System for Large Scale Solar Cell Handling Robot Using Multi-body Dynamics

公司英文简介填写模版使用方法：按照括号中提示填写相应的英文即可。

模版A：Established in (成立年份), (公司英文名称) is a manufacturer (生产兼贸易，可用manufacturer and trader) specialized in the research, development and production of (公司主打产品). We are located in (公司所在城市), with convenient transportation access.All of our products comply with international quality standards and are greatly appreciated in a variety of different markets throughout the world.If you are interested in any of our products or would like to discuss a custom order, please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to forming successful business relationships with new clients around the world in the near future.对应中文翻译：ABC公司成立于XX年，专业生产XXX产品，集产品研发和生产于一体。

我公司地处XX 市，交通便利。

我司所有产品采用国际质量标准，产品远销海外，享誉海内外众多市场。

如果贵司对我们任一款产品有意或有订单意向，欢迎随时联系我们。

我们期待与全球客户携手合作，共创未来。

模版B：Established in （成立年份）, （公司英文名称）is a professional manufacturer and exporter that is concerned with the design, development and production of(行业产品). We are located in (公司所在城市), with convenient transportation access.All of our products comply with international quality standards and are greatly appreciated in a variety of different markets throughout the world.We have over (员工人数) employees, an annual sales figure that exceeds USD (销售额) and are currently exporting(出口比例) of our production worldwide. Our well-equipped facilities and excellent quality control throughout all stages of production enables us to guarantee total customer satisfaction.As a result of our high quality products and outstanding customer service, we have gained a global sales network reaching(主要出口国家).If you are interested in any of our products or would like to discuss a custom order, please feel free to contact us. We are looking forward to forming successful business relationships with new clients around the world in the near future.ABC公司成立于XX年，专业生产和出口XXX产品，集产品设计、研发和生产于一体。

System Identification and Control System identification and control is a crucial aspect of engineering and technology, playing a vital role in the development and maintenance of various systems and processes. This field involves the use of mathematical models and algorithms to understand, predict, and control the behavior of dynamic systems. From aerospace and automotive industries to robotics and industrial automation, system identification and control are integral to ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. The historical background of system identification and control can be traced back to the early 20th century, with the development of control theory and feedback control systems. The work of engineers and mathematicians such as Norbert Wiener, Rudolf Kalman, and Richard Bellman laid the foundation for modern control systems and provided the theoretical framework for system identification and control. Over the years, advancements in computing technology and data analysis have further revolutionized this field, enabling more sophisticated modeling and control techniques. There are various perspectives and opinions surrounding the topic of system identification and control, with experts and practitionersoffering diverse insights into its applications and challenges. Some argue that the increasing complexity of modern systems requires more advanced and adaptive control strategies, while others emphasize the importance of simplicity and robustness in control design. Additionally, there is ongoing debate about the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in system identification and control, with proponents highlighting their potential for enhancing performance and critics raising concerns about reliability and interpretability. Toillustrate the key points of system identification and control, it is helpful to consider real-world case studies and examples. For instance, in the field of autonomous vehicles, system identification and control are essential for developing algorithms that enable safe and efficient navigation. Similarly, in the manufacturing industry, control systems play a critical role in optimizing production processes and ensuring quality and consistency in output. By examining these examples, we can gain a better understanding of the practical implications and benefits of system identification and control in various domains. A critical evaluation of the topic reveals both benefits and drawbacks associated with systemidentification and control. On the positive side, advanced control techniques can lead to improved performance, energy efficiency, and safety in complex systems. However, there are also challenges related to modeling uncertainties, parameter estimation, and real-time implementation, which can impact the effectiveness of control strategies. Furthermore, the increasing reliance on data-driven approaches raises concerns about the potential for system vulnerabilities and security risks. Looking ahead, the future implications of system identification and control are significant, with ongoing research and development focusing on addressing current challenges and exploring new opportunities. It is essential for engineers and researchers to continue advancing the state-of-the-art in control theory and practice, leveraging emerging technologies such as machine learning and data analytics. Moreover, there is a growing need for interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge exchange to ensure that system identification and control keep pace with the evolving demands of modern industries and society. In conclusion, system identification and control play a pivotal role in shaping the performance and behavior of dynamic systems across various domains. By understanding thehistorical development, diverse perspectives, practical examples, and critical evaluation of this field, we can appreciate its significance and potential impact. As we look to the future, it is crucial to prioritize continued innovation and collaboration to address the challenges and opportunities in system identification and control, ultimately contributing to the advancement of engineering and technology.。

管理学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "management" refers to the process of:A. Making decisionsB. Organizing resourcesC. Directing and controlling activitiesD. All of the above答案：D2. Which of the following is NOT a function of management?A. PlanningB. StaffingC. MotivatingD. Selling答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：C4. Which of the following is an example of a managementprinciple?A. Division of laborB. CentralizationC. DelegationD. All of the above答案：D5. In the context of management, "controlling" refers to:A. The process of ensuring that things are done as plannedB. The process of making plansC. The process of organizing resourcesD. The process of motivating employees答案：A6. The concept of "span of control" is related to:A. The number of employees a manager can effectively superviseB. The range of activities a manager is responsible forC. The level of authority a manager hasD. The type of control systems a manager uses答案：A7. The management function that involves influencing people to work towards organizational goals is:A. OrganizingB. LeadingC. PlanningD. Controlling答案：B8. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective communication?A. ClarityB. AmbiguityC. DisorganizationD. Lack of feedback答案：A9. The "scientific management" theory was developed by:A. Henri FayolB. Max WeberC. Frederick TaylorD. Abraham Maslow答案：C10. In the context of management, "empowerment" means:A. Giving employees the authority to make decisionsB. Centralizing all decision-making powerC. Reducing the role of employees in decision-makingD. Ignoring employee input in decision-making答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The four basic functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management principle that suggests that there is an optimal span of control for each manager is known as ________.答案：span of control3. The management approach that focuses on the social needsof employees is known as the ________ approach.答案：human relations4. The process of identifying, selecting, orienting, training, and compensating employees is known as ________.答案：staffing5. A management style that involves a high level of task orientation and a low level of relationship orientation is known as ________ leadership.答案：autocratic6. The concept of "management by objectives" was developed by ________.答案：Peter Drucker7. The "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" theory suggests that people are motivated by a series of needs, starting with physiological needs and ending with ________ needs.答案：self-actualization8. In a ________ structure, there is a clear chain of command and a narrow span of control.答案：hierarchical9. The process of comparing actual performance with planned performance is known as ________.答案：budgeting10. The management function that involves setting goals and determining the sequence of actions needed to achieve them is known as ________.答案：strategic planning三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. What are the three key characteristics of an effective organizational structure?答案：An effective organizational structure should havethe following characteristics: clarity of roles and responsibilities, a clear chain of command, and a balance between centralization and decentralization.2. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is the process of influencing, motivating, and directing individuals towards the achievement of organizational goals. Management, on the other hand, is a broader concept that includes planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources to achieve goals.3. What are the main principles of scientific management according to Frederick Taylor?答案：The main principles of scientific management includethe scientific selection and training of workers, the scientific selection of tasks and tools, the scientific determination of work methods, and the scientific scheduling of work and rest periods.4. Describe the four stages of the control process.。

Advanced Control TheoryAdvanced control theory is a complex and multifaceted field that plays acrucial role in various engineering disciplines, including electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineering. At its core, advanced control theory encompasses a wide range of sophisticated control strategies and techniques designed to optimize the performance of complex systems and processes. From model predictive control to adaptive control and beyond, this discipline offers a rich tapestry of tools and methodologies for engineers to explore and apply in real-world scenarios. One of the fundamental aspects of advanced control theory is its emphasis on understanding and manipulating dynamic systems. Dynamic systems, which are characterized by their changing behavior over time, pose unique challenges for control engineers. Advanced control theory equips engineers with the knowledge and tools to analyze the dynamic behavior of systems and develop control strategiesthat can effectively regulate and stabilize these systems in the face of uncertainty and disturbances. Moreover, advanced control theory also delves into the realm of non-linear systems, which are often more challenging to control dueto their complex and unpredictable behavior. By leveraging advanced techniquessuch as feedback linearization, sliding mode control, and Lyapunov-based methods, engineers can tackle the intricacies of non-linear systems and design control schemes that exhibit robustness and resilience in the face of non-linear dynamics. In addition to addressing dynamic and non-linear systems, advanced control theory also encompasses the domain of optimal control. Optimal control theory seeks to determine the control inputs that optimize a certain performance criterion, suchas minimizing energy consumption, maximizing production efficiency, or achieving a desired trajectory. This involves formulating and solving complex optimization problems, often utilizing techniques from calculus of variations, dynamic programming, and optimal control theory. Furthermore, advanced control theory plays a pivotal role in the burgeoning field of autonomous systems and robotics.As the demand for autonomous vehicles, drones, and robotic systems continues to rise, the need for advanced control algorithms that can enable these systems to operate safely and efficiently becomes increasingly pressing. From path planning and trajectory tracking to obstacle avoidance and fault tolerance, advancedcontrol theory offers a rich toolbox of methods to address the unique challenges posed by autonomous systems. Beyond its technical intricacies, advanced control theory also carries significant implications for society and the broader world. The application of advanced control techniques in fields such as renewable energy, healthcare, and aerospace has the potential to drive innovation, improve sustainability, and enhance quality of life. For instance, advanced control strategies can be instrumental in optimizing the performance of renewable energy systems, thereby contributing to the global transition towards clean and sustainable energy sources. In conclusion, advanced control theory stands as a multifaceted and vital discipline that underpins the design and operation of complex engineering systems. From its focus on dynamic and non-linear systems to its applications in optimal control and autonomous systems, this field offers a rich tapestry of tools and methodologies for engineers to harness. Moreover, the societal implications of advanced control theory underscore its significance in driving innovation and addressing pressing global challenges. As we continue to push the boundaries of technological advancement, the insights and capabilities offered by advanced control theory will undoubtedly remain indispensable in shaping the future of engineering and beyond.。

构型管理英语作文Configuration management is a critical aspect of any successful project, whether it's in the field of engineering, software development, or any other industry.It involves the process of identifying and controlling the configuration of a system, product, or service throughout its lifecycle. This ensures that the product or service meets the specified requirements and is consistent with its original design.In today's fast-paced and dynamic business environment, effective configuration management is more important than ever. With the rapid advancements in technology and the increasing complexity of products and services, it's essential for organizations to have a robust configuration management system in place to ensure that they can keep up with the changes and deliver high-quality products and services to their customers.One of the key benefits of configuration management isthat it helps organizations to maintain control over their products and services. By documenting and tracking changes to the configuration of a product or service, organizations can ensure that they have a clear understanding of its current state and can identify any deviations from the original design. This allows them to take corrective action and prevent any potential issues from arising.Another important benefit of configuration managementis that it helps to improve the quality of products and services. By ensuring that the configuration of a product or service is well-documented and controlled, organizations can minimize the risk of errors and defects, and candeliver products and services that meet the highest standards of quality. This not only enhances customer satisfaction but also helps to build a strong reputationfor the organization in the market.Furthermore, configuration management also plays a crucial role in facilitating collaboration and communication within an organization. By providing a centralized repository for all configuration-relatedinformation, organizations can ensure that all stakeholders have access to the latest information and can work together effectively to make informed decisions. This promotes transparency and accountability and helps to streamline the overall project management process.In conclusion, configuration management is a fundamental aspect of any successful project. It helps organizations to maintain control over their products and services, improve their quality, and facilitate collaboration and communication. By implementing a robust configuration management system, organizations can ensure that they can keep up with the changes and deliver high-quality products and services to their customers.。

•Retaining and reviewing records of CDA configuration changes and audit activities associated with CDA configuration changes and employing {manual and/or automated} mechanisms to:- Document changes to CDAs,- Notify designated approval authorities, and- Prohibit implementation of changes until designated approvals are received and documented.3.11.5 Security Impact Analysis of Changes and Environment3.11.5 环境变化和安全影响分析The {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLCJ's CST performs a security impact assessment before making changes to CDAs consistent with {Section 1.4.2.2 of this plan} to manage the cyber risk resulting from the changes. The CST evaluates, documents, and incorporates into the security impact analysis any identified safety and security interdependencies.The {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} performs and documents the security impact assessment as part of the change approval process.3.11.6 Access Restrictions for Change3.11.6 更改访问限制{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} defines, documents, approves, and enforces physical and logical access restrictions associated with changes to CDAs and generates, retains, and audits the record {quarterly} and when there are indications that unauthorized changes may have occurred. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} implements its configuration management program to address discovered deviations.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} employs automated mechanisms to detect unauthorized changes, to enforce access restrictions and to support subsequent audits of enforcement actions.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} documents the justification and details for alternate (compensating) security controls for situations in which a CDA cannot support the use of automated mechanisms to enforce access restrictions and to support subsequent audits of enforcement actions, including all of the following:•Physically restricting access,•Monitoring and recording physical access to enable timely detection and response to intrusions,•Employing auditing and validation measures (e.g., security officer rounds, periodic monitoring of tamper seals),•Ensuring authorized individuals are trustworthy and reliable in accordance with 10 CFR 73.56,•Ensuring that authorized individuals are operating under established work management controls, and•Conducting post maintenance testing to validate that changes are implemented correctly.3.11.7 Configuration Settings3.11.7 配置设置{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} applies configuration settings for CDAs by (1) documenting the most restrictive mode, (2) valuating operational requirements, and (3) enforcing and documenting the most restrictive operational configuration settings based upon explicit operational requirements. This is achieved by the following:•Establishing and documenting configuration settings for CDAs that reflect the most restrictive mode,•Documenting and approving any exceptions from the most restrictive mode configuration settings for individual components within CDAs based upon explicit operational requirements,•Enforcing the configuration settings in CDAs and monitoring and controlling changes to he configuration settings in accordance with {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} policies and procedures,•Documenting and employing automated mechanisms to {centrally} manage, apply, and verify configuration settings,•Documenting and employing {automated mechanisms and/or manual mechanisms} to respond to unauthorized changes to {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC}-defined configuration settings, and•Documenting the justification for alternate (compensating) security controls for situations n which a CDA cannot support the use of automated mechanisms to {centrally} manage, apply, and verify configuration settings, including all of the following:- Physically restricting access,- Monitoring and recording physical access to enable timely detection and response to intrusions,- Employing auditing/validation measures (e.g., security officer rounds, periodic monitoring of tamper seals),- Ensuring authorized individuals are trustworthy and reliable in accordance with 10 CFR 73.56,- Ensuring that authorized individuals are operating under established work management controls, and- Conducting post maintenance testing to validate that changes are implemented correctly.3.11.8 Least Functionality3.11.8 最小功能{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} configures and documents CDA configuration settings to provide only essential capabilities and specifically prohibits, protects, and restricts the use of insecure functions, ports, protocols and services. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} reviews CDAs {monthly} to identify and eliminate unnecessary functions, ports, protocols, and services. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} documents and employs automated mechanisms to prevent program execution. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} uses {white-lists, black-lists, and gray-lists} application control technologies.3.11.9 Component Inventory3.11.9 组件库存{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} develops, documents, and maintains an inventory of the components of CDAs that has the following attributes:•Accurately reflects the current system configuration,•Ensures that the location (logical and physical) of each component is consistent with the authorized boundary of the CDA,•Provides the proper level of granularity deemed necessary for tracking and reporting and for effective property accountability,•Updates the inventory of system components as an integral part of component installations and system updates,•Employs automated mechanisms to maintain an up-to-date, complete, accurate, and readily available inventory of system components,•Employs automated mechanisms to detect the addition of unauthorized components or devices into the environment and disables access by such components or devices or notifies designated {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} officials, and•Documents the {names or roles} of the individuals responsible for administering those components.MANAGEMENT CONTROLS管理控制3.12 System and Service Acquisition3.12 系统和服务获取3.12.1 System and Services Acquisition Policy and Procedures3.12.1 系统与服务获取政策和程序{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} develops, disseminates, and {annually} reviews and updates a formal, documented system and services acquisition policy that addresses purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, {coordination among {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} entities}, associated system and service acquisition controls, and compliance.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} develops, disseminates, and {annually} reviews and updates formal, documented procedures to facilitate the implementation of the system and services acquisition policy and associated system and services acquisition controls.3.12.2 Supply Chain Protection3.12.2 供应链保护{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} protects against supply chain threats and vulnerability by employing the following list of measures to protect against supply chain threats to maintain the integrity of the CDAs that are acquired:•Establishment of trusted distribution paths,•Validation of vendors, and•Requiring tamper proof products or tamper evident seals on acquired products.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} performs an analysis for each product acquisition to determine that the product provides the security requirements necessary to address the security controls in Sections 2 and 3 of this plan.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} uses heterogeneity to mitigate vulnerabilities associated with the use of a single vendor's product.13.12.3 Trustworthiness{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} requires that software developers employ software quality and validation methods to minimize flawed or malformed software.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} establishes, implements, and documents requirements to require all tools used to perform cyber security tasks or SSEP functions to undergo a commercial qualification process similar to that for software engineering tools that are used to develop digital instrumentation and control systems.3.12.4 Integration of Security Capabilities3.12.4 安全功能集成{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} documents and implements a program to ensure that new acquisitions contain security design information, capabilities or both to implement security controls in Section 2 of this plan. Such security capabilities include the following:•Being cognizant of evolving cyber security threats and vulnerabilities,•Being cognizant of advancements in cyber security protective strategies and security controls, •Conducting analyses of the effects that each advancement could have on the security, safety, and operation of critical assets, systems, CDAs, and networks and implementing these advancements in a timely manner, and •Replacing legacy systems as they reach end of life with systems that incorporate security capabilities. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} establishes timeframes to minimize the time it takes to deploy new and more effective protective strategies and security controls.3.12.5 Developer Security Testing3.12.5 开发人员安全测试{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} documents and requires that system developers and integrators of acquired CDAs create, implement, and document a security test and evaluation plan to ensure that the acquired products meet all specified security requirements (1) that the products are free from known, testable vulnerabilities and malicious code by identifying and eliminating these following vulnerabilities and other vulnerabilities that may change with new technology:•Weak, unproven, or nonstandard cryptographic modules,1{Heterogeneity will be deployed in the acquisition of all CDAs where possible and applicable.}•Insecure network protocols for sensitive communications,•Known insecure software components or libraries,•Known vulnerabilities,•Insecure configuration files or options that act to control features of the application, •Inadequate or inappropriate use of access control mechanisms to control access to system resources,•Inappropriate privileges being granted to users, processes, or applications,•Weak authentication mechanisms,•Improperly or failing to validate input and output data,•Insecure or inadequate logging of system errors or security-related information,•Inadequately bounded buffers,•Format string vulnerabilities,•Privilege escalation vulnerabilities,•Unsafe database transactions,•Unsafe use of native function calls,•Hidden functions and vulnerable features embedded in the code,•Implemented security features do not themselves act to increase the risk of security vulnerabilities, increase susceptibility to cyber attack, or reduce the reliability of design-basis functions.•Use of unsupported or undocumented methods or functions, and•Use of undocumented code or malicious functions that might allow either unauthorized access or use of the system or the system to behave beyond the system requirements.(2) and developers cyber security program maintains the integrity of the acquired system until the product is delivered to the {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} by implementing equivalent security controls as described in RG 5.71 to prevent tampering and to provide high assurance that the integrity of the developed CDA is maintained until delivered to the licensee.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} requires the developer to perform and document that security requirements are verified and validated and that security controls implemented in the product and used to meet the requirements of this plan are tested to ensure they are effective per Section 1.4.1.2.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} requires documentation of all of the following activities:•System design transformed into code, database structures, and related machine executable representations,•Hardware and software configuration and setup,•Software coding practices and testing,•Communication configuration and setup (including the incorporation of reused software and commercial off- the-shelf products),•The results of unit tests performed to ensure that the code was developed correctly and accurately and completely reflects the security design configuration transformations from the requirements,•Details of the implementation of each required security feature within the developed code base. The listing includes reference the coded functions and modules within the code base that were developed to implement the security features,•Security configurations implemented to meet security design features specified in the requirements,•Operating system security configurations implemented to meet security design features specified in the requirements are documented,•For programming languages that support static analysis source code scanners, results of the following are documented:- The static source code vulnerability analysis performed to inspect the developed code for potential security defects, poor programming practices, hidden functions, and vulnerable features within the code during the implementation of the code base and methods applied to eliminate these vulnerabilities,- The security defect tracking metrics used to capture and track the identification, type, classification, cause, and remediation of security defects found within the code, and- The defects encountered during the translation of the design features specified in the requirements into code.•For all programming languages, the results of the following are documented:- A dynamic source code vulnerability analysis performed to inspect the developed code for potential security defects, poor programming practices, hidden functions, and vulnerable features within the code during the implementation of the code base and methods applied to eliminate these vulnerabilities,- The security defect tracking metrics used to capture and track the identification, type, classification, cause, and remediation of security defects found within the code, and- The defects encountered during the translation of the design features specified in the requirements into code.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} requires that CDA developers/integrators:•Perform configuration management during CDA design, development, implementation, and operation,•Manage and control changes to the CDA,•Implement only {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} approved changes,•Document approved changes to the CDA, and•Track security flaws and flaw resolution.3.12.6 Licensee/Applicant testing3.12.6 被许可方/申请人测试{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} verifies and validates the results of the developer's security testing in conducted in accordance with Section 3.12.5 above.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} is responsible for the following:•Testing CDA (e.g., offline on a comparable CDA) security devices, security controls, and software to ensure that they do not compromise the CDA or the operation of an interconnected CDA operation before installation,•Testing to ensure that CDAs do not provide a pathway to compromise the CDA or other CDAs,•Implementation of the security controls in Sections 2 and 3 of this plan in accordance with the process described in Section 1.3.1.6 of this plan,•Testing of the security controls for effectiveness, as described in Section 1.4.1.2 of this plan,•Performance of vulnerability scans, in accordance with Section 1.4.1.3 of this plan and Section 3.13.1 of this plan, against the CDA in its integrated state and correction, elimination, or discussion of discovered vulnerabilities,•Installation and testing of the CDA in the target environment, and•Performance of an acceptance review and test of the CDA security features.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} documents the following:•Security controls implemented in accordance with Section 2 of this plan.•Verification of the effectiveness of the security controls implemented in accordance with Section 3 of this plan.•Security design features developed to address the identified security requirements for the CDA (if any), in addition to the security controls implemented in accordance with Section 2 of this plan. For each security feature or configuration to be implemented, the documentation includes a description of the feature, its method of implementation, and any configurable options associated with the feature are provided. Each security feature designed into the system is traceable to its corresponding security requirement.The security reviews of the implemented design by the cyber security organization responsible for the protection of the critical assets/systems/networks are documented. The review ensures that the security design configuration item transformations from the requirements implemented are correct, accurate, and complete.{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} requires {annual} audits of CDAs to verify the following:•The security controls present during testing remain in place and are functioning correctly in the production system.•CDAs are free from known vulnerabilities and security compromises and continue to provide information on the nature and extent of compromises, should they occur.•The change management {process and/or program} is functioning effectively and is recording configuration changes appropriately.3.13 Security Assessment and Risk Management3.13 安全评估与风险管理3.13.1 Threat and Vulnerability Management3.13.1 威胁和漏洞管理{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} does the following:•Perform assessments and scans for vulnerabilities in CDAs {no less frequently than once a quarter} and at random intervals in accordance with Section 1.4.1.3 of this plan and when new potential CDA vulnerabilities are reported or identified.•Employ vulnerability scanning tools and techniques that promote interoperability among tools and automating parts of the vulnerability management process by:- Enumerating platforms, software flaws, and improper configurations,- Formatting and making transparent checklists and test procedures, and- Measuring vulnerability impacts.•Analyze vulnerability scan reports and remediate vulnerabilities within a time period that will provide high assurance that CDAs are protected from cyber attacks up to and including the DBT.•Eliminate similar vulnerabilities in other CDAs.•Employ vulnerability scanning tools that include the capability to update the list of cyber vulnerabilities scanned and update the list of CDA vulnerabilities scanned {monthly} and when new vulnerabilities are identified and reported.•Employ vulnerability scanning procedures that maximize the breadth and depth of coverage (i.e., CDA components scanned and vulnerabilities checked).•Discern and document what information associated with the CDA is discoverable by adversaries.•Perform security testing to determine the level of difficulty in circumventing the security controls of the CDA. {Testing methods include penetration testing, malicious user testing, and independent verification and validation.}•Include privileged access authorization to CDAs for selected vulnerability scanning activities to facilitate more thorough scanning.•Employ automated mechanisms to compare the results of vulnerability scans over time to determine trends in CDA vulnerabilities and mitigation/flaw remediation activities.•Employ automated mechanisms to detect and notify authorized personnel of the presence of unauthorized software on CDAs.•Ensure that SSEP functions are not adversely impacted by the scanning process. Where this may occur, CDAs are removed from service or replicated (to the extent feasible) before scanning is conducted or be scheduled to occur during planned CDA outages whenever possible. Where {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} cannot conduct vulnerability scanning on a production CDA because of the potential for an adverse impact on SSEP functions, alternate controls (e.g., providing a replicated system or CDA to conduct scanning) are employed.The {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} reviews historic audit logs to determine if a vulnerability identified in the CDA has been previously exploited.3.13.2 Risk Mitigation3.13.2 缓解风险Protection and mitigation of risk are achieved by implementing (1) the defense-in-depth strategies discussed in Section C.3.2 of to RG 5.71, (2) the security controls described in Sections 2 and 3 of this plan, and (3) digital equipment and software cyber attack detection, prevention, and recovery techniques and tools to the systems, structures, and components within the scope of the rule and (4) Section 1.4 of this plan. {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} has the detailed information on how these requirements are implemented to achieve the high assurance objectives of security controls specified in this plan. The detailed information is available for NRC inspections and audits.3.13.3 Corrective Action Program3.13.3 纠正措施方案{Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} established, implemented, and documented the criteria consistent with RG 5.71 for adverse conditions and the requirements for corrective action. The adverse impact resulting from a cyber security incident is evaluated, tracked, and adjusted in accordance with the {Calvert Cliffs 3 Nuclear Project, LLC} Corrective Action Program and in a manner consistent with RG 5.71.。

Internal Control — Integrated Framework Executive SummarySenio.executive.hav.lon.sough.way.t.bette.contro.th.enterprise.the.run.Interna. pan.o.cours.towar.profitabilit.goal.an.achievemen.o. it.mission.an.t.minimiz.surprise.alon.th.way.The.enabl.managemen.t.dea.wit.rapidl. petitiv.environments.shiftin.custome.demand.an.prioritie s.an.restructurin.fo.futur.growth.Interna.control.promot.efficiency.reduc.ris.o.asse.l w.an.regulatio ns.Becaus.interna.contro.serve.man.importan.purposes.ther.ar.increasin.call.fo.be tte.interna.contro.system.an.repor.card.o.them.Interna.contro.i.looke.upo.mor.an.m or.a..solutio.t..variet.o.potentia.problems.What Internal Control IsInterna.contro.mean.differen.thing.t.differen.people.Thi.cause.confusio.amon. businesspeople.legislators.regulator.an.others.Resultin.miscommunicatio.an.differ pounde.whe.th.ter w.regulatio.o.rule.•Thi.repor.deal.wit.th.need.an.expectation.o.managemen.an.others.I.define.an. describe.interna.contro.to.•mo.definitio.servin.th.need.o.differen.parties.Provid..standar.agains.whic.busines.an.othe.entities--larg.o.small.i.th.publi.o.pr ivat.sector.fo.profi.o.not--ca.asses.thei.contro.system.an.determin.ho.t.improv.the m.Internal control is broadly defined as a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:•Effectivenes.an.efficienc.o.operations.•Reliabilit.o.financia.reporting.w.an.regulations.Th.firs.categor.addresse.a.entity'.basi.business objectives.includin.performanc. an.profitabilit.goal.an.safeguardin.o.resources.Th.secon.relate.t.th.preparatio.o.reli abl.publishe.financia.statements.includin.interi.an.condense.financia.statement.an. selecte.financia.dat.derive.fro.suc.statements.suc.a.earning.releases.reporte.publicl w.an.regulation.t.whic.th.entit.i.subject.Thes.di stinc.bu.overlappin.categorie.addres.differen.need.an.allo..directe.focu.t.mee.th.se parat.needs.•Interna.contro.system.operat.a.differen.level.o.effectiveness.Interna.contro.ca.b.judge.effectiv.i.eac.o.th.thre.categories.respectively.i.th.boar.o.director.an.manag emen.hav.reasonabl.assuranc.that.•The.understan.th.exten.t.whic.th.entity'.operation.objective.ar.bein.achieved.•Publishe.financia.statement.ar.bein.prepare.reliably.plie.with.While internal control is a process, its effectiveness is a state or condition of the process at one or more points in time.ponents.Thes.ar.derive.fro.th.wa.ma panie.ma.implemen.the.differentl.tha. pan.ca.stil.hav.eff ponent.are:Control Environmentanization.influencin.th.contro.consci ponent.o.interna.control.providin. disciplin.an.structure.Contro.environmen.factor.includ.th.integrity.ethica.value.an.c ompetenc.o.th.entity'.people.management'.philosoph.an.operatin.style.th.wa.man agemen.assign.authorit.an.responsibility.and organize.an.develop.it.people.an.th.attentio.an.directio.provide.b.th.boar.o.directors.Risk Assessment--Ever.entit.face..variet.o.risk.fro.externa.an.interna.source.tha.mus.b.assessed.. preconditio.t.ris.assessmen.i.establishmen.o.objectives.linke.a.differen.level.an.inte rnall.consistent.Ris.assessmen.i.th.identificatio.an.analysi.o.relevan.risk.t.achieveme n.o.th.objectives.formin..basi.fo.determinin.ho.th.risk.shoul.b.managed.Becaus.eco nomic.industry.regulator.an.operatin.condition.wil.continu.t.change.mechanism.ar. neede.t.identif.an.dea.wit.th.specia.risk.associate.wit.change.Control Activities--Contro.activitie.ar.th.policie.an.procedure.tha.hel.ensur.managemen.directive .ar.carrie.out.The.hel.ensur.tha.necessar.action.ar.take.t.addres.risk.t.achievemen.o.t h.entity'anization.a.al.level.an.i.al .functions.The.includ..rang.o.activitie.a.divers.a.approvals.authorizations.verificatio ns.reconciliations.review.o.operatin.performance.securit.o.asset.an.segregatio.o.du ties.Information and Communicationmunicate.i..for.an.timefr rmatio.system.produc.reports. rmation.tha.mak.i.possibl.trmati rme.busines.decision-m municatio.als.mus.occu.i..broade.sense.flowi anization.Al.personne.mus.receiv..clea.messag.fro.to.man agemen.tha.contro.responsibilitie.mus.b.take.seriously.The.mus.understan.thei.ow. rol.i.th.interna.contro.system.a.wel.a.ho.individua.activitie.relat.t.th.wor.o.others.Th rmatio.upstream.Ther.als.need.t.b. municatio.wit.externa.parties.suc.a.customers.suppliers.regulator.an.sh areholders.Monitoring--Interna.contro.system.nee.t.b.monitored--.proces.tha.assesse.th.qualit.o.th.s ystem'.performanc.ove.time.Thi.i.accomplishe.throug.ongoin.monitorin.activities.s binatio.o.th.two.Ongoin.monitorin.occur.i.th.cours.o.oper ations.I.include.regula.managemen.an.supervisor.activities.an.othe.action.personn e.tak.i.performin.thei.duties.Th.scop.an.frequenc.o.separat.evaluation.wil.depen.pri maril.o.a.assessmen.o.risk.an.th.effectivenes.o.ongoin.monitorin.procedures.Intern a.contro.deficiencie.shoul.b.reporte.upstream.wit.seriou.matter.reporte.t.to.manag emen.an.th.board.ponents.formin.a.integrate.syste.tha.rea ct.dynamicall.t.changin.conditions.Th.interna.contro.syste.i.intertwine.wit.th.entity'. operatin.activitie.an.exist.fo.fundamenta.busines.reasons.Interna.contro.i.mos.effe ctiv.whe.control.ar.buil.int.th.entity'.infrastructur.an.ar..par.o.th.essenc.o.th.enterprise."Buil.in.control.suppor.qualit.an.empowermen.initiatives.avoi.unnecessar.cost.an. enabl.quic.respons.t.changin.conditions.Ther.i..direc.relationshi.betwee.th.thre.categorie.o.objectives.whic.ar.wha.a.enti ponents.whic.represen.wha.i.neede.t.achiev.th.objectives.A ponent.ar.relevan.t.eac.objective.category.Whe.lookin.a.an.on.category--th.ef ponent.mus.b.presen.an. functionin.effectivel.t.conclud.tha.interna.contro.ove.operation.i.effective.The internal control definition--with its underlying fundamental concepts of a process, effected by people, providing reasonable assurance--together with the categorization of objectives and the components and criteria for effectiveness, and the associated discussions, constitute this internal control framework.What Internal Control Can DoInterna.contro.ca.hel.a.entit.achiev.it.performanc.an.profitabilit.targets.an.prev en.los.o.resources.I.ca.hel.ensur.reliabl.financia.reporting.An.i.ca.hel.ensur.tha.th.en w.an.regulations.avoidin.damag.t.it.reputatio.an.othe.consequ ences.I.sum.i.ca.hel.a.entit.ge.t.wher.i.want.t.go.an.avoi.pitfall.an.surprise.alon.th.wa y.What Internal Control Cannot Do•Unfortunately.som.peopl.hav.greater.an.unrealistic.expectations.The.loo.fo.absolutes.believin.that.Interna.contro.ca.ensur.a.entity'.success--tha.is.i.wil.ensur.achievemen.o.basi.b usines.objective.o.will.a.th.least.ensur.survival.•Eve.effectiv.interna.contro.ca.onl.hel.a.entit.achiev.thes.objectives.I.ca.provid. rmatio.abou.th.entity'c.o.it.towar.thei.achievement.B e petitors.action.o.economi.condition.ca.b.beyon.mana gement'.control.Interna.contro.canno.ensur.success.o.eve.survival.w.an. regulations.Thi.belie.i.als.unwarranted.A.interna.contro.system.n.matte.ho.wel.conceive.an. operated.ca.provid.onl.reasonable--no.absolute--assuranc.t.managemen.an.th.bo ar.regardin.achievemen.o.a.entity'.objectives.Th.likelihoo.o.achievemen.i.affecte.b.l imitation.inheren.i.al.interna.contro.systems.Thes.includ.th.realitie.tha.judgment.i.d ecision-makin.ca.b.faulty.an.tha.breakdown.ca.occu.becaus.o.simpl.erro.o.mistake. Additionally.control.ca.b.circumvente.b.th.collusio.o.tw.o.mor.people.an.managem en.ha.th.abilit.t.overrid.th.system.Anothe.limitin.facto.i.tha.th.desig.o.a.interna.cont ro.syste.mus.reflec.th.fac.tha.ther.ar.resourc.constraints.an.th.benefit.o.control.mus.b.considere.relativ.t.thei.costs.Thus, while internal control can help an entity achieve its objectives, it is not apanacea.Roles and ResponsibilitiesEveryone in an organization has responsibility for internal control.Management--Th.chie.executiv.office.i.ultimatel.responsibl.an.shoul.assum."ownership.o.th. system.Mor.tha.an.othe.individual.th.chie.executiv.set.th."ton.a.th.top.tha.affect.int pany.th.chie.e xecutiv.fulfill.thi.dut.b.providin.leadershi.an.directio.t.senio.manager.an.reviewin.th. wa.they'r.controllin.th.business.Senio.managers.i.turn.assig.responsibilit.fo.establis hmen.o.mor.specifi.interna.contro.policie.an.procedure.t.personne.responsibl.fo.th. unit'.functions.I..smalle.entity.th.influenc.o.th.chie.executive.ofte.a.owner-manager.uall.mor.direct.I.an.event.i..cascadin.responsibility..manage.i.effectivel..chie.exec utiv.o.hi.o.he.spher.o.responsibility.O.particula.significanc.ar.financia.officer.an.thei. staffs.whos.contro.activitie.cu.across.a.wel.a.u.an.down.th.operatin.an.othe.unit.o.a .enterprise.Board of Directorsernance.guid anc.an.oversight.Effectiv.boar.member.ar.objective.capabl.an.inquisitive.The.als.hav. .knowledg.o.th.entity'mi.th.tim.necessar.t.fulfil.thei.boar.responsibilities.Managemen.ma.b.i..positio.t.overrid.control.an.ignor.o.stifl.c ommunication.fro.subordinates.enablin..dishones.managemen.whic.intentionall.m isrepresent.result.t.cove.it.tracks..strong.activ.board.particularl.whe.couple.wit.effec munication.channel.an.capabl.financial.lega.an.interna.audi.function s.i.ofte.bes.abl.t.identif.an.correc.suc..problem.Internal Auditors--Interna.auditor.pla.a.importan.rol.i.evaluatin.th.effectivenes.o.contro.systems anizationa.positio.an.authorit.i.a.e ntity.a.interna.audi.functio.ofte.play..significan.monitorin.role.Other Personnelanizatio.an.th erefor.shoul.b.a.explici.o.implici.par.o.everyone'.jo.description.Virtuall.al.employee. e.i.th.interna.contro.syste.o.tak.othe.action.neede.t.effec.cont municatin.upwar.problem.i.operatio ns.noncomplianc.wit.th.cod.o.conduct.o.othe.polic.violation.o.illega.actions..numbe.o.externa.partie.ofte.contribut.t.achievemen.o.a.entity'.objectives.Exte rna.auditors.bringin.a.independen.an.objectiv.view.contribut.directl.throug.th.finan efu.t.managemen.an.th.boar.efu.i.effectin.i nterna.contro.ar.legislator.an.regulators.customer.an.other.transactin.busines.wit.th.enterprise.financia.analysts.bon.rater.an.th.new.media.Externa.parties.however.ar.n o.responsibl.for.no.ar.the..par.of.th.entity'.interna.contro.system.Organization of this ReportThi.repor.i.i.fou.volumes.Th.firs.i.thi.Executiv.Summary..high-leve.overvie.o.th.i nterna.contro.framewor.directe.t.th.chie.executiv.an.othe.senio.executives.boar.me mbers.legislator.an.regulators.ponent.a n.provide.criteri.agains.whic.managements.board.o.other.ca.asses.thei.contro.syste ms.Th.Executiv.Summar.i.included.The third volume, Reporting to External Parties, is a supplemental document providing guidance to those entities that report publicly on internal control over preparation of their published financial statements, or are contemplating doing so.The fourth volume, Evaluation Tools, provides materials that may be useful in conducting an evaluation of an internal control system.What to DoActions that might be taken as a result of this report depend on the position and role of the parties involved:Senior Management--Mos.senio.executive.wh.contribute.t.thi.stud.believ.the.ar.basicall."i.control.o. pany--.division..de ponen.tha.cut.acros.activities--wher.control.ar.i.earl.stage.o. developmen.o.otherwis.nee.t.b.strengthened.The.d.no.lik.surprises.Thi.stud.sugge in.thi.framework ..CEO.togethe.wit.ke.operatin.an.financia.executives.ca.focu.attentio.wher.needed. Unde.on.approach.th.chie.executiv.coul.procee.b.bringin.togethe.busines.uni.head. an.ke.functiona.staf.t.discus.a.initia.assessmen.o.control.Directive.woul.b.provide.fo .thos.individual.t.discus.thi.report'.concept.wit.thei.lea.personnel.provid.oversigh.o .th.initia.assessmen.proces.i.thei.area.o.responsibilit.an.repor.bac.findings.Anothe.a pproac.migh.involv.a.initia.revie.o.corporat.an.busines.uni.policie.an.interna.audi.pr ograms.Whateve.it.form.a.initia.self-assessmen.shoul.determin.whethe.ther.i..nee.f or.an.ho.t.procee.with..broader.mor.in-dept.evaluation.I.shoul.als.ensur.tha.ongoin. monitorin.processe.ar.i.place.Tim.spen.i.evaluatin.interna.contro.represent.a.invest ment.bu.on.wit..hig.return.Board Members--Member.o.th.boar.o.director.shoul.discus.wit.senio.managemen.th.stat.o.th.e ntity'.interna.contro.syste.an.provid.oversigh.a.needed.The.shoul.see.inpu.fro.th.int erna.an.externa.auditors.Other Personnel--Manager.an.othe.personne.shoul.conside.ho.thei.contro.responsibilitie.ar.bein.conducte.i.ligh.o.thi.framework.an.discus.wit.mor.senio.personne.idea.fo.strengt henin.control.Interna.auditor.shoul.conside.th.breadt.o.thei.focu.o.th.interna.contr par.thei.evaluatio.material.t.th.evaluatio.tools.Legislators and Regulatorsw.recogniz.tha.ther.ca.b.misconception .an.differen.expectation.abou.virtuall.an.issue.Expectation.fo.interna.contro.var.wid el.i.tw.respects.First.the.diffe.regardin.wha.contro.system.ca.accomplish.A.noted.so m.observer.believ.interna.contro.system.will.o.should.preven.economi.loss.o.a.leas. panie.fro.goin.ou.o.business.Second.eve.whe.ther.i.agreemen.abou.wh a.interna.contro.system.ca.an.can'.do.an.abou.th.validit.o.th."reasonabl.assurance.c oncept.ther.ca.b.disparat.view.o.wha.tha.concep.mean.an.ho.i.wil.b.applied.Corpor at.executive.hav.expresse.concer.regardin.ho.regulator.migh.constru.publi.report.a ssertin."reasonabl.assurance.i.hindsigh.afte.a.allege.contro.failur.ha.occurred.Befor. legislatio.o.regulatio.dealin.wit.managemen.reportin.o.interna.contro.i.acte.upon.t mo.interna.contro.framework.includin.limitation.o.int erna.control.Thi.framewor.shoul.b.helpfu.i.reachin.suc.agreement.Professional Organizationsanization.providin.guidanc.o.financia.ma nagement.auditin.an.relate.topic.shoul.conside.thei.standard.an.guidanc.i.ligh.o.thi .framework.T.th.exten.diversit.i.concep.an.terminolog.i.eliminated.al.partie.wil.ben efit.Educators--Thi.framewor.shoul.b.th.subjec.o.academi.researc.an.analysis.t.se.wher.futur.e mo. groun.fo.understanding.it.concept.an.term.shoul.fin.thei.wa.int.universit.curricula.W.believ.thi.repor.offer..numbe.o.benefits.Wit.thi.foundatio.fo.mutua.understa municat.mor.effectively.Bus ines.executive.wil.b.positione.t.asses.contro.system.agains..standard.an.strengthe.t h.system.an.mov.thei.enterprise.towar.establishe.goals.Futur.researc.ca.b.leverage. of.a.establishe.base.Legislator.an.regulator.wil.b.abl.t.gai.a.increase.understandin.o. mo.interna.contro. framework.thes.benefit.wil.b.realized。

总第170期2008年第8期 舰船电子工程S hip E lectronic EngineeringV ol.28N o.8 204 基于A T89C51单片机步进电机控制系统的设计3杨辉媛1)　杨红海2)　谭伟杰1)(湖南省吉首大学物理信息工程学院1)　吉首　416000)(湖南省张家界市慈利县第二职中2)　张家界　427200)摘　要　通过A T89C51单片机及脉冲分配器(又称逻辑转换器)P MM8713完成步进电机各种运行方式的控制。

实现步进电机在三拍、六拍工作方式下的正反转控制、无级调速控制等功能。

整个系统采用模块化设计,结构简单、可靠,通过人机交互接口可实现各功能设置,操作简单,易于掌握。

关键词　步进电机;单片机控制;A T89C51;P MM8713中图分类号　TP368.1D esign of Control System for S tep M otor B ased on A T89C51Yang H uiyuan1)　Yang H onghai2)　Tan W eijie1)(C ollege of Physics Science and Infor m ation Engineering,J ishou U niversity1),J ishou　416000)(The Second V ocational S enior M iddle School,C ili C ounty,Zhangjiajie C ity,H unan Province2),Zhajjiajie　427200)A b s t ra c t　This system w hich selects the S ingle-chi p com puter A T89C51and the pulse divider P MM8713to control step m otor’s each m ovem ent m ethod m ay realize the functions such as turning in its w orking m ode and changing its speed w ith step less frequency conversion in three pats or six pats m ode.D ue to the m odular design of the overall system and the si m p ly and reli2 able structure,the system has m any advantages such as good extensibility through m an-m achine interaction,si m p le operation and easy to m aster.Ke y w o rd s　step m otor,single-chip com puter control,A T89C51,P MM8713C la s s N um b e r　TP368.11　引言单片机控制的步进电机广泛地应用于工业自动控制、数控机床、组合机床、机器人、计算机外围设备、照相机,投影仪、数码摄像机、放像机(V CD、DVD等)、大型望远镜、卫星天线定位系统、医疗器械、条码扫描仪以及各种可控机械工具等等。